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Analytic scaling analysis of high harmonic generation conversion efficiency
E. L. Falcão-Filho, V. M. Gkortsas, Ariel Gordon, and Franz X. Kärtner »View Author Affiliations
E. L. Falcão-Filho,
V. M. Gkortsas,
Ariel Gordon,
and Franz X. Kärtner*
Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science and Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Ave. Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
*Corresponding author: kaertner@mit.edu
Optics Express, Vol. 17, Issue 13, pp. 11217-11229 (2009)
http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/OE.17.011217
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Abstract
Closed form expressions for the high harmonic generation (HHG) conversion efficiency are obtained for the plateau and cutoff regions. The presented formulas eliminate most of the computational complexity related to HHG simulations, and enable a detailed scaling analysis of HHG efficiency as a function of drive laser parameters and material properties. Moreover, in the total absence of any fitting procedure, the results show excellent agreement with experimental data reported in the literature. Thus, this paper opens new pathways for the global optimization problem of extreme ultraviolet (EUV) sources based on HHG.
© 2009 OSA
OCIS Codes
(260.7200) Physical optics : Ultraviolet, extreme
(020.2649) Atomic and molecular physics : Strong field laser physics
ToC Category:
Atomic and Molecular Physics
History
Original Manuscript: May 1, 2009
Revised Manuscript: May 29, 2009
Manuscript Accepted: May 30, 2009
Published: June 19, 2009
Citation
E. L. Falcão-Filho, V. M. Gkortsas, Ariel Gordon, and Franz X. Kärtner, "Analytic scaling analysis of high harmonic generation conversion efficiency," Opt. Express 17, 11217-11229 (2009)
http://www.opticsinfobase.org/oe/abstract.cfm?URI=oe-17-13-11217
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References
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- P. B. Corkum, “Plasma perspective on strong field multiphoton ionization,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 71(13), 1994–1997 (1993). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- P. Salières, P. Antoine, A. de Bohan, and M. Lewenstein, “Temporal and spectral tailoring of high-order harmonics,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 81(25), 5544–5547 (1998). [CrossRef]
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- E. Priori, G. Cerullo, M. Nisoli, S. Stagira, S. De Silvestri, P. Villoresi, L. Poletto, P. Ceccherini, C. Altucci, R. Bruzzese, and C. de Lisio, “Nonadiabatic three-dimensional model of high-order harmonic generation in the few-optical-cycle regime,” Phys. Rev. A 61(6), 063801 (2000). [CrossRef]
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- L.-H. Yu, M. Babzien, I. Ben-Zvi, L. F. DiMauro, A. Doyuran, W. Graves, E. Johnson, S. Krinsky, R. Malone, I. Pogorelsky, J. Skaritka, G. Rakowsky, L. Solomon, X. J. Wang, M. Woodle, V. Yakimenko, S. G. Biedron, J. N. Galayda, E. Gluskin, J. Jagger, V. Sajaev, and I. Vasserman, “High-gain harmonic-generation free-electron laser,” Science 289(5481), 932–934 (2000). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- A. Gordon, F. X. Kärtner, N. Rohringer, and R. Santra, “Role of many-electron dynamics in high harmonic generation,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 96(22), 223902 (2006). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Z. Chang, A. Rundquist, H. Wang, M. M. Murnane, and H. C. Kapteyn, “Generation of coherent soft X rays at 2.7 nm using high harmonics,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 79(16), 2967–2970 (1997). [CrossRef]
- L.-H. Yu, M. Babzien, I. Ben-Zvi, L. F. DiMauro, A. Doyuran, W. Graves, E. Johnson, S. Krinsky, R. Malone, I. Pogorelsky, J. Skaritka, G. Rakowsky, L. Solomon, X. J. Wang, M. Woodle, V. Yakimenko, S. G. Biedron, J. N. Galayda, E. Gluskin, J. Jagger, V. Sajaev, and I. Vasserman, “High-gain harmonic-generation free-electron laser,” Science 289(5481), 932–934 (2000). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- J. Tate, T. Auguste, H. G. Muller, P. Salières, P. Agostini, and L. F. DiMauro, “Scaling of wave-packet dynamics in an intense midinfrared field,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 98(1), 013901 (2007). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- P. Salières, P. Antoine, A. de Bohan, and M. Lewenstein, “Temporal and spectral tailoring of high-order harmonics,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 81(25), 5544–5547 (1998). [CrossRef]
- E. Constant, D. Garzella, P. Breger, E. Mével, Ch. Dorrer, C. Le Blanc, F. Salin, and P. Agostini, “Optimizing high harmonic generation in absorbing gases: Model and experiment,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 82(8), 1668–1671 (1999). [CrossRef]
- R. Santra and A. Gordon, “Three-step model for high-harmonic generation in many-electron systems,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 96(7), 073906 (2006). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- A. Gordon, F. X. Kärtner, N. Rohringer, and R. Santra, “Role of many-electron dynamics in high harmonic generation,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 96(22), 223902 (2006). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Ch. Spielmann, N. H. Burnett, S. Sartania, R. Koppitsch, M. Schnürer, C. Kan, M. Lenzner, P. Wobrauschek, and F. Krausz, “Generation of coherent X-rays in the water window using 5-femtosecond laser pulses,” Science 278(5338), 661–664 (1997). [CrossRef]
- M. B. Gaarde and K. J. Schafer, “Space-time considerations in the phase locking of high harmonics,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 89(21), 213901 (2002). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- M. Schnürer, Z. Cheng, M. Hentschel, G. Tempea, P. Kálmán, T. Brabec, and F. Krausz, “Absorption-limited generation of coherent ultrashort soft-X-ray pulses,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 83(4), 722–725 (1999). [CrossRef]
- M. Geissler, G. Tempea, A. Scrinzi, M. Schnürer, F. Krausz, and T. Brabec, “Light propagation in field-ionizing media: Extreme nonlinear optics,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 83(15), 2930–2933 (1999). [CrossRef]
- Ch. Spielmann, N. H. Burnett, S. Sartania, R. Koppitsch, M. Schnürer, C. Kan, M. Lenzner, P. Wobrauschek, and F. Krausz, “Generation of coherent X-rays in the water window using 5-femtosecond laser pulses,” Science 278(5338), 661–664 (1997). [CrossRef]
- E. Goulielmakis, M. Schultze, M. Hofstetter, V. S. Yakovlev, J. Gagnon, M. Uiberacker, A. L. Aquila, E. M. Gullikson, D. T. Attwood, R. Kienberger, F. Krausz, and U. Kleineberg, “Single-cycle nonlinear optics,” Science 320(5883), 1614–1617 (2008). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- J. Seres, E. Seres, A. J. Verhoef, G. Tempea, C. Streli, P. Wobrauschek, V. Yakovlev, A. Scrinzi, C. Spielmann, and F. Krausz, “Laser technology: source of coherent kiloelectronvolt X-rays,” Nature 433(7026), 596–596 (2005). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- M. Geissler, G. Tempea, A. Scrinzi, M. Schnürer, F. Krausz, and T. Brabec, “Light propagation in field-ionizing media: Extreme nonlinear optics,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 83(15), 2930–2933 (1999). [CrossRef]
- J. Seres, E. Seres, A. J. Verhoef, G. Tempea, C. Streli, P. Wobrauschek, V. Yakovlev, A. Scrinzi, C. Spielmann, and F. Krausz, “Laser technology: source of coherent kiloelectronvolt X-rays,” Nature 433(7026), 596–596 (2005). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- J. Seres, E. Seres, A. J. Verhoef, G. Tempea, C. Streli, P. Wobrauschek, V. Yakovlev, A. Scrinzi, C. Spielmann, and F. Krausz, “Laser technology: source of coherent kiloelectronvolt X-rays,” Nature 433(7026), 596–596 (2005). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- N. H. Shon, A. Suda, and K. Midorikawa, “Generation and propagation of high-order harmonics in high-pressure gases,” Phys. Rev. A 62(2), 023801 (2000). [CrossRef]
- L.-H. Yu, M. Babzien, I. Ben-Zvi, L. F. DiMauro, A. Doyuran, W. Graves, E. Johnson, S. Krinsky, R. Malone, I. Pogorelsky, J. Skaritka, G. Rakowsky, L. Solomon, X. J. Wang, M. Woodle, V. Yakimenko, S. G. Biedron, J. N. Galayda, E. Gluskin, J. Jagger, V. Sajaev, and I. Vasserman, “High-gain harmonic-generation free-electron laser,” Science 289(5481), 932–934 (2000). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- L.-H. Yu, M. Babzien, I. Ben-Zvi, L. F. DiMauro, A. Doyuran, W. Graves, E. Johnson, S. Krinsky, R. Malone, I. Pogorelsky, J. Skaritka, G. Rakowsky, L. Solomon, X. J. Wang, M. Woodle, V. Yakimenko, S. G. Biedron, J. N. Galayda, E. Gluskin, J. Jagger, V. Sajaev, and I. Vasserman, “High-gain harmonic-generation free-electron laser,” Science 289(5481), 932–934 (2000). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- J. Seres, E. Seres, A. J. Verhoef, G. Tempea, C. Streli, P. Wobrauschek, V. Yakovlev, A. Scrinzi, C. Spielmann, and F. Krausz, “Laser technology: source of coherent kiloelectronvolt X-rays,” Nature 433(7026), 596–596 (2005). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Ch. Spielmann, N. H. Burnett, S. Sartania, R. Koppitsch, M. Schnürer, C. Kan, M. Lenzner, P. Wobrauschek, and F. Krausz, “Generation of coherent X-rays in the water window using 5-femtosecond laser pulses,” Science 278(5338), 661–664 (1997). [CrossRef]
- E. Priori, G. Cerullo, M. Nisoli, S. Stagira, S. De Silvestri, P. Villoresi, L. Poletto, P. Ceccherini, C. Altucci, R. Bruzzese, and C. de Lisio, “Nonadiabatic three-dimensional model of high-order harmonic generation in the few-optical-cycle regime,” Phys. Rev. A 61(6), 063801 (2000). [CrossRef]
- J. Seres, E. Seres, A. J. Verhoef, G. Tempea, C. Streli, P. Wobrauschek, V. Yakovlev, A. Scrinzi, C. Spielmann, and F. Krausz, “Laser technology: source of coherent kiloelectronvolt X-rays,” Nature 433(7026), 596–596 (2005). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- E. J. Takahashi, Y. Nabekawa, H. Mashiko, H. Hasegawa, A. Suda, and K. Midorikawa, “Generation of strong optical field in soft X-ray region by using high-order harmonics,” IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron. 10(6), 1315–1328 (2004). [CrossRef]
- N. H. Shon, A. Suda, and K. Midorikawa, “Generation and propagation of high-order harmonics in high-pressure gases,” Phys. Rev. A 62(2), 023801 (2000). [CrossRef]
- E. J. Takahashi, Y. Nabekawa, H. Mashiko, H. Hasegawa, A. Suda, and K. Midorikawa, “Generation of strong optical field in soft X-ray region by using high-order harmonics,” IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron. 10(6), 1315–1328 (2004). [CrossRef]
- P. Colosimo, G. Doumy, C. I. Blaga, J. Wheeler, C. Hauri, F. Catoire, J. Tate, R. Chirla, A. M. March, G. G. Paulus, H. G. Muller, P. Agostini, and L. F. DiMauro, “Scaling strong-field interactions towards the classical limit,” Nat. Phys. 4(5), 386–389 (2008). [CrossRef]
- J. Tate, T. Auguste, H. G. Muller, P. Salières, P. Agostini, and L. F. DiMauro, “Scaling of wave-packet dynamics in an intense midinfrared field,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 98(1), 013901 (2007). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- J. Seres, E. Seres, A. J. Verhoef, G. Tempea, C. Streli, P. Wobrauschek, V. Yakovlev, A. Scrinzi, C. Spielmann, and F. Krausz, “Laser technology: source of coherent kiloelectronvolt X-rays,” Nature 433(7026), 596–596 (2005). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- G. Tempea and T. Brabec, “Optimization of high-harmonic generation,” Appl. Phys. B 70, S197 (2000).
- M. Geissler, G. Tempea, A. Scrinzi, M. Schnürer, F. Krausz, and T. Brabec, “Light propagation in field-ionizing media: Extreme nonlinear optics,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 83(15), 2930–2933 (1999). [CrossRef]
- M. Schnürer, Z. Cheng, M. Hentschel, G. Tempea, P. Kálmán, T. Brabec, and F. Krausz, “Absorption-limited generation of coherent ultrashort soft-X-ray pulses,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 83(4), 722–725 (1999). [CrossRef]
- R. J. Jones, K. D. Moll, M. J. Thorpe, and J. Ye, “Phase-coherent frequency combs in the vacuum ultraviolet via high-harmonic generation inside a femtosecond enhancement cavity,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 94(19), 193201 (2005). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
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- E. Goulielmakis, M. Schultze, M. Hofstetter, V. S. Yakovlev, J. Gagnon, M. Uiberacker, A. L. Aquila, E. M. Gullikson, D. T. Attwood, R. Kienberger, F. Krausz, and U. Kleineberg, “Single-cycle nonlinear optics,” Science 320(5883), 1614–1617 (2008). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- L.-H. Yu, M. Babzien, I. Ben-Zvi, L. F. DiMauro, A. Doyuran, W. Graves, E. Johnson, S. Krinsky, R. Malone, I. Pogorelsky, J. Skaritka, G. Rakowsky, L. Solomon, X. J. Wang, M. Woodle, V. Yakimenko, S. G. Biedron, J. N. Galayda, E. Gluskin, J. Jagger, V. Sajaev, and I. Vasserman, “High-gain harmonic-generation free-electron laser,” Science 289(5481), 932–934 (2000). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- J. Seres, E. Seres, A. J. Verhoef, G. Tempea, C. Streli, P. Wobrauschek, V. Yakovlev, A. Scrinzi, C. Spielmann, and F. Krausz, “Laser technology: source of coherent kiloelectronvolt X-rays,” Nature 433(7026), 596–596 (2005). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- E. Priori, G. Cerullo, M. Nisoli, S. Stagira, S. De Silvestri, P. Villoresi, L. Poletto, P. Ceccherini, C. Altucci, R. Bruzzese, and C. de Lisio, “Nonadiabatic three-dimensional model of high-order harmonic generation in the few-optical-cycle regime,” Phys. Rev. A 61(6), 063801 (2000). [CrossRef]
- E. A. Gibson, A. Paul, N. Wagner, R. Tobey, D. Gaudiosi, S. Backus, I. P. Christov, A. Aquila, E. M. Gullikson, D. T. Attwood, M. M. Murnane, and H. C. Kapteyn, “Coherent soft x-ray generation in the water window with quasi-phase matching,” Science 302(5642), 95–98 (2003). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Z. Chang, A. Rundquist, H. Wang, M. M. Murnane, and H. C. Kapteyn, “Generation of coherent soft X rays at 2.7 nm using high harmonics,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 79(16), 2967–2970 (1997). [CrossRef]
- L.-H. Yu, M. Babzien, I. Ben-Zvi, L. F. DiMauro, A. Doyuran, W. Graves, E. Johnson, S. Krinsky, R. Malone, I. Pogorelsky, J. Skaritka, G. Rakowsky, L. Solomon, X. J. Wang, M. Woodle, V. Yakimenko, S. G. Biedron, J. N. Galayda, E. Gluskin, J. Jagger, V. Sajaev, and I. Vasserman, “High-gain harmonic-generation free-electron laser,” Science 289(5481), 932–934 (2000). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- P. Colosimo, G. Doumy, C. I. Blaga, J. Wheeler, C. Hauri, F. Catoire, J. Tate, R. Chirla, A. M. March, G. G. Paulus, H. G. Muller, P. Agostini, and L. F. DiMauro, “Scaling strong-field interactions towards the classical limit,” Nat. Phys. 4(5), 386–389 (2008). [CrossRef]
- J. Seres, E. Seres, A. J. Verhoef, G. Tempea, C. Streli, P. Wobrauschek, V. Yakovlev, A. Scrinzi, C. Spielmann, and F. Krausz, “Laser technology: source of coherent kiloelectronvolt X-rays,” Nature 433(7026), 596–596 (2005). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Ch. Spielmann, N. H. Burnett, S. Sartania, R. Koppitsch, M. Schnürer, C. Kan, M. Lenzner, P. Wobrauschek, and F. Krausz, “Generation of coherent X-rays in the water window using 5-femtosecond laser pulses,” Science 278(5338), 661–664 (1997). [CrossRef]
- L.-H. Yu, M. Babzien, I. Ben-Zvi, L. F. DiMauro, A. Doyuran, W. Graves, E. Johnson, S. Krinsky, R. Malone, I. Pogorelsky, J. Skaritka, G. Rakowsky, L. Solomon, X. J. Wang, M. Woodle, V. Yakimenko, S. G. Biedron, J. N. Galayda, E. Gluskin, J. Jagger, V. Sajaev, and I. Vasserman, “High-gain harmonic-generation free-electron laser,” Science 289(5481), 932–934 (2000). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
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- J. Seres, E. Seres, A. J. Verhoef, G. Tempea, C. Streli, P. Wobrauschek, V. Yakovlev, A. Scrinzi, C. Spielmann, and F. Krausz, “Laser technology: source of coherent kiloelectronvolt X-rays,” Nature 433(7026), 596–596 (2005). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
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Appl. Phys. B
- G. Tempea and T. Brabec, “Optimization of high-harmonic generation,” Appl. Phys. B 70, S197 (2000).
IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron.
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Nat. Phys.
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Nature
- J. Seres, E. Seres, A. J. Verhoef, G. Tempea, C. Streli, P. Wobrauschek, V. Yakovlev, A. Scrinzi, C. Spielmann, and F. Krausz, “Laser technology: source of coherent kiloelectronvolt X-rays,” Nature 433(7026), 596–596 (2005). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Opt. Express
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Opt. Lett.
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Phys. Rev. A
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Phys. Rev. Lett.
- M. B. Gaarde and K. J. Schafer, “Space-time considerations in the phase locking of high harmonics,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 89(21), 213901 (2002). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
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- J. Tate, T. Auguste, H. G. Muller, P. Salières, P. Agostini, and L. F. DiMauro, “Scaling of wave-packet dynamics in an intense midinfrared field,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 98(1), 013901 (2007). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
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Science
- Ch. Spielmann, N. H. Burnett, S. Sartania, R. Koppitsch, M. Schnürer, C. Kan, M. Lenzner, P. Wobrauschek, and F. Krausz, “Generation of coherent X-rays in the water window using 5-femtosecond laser pulses,” Science 278(5338), 661–664 (1997). [CrossRef]
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Sov. Phys. JETP
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