© 2009 OSA

1. A. Einstein, B. Podolsky, and N. Rosen, “Can quantum-mechanical description of physical reality be considered complete?” Phys. Rev. 47(10), 777–780 (1935). [CrossRef]
2. J. S. Bell, “On the Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen paradox,” Physics (Long Island City, N. Y.) 1, 195–200 (1964).
3. C. H. Bennett and D. P. DiVincenzo, “Quantum information and computation,” Nature 404(6775), 247–255 (2000). [CrossRef]
4. M. A. Nielson, and I. L. Chuang, Quantum computation and quantum information, (Cambridge University Press, 2000).
5. N. Gisin, G. Ribordy, W. Tittel, and H. Zbinden, “Quantum Cryptography,” Rev. Mod. Phys. 74(1), 145–195 (2002). [CrossRef]
6. SeeR. Thew and N. Gisin, “Quantum communication,” Nat. Photon. 1, 165–171 (2007) for a review. [CrossRef]
7. A. Acín, N. Gisin, and L. Masanes, “From Bell’s theorem to secure quantum key distribution,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 97(12), 120405 (2006). [CrossRef]
8. A. K. Ekert, “Quantum cryptography based on Bell’s theorem,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 67(6), 661–663 (1991). [CrossRef]
9. C. H. Bennett, G. Brassard, and N. D. Mermin, “Quantum cryptography without Bell's Theorem,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 68(5), 557–559 (1992). [CrossRef]
10. W. Tittel, J. Brendel, H. Zbinden, and N. Gisin, “Quantum cryptography using entangled photons in energy-time bell states,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 84(20), 4737–4740 (2000). [CrossRef]
11. R. Ursin, F. Tiefenbacher, T. Schmitt-Manderbach, H. Weier, T. Scheidl, M. Lindenthal, B. Blauensteiner, T. Jennewein, J. Perdigues, P. Trojek, B. Oemer, M. Fuerst, M. Meyenburg, J. Rarity, Z. Sodnik, C. Barbieri, H. Weinfurter, and A. Zeilinger, “Entanglement based quantum communication over 144km,” Nat. Phys. 3(7), 481–486 (2007). [CrossRef]
12. A. Fedrizzi, R. Ursin, T. Herbst, M. Nespoli, R. Prevedel, T. Scheidl, F. Tiefenbacher, T. Jennewein, and A. Zeilinger, “High-fidelity transmission of entanglement over a high-loss freespace channel,” http://arxiv.org/abs/0902.2015 .
13. M. Pfennigbauer, M. Aspelmeyer, W. Leeb, G. Baister, T. Dreischer, T. Jennewein, G. Neckamm, J. Perdigues, H. Weinfurter, and A. Zeilinger, “Satellite-based quantum communication terminal employing state-of-the-art technology,” J. Opt. Netw. 4(9), 549–560 (2005). [CrossRef]
14. H. Hubel, M. R. Vanner, T. Lederer, B. Blauensteiner, T. Lorünser, A. Poppe, and A. Zeilinger, “High-fidelity transmission of polarization encoded qubits from an entangled source over 100km of fiber,” Opt. Express 15(12), 7853–7862 (2007). [CrossRef]
15. H. C. Lim, A. Yoshizawa, H. Tsuchida, and K. Kikuchi, “Distribution of polarization-entangled photon pairs produced via spontaneous parametric down-conversion within a local-area fiber network: Theoretical model and experiment,” Opt. Express 16(19), 14512–14523 (2008). [CrossRef]
16. C. Liang, K. F. Lee, J. Chen, and P. Kumar, “Distribution of fiber-generated polarization entangled photon-pairs over 100 km of standard fiber in OC-192 WDM environment,” post deadline paper, Optical Fiber Communications Conference (OFC’2006), paper PDP35.
17. T. Honjo, H. Takesue, H. Kamada, Y. Nishida, O. Tadanaga, M. Asobe, and K. Inoue, “Long-distance distribution of time-bin entangled photon pairs over 100 km using frequency up-conversion detectors,” Opt. Express 15(21), 13957–13964 (2007). [CrossRef]
18. Q. Zhang, H. Takesue, S. W. Nam, C. Langrock, X. Xie, B. Baek, M. M. Fejer, and Y. Yamamoto, “Distribution of time-energy entanglement over 100 km fiber using superconducting single-photon detectors,” Opt. Express 16(8), 5776–5781 (2008). [CrossRef]
19. H. Takesue, S. W. Nam, Q. Zhang, R. H. Hadfield, T. Honjo, K. Tamaki, and Y. Yamamoto, “Quantum key distribution over a 40-dB channel loss using superconducting single-photon detectors,” Nat. Phot. 1(6), 343–348 (2007). [CrossRef]
20. T. Honjo, S. W. Nam, H. Takesue, Q. Zhang, H. Kamada, Y. Nishida, O. Tadanaga, M. Asobe, B. Baek, R. Hadfield, S. Miki, M. Fujiwara, M. Sasaki, Z. Wang, K. Inoue, and Y. Yamamoto, “Long-distance entanglement-based quantum key distribution over optical fiber,” Opt. Express 16(23), 19118–19126 (2008). [CrossRef]
21. Z. L. Yuan, B. E. Kardynal, A. W. Sharpe, and A. J. Shields, “High speed single photon detection in the near infrared,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 91(4), 041114 (2007). [CrossRef]
22. A. R. Dixon, Z. L. Yuan, J. F. Dynes, A. W. Sharpe, and A. J. Shields, “Gigahertz decoy quantum key distribution with 1Mbit/s secure key rate,” Opt. Express 16(23), 18790–18979 (2008). [CrossRef]
23. J. F. Dynes, Z. L. Yuan, A. W. Sharpe, and A. J. Shields, “A high speed, post-processing free, random number generator,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 93, 031109 (2008). [CrossRef]
24. B. E. Kardynal, Z. L. Yuan, and A. J. Shields, “An avalanche-photodiode-based photon-number-resolving detector,” Nat. Photonics 2(7), 425–428 (2008). [CrossRef]
25. J. D. Franson, “Bell inequality for position and time,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 62(19), 2205–2208 (1989). [CrossRef]
26. T. Honjo, H. Takesue, and K. Inoue, “Generation of energy-time entangled photon pairs in 1.5μm band with periodically poled lithium niobate waveguide,” Opt. Express 15(4), 1679–1683 (2007). [CrossRef]
27. H. de Riedmatten, I. Marcikic, V. Scarani, W. Tittel, H. Zbinden, and N. Gisin, “Tailoring photonic entanglement in high-dimensional Hilbert spaces,” Phys. Rev. A 69(5), 050304 (2004). [CrossRef]
28. H. Takesue and K. Inoue, “Generation of 1.5μm time-bin entanglement using spontaneous fiber four-wave mixing and planar-lightwave circuit interferometers,” Phys. Rev. A 72(4), 041804 (2005). [CrossRef]
29. Z. L. Yuan, A. R. Dixon, J. F. Dynes, A. W. Sharpe, and A. J. Shields, “Gigahertz quantum key distribution with InGaAs avalanche photodiodes,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 92(20), 201104 (2008). [CrossRef]
30. Q. Zhang, C. Langrock, H. Takesue, X. Xie, M. Fejer, and Y. Yamamoto, “Generation of 10-GHz clock sequential time-bin entanglement,” Opt. Express 16(5), 3293–3298 (2008). [CrossRef]
31. By shifting the phase of the fixed temperature PLC by π/2 the non-orthogonal basis was measured.
32. I. Marcikic, H. de Riedmatten, W. Tittel, V. Scarani, H. Zbinden, and N. Gisin, “Time-bin entangled qubits for quantum communication created by femtosecond pulses,” Phys. Rev. A 66(6), 062308 (2002). [CrossRef]
33. The observed correlation in the experiment, C is connected to the visibility V thus: C=Vcos2(f) where f is a function of signal and idler phases, f(θs,θi). We use the Clauser-Horne-Shimony-Holt Bell inequality [‎34] with associated Bell parameter S=|C(θs,θi)−C(θs,θ′i)+C(θ′s,θ′i)+C(θ′s,θi)|≤2. Quantum-mechanically, this inequality can be violated with maximum violation of S=22. The violation of the Bell CHSH inequality in terms of visibility is hence V>1/2.
34. J. F. Clauser, M. A. Horne, A. Shimony, and R. A. Holt, “Proposed experiment to test local hidden variable theories,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 23(15), 880–884 (1969). [CrossRef]
35. The factor of two variation in error bar values between the two basis measurements arises from statistical variations from one experimental run to another.

Appl. Phys. Lett.

• Z. L. Yuan, B. E. Kardynal, A. W. Sharpe, and A. J. Shields, “High speed single photon detection in the near infrared,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 91(4), 041114 (2007). [CrossRef]
• J. F. Dynes, Z. L. Yuan, A. W. Sharpe, and A. J. Shields, “A high speed, post-processing free, random number generator,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 93, 031109 (2008). [CrossRef]
• Z. L. Yuan, A. R. Dixon, J. F. Dynes, A. W. Sharpe, and A. J. Shields, “Gigahertz quantum key distribution with InGaAs avalanche photodiodes,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 92(20), 201104 (2008). [CrossRef]

J. Opt. Netw.

• M. Pfennigbauer, M. Aspelmeyer, W. Leeb, G. Baister, T. Dreischer, T. Jennewein, G. Neckamm, J. Perdigues, H. Weinfurter, and A. Zeilinger, “Satellite-based quantum communication terminal employing state-of-the-art technology,” J. Opt. Netw. 4(9), 549–560 (2005). [CrossRef]

Nat. Phot.

• H. Takesue, S. W. Nam, Q. Zhang, R. H. Hadfield, T. Honjo, K. Tamaki, and Y. Yamamoto, “Quantum key distribution over a 40-dB channel loss using superconducting single-photon detectors,” Nat. Phot. 1(6), 343–348 (2007). [CrossRef]

Nat. Photon.

• SeeR. Thew and N. Gisin, “Quantum communication,” Nat. Photon. 1, 165–171 (2007) for a review. [CrossRef]

Nat. Photonics

• B. E. Kardynal, Z. L. Yuan, and A. J. Shields, “An avalanche-photodiode-based photon-number-resolving detector,” Nat. Photonics 2(7), 425–428 (2008). [CrossRef]

Nat. Phys.

• R. Ursin, F. Tiefenbacher, T. Schmitt-Manderbach, H. Weier, T. Scheidl, M. Lindenthal, B. Blauensteiner, T. Jennewein, J. Perdigues, P. Trojek, B. Oemer, M. Fuerst, M. Meyenburg, J. Rarity, Z. Sodnik, C. Barbieri, H. Weinfurter, and A. Zeilinger, “Entanglement based quantum communication over 144km,” Nat. Phys. 3(7), 481–486 (2007). [CrossRef]

Nature

• C. H. Bennett and D. P. DiVincenzo, “Quantum information and computation,” Nature 404(6775), 247–255 (2000). [CrossRef]

Opt. Express

• T. Honjo, H. Takesue, H. Kamada, Y. Nishida, O. Tadanaga, M. Asobe, and K. Inoue, “Long-distance distribution of time-bin entangled photon pairs over 100 km using frequency up-conversion detectors,” Opt. Express 15(21), 13957–13964 (2007). [CrossRef]
• Q. Zhang, H. Takesue, S. W. Nam, C. Langrock, X. Xie, B. Baek, M. M. Fejer, and Y. Yamamoto, “Distribution of time-energy entanglement over 100 km fiber using superconducting single-photon detectors,” Opt. Express 16(8), 5776–5781 (2008). [CrossRef]
• H. Hubel, M. R. Vanner, T. Lederer, B. Blauensteiner, T. Lorünser, A. Poppe, and A. Zeilinger, “High-fidelity transmission of polarization encoded qubits from an entangled source over 100km of fiber,” Opt. Express 15(12), 7853–7862 (2007). [CrossRef]
• H. C. Lim, A. Yoshizawa, H. Tsuchida, and K. Kikuchi, “Distribution of polarization-entangled photon pairs produced via spontaneous parametric down-conversion within a local-area fiber network: Theoretical model and experiment,” Opt. Express 16(19), 14512–14523 (2008). [CrossRef]
• T. Honjo, H. Takesue, and K. Inoue, “Generation of energy-time entangled photon pairs in 1.5μm band with periodically poled lithium niobate waveguide,” Opt. Express 15(4), 1679–1683 (2007). [CrossRef]
• T. Honjo, S. W. Nam, H. Takesue, Q. Zhang, H. Kamada, Y. Nishida, O. Tadanaga, M. Asobe, B. Baek, R. Hadfield, S. Miki, M. Fujiwara, M. Sasaki, Z. Wang, K. Inoue, and Y. Yamamoto, “Long-distance entanglement-based quantum key distribution over optical fiber,” Opt. Express 16(23), 19118–19126 (2008). [CrossRef]
• A. R. Dixon, Z. L. Yuan, J. F. Dynes, A. W. Sharpe, and A. J. Shields, “Gigahertz decoy quantum key distribution with 1Mbit/s secure key rate,” Opt. Express 16(23), 18790–18979 (2008). [CrossRef]
• Q. Zhang, C. Langrock, H. Takesue, X. Xie, M. Fejer, and Y. Yamamoto, “Generation of 10-GHz clock sequential time-bin entanglement,” Opt. Express 16(5), 3293–3298 (2008). [CrossRef]

Phys. Rev.

• A. Einstein, B. Podolsky, and N. Rosen, “Can quantum-mechanical description of physical reality be considered complete?” Phys. Rev. 47(10), 777–780 (1935). [CrossRef]

Phys. Rev. A

• I. Marcikic, H. de Riedmatten, W. Tittel, V. Scarani, H. Zbinden, and N. Gisin, “Time-bin entangled qubits for quantum communication created by femtosecond pulses,” Phys. Rev. A 66(6), 062308 (2002). [CrossRef]
• H. de Riedmatten, I. Marcikic, V. Scarani, W. Tittel, H. Zbinden, and N. Gisin, “Tailoring photonic entanglement in high-dimensional Hilbert spaces,” Phys. Rev. A 69(5), 050304 (2004). [CrossRef]
• H. Takesue and K. Inoue, “Generation of 1.5μm time-bin entanglement using spontaneous fiber four-wave mixing and planar-lightwave circuit interferometers,” Phys. Rev. A 72(4), 041804 (2005). [CrossRef]

Phys. Rev. Lett.

• J. D. Franson, “Bell inequality for position and time,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 62(19), 2205–2208 (1989). [CrossRef]
• J. F. Clauser, M. A. Horne, A. Shimony, and R. A. Holt, “Proposed experiment to test local hidden variable theories,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 23(15), 880–884 (1969). [CrossRef]
• A. Acín, N. Gisin, and L. Masanes, “From Bell’s theorem to secure quantum key distribution,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 97(12), 120405 (2006). [CrossRef]
• A. K. Ekert, “Quantum cryptography based on Bell’s theorem,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 67(6), 661–663 (1991). [CrossRef]
• C. H. Bennett, G. Brassard, and N. D. Mermin, “Quantum cryptography without Bell's Theorem,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 68(5), 557–559 (1992). [CrossRef]
• W. Tittel, J. Brendel, H. Zbinden, and N. Gisin, “Quantum cryptography using entangled photons in energy-time bell states,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 84(20), 4737–4740 (2000). [CrossRef]

Physics (Long Island City, N. Y.)

• J. S. Bell, “On the Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen paradox,” Physics (Long Island City, N. Y.) 1, 195–200 (1964).

Rev. Mod. Phys.

• N. Gisin, G. Ribordy, W. Tittel, and H. Zbinden, “Quantum Cryptography,” Rev. Mod. Phys. 74(1), 145–195 (2002). [CrossRef]

Other

• The factor of two variation in error bar values between the two basis measurements arises from statistical variations from one experimental run to another.
• The observed correlation in the experiment, C is connected to the visibility V thus: C=Vcos2(f) where f is a function of signal and idler phases, f(θs,θi). We use the Clauser-Horne-Shimony-Holt Bell inequality [‎34] with associated Bell parameter S=|C(θs,θi)−C(θs,θ′i)+C(θ′s,θ′i)+C(θ′s,θi)|≤2. Quantum-mechanically, this inequality can be violated with maximum violation of S=22. The violation of the Bell CHSH inequality in terms of visibility is hence V>1/2.
• By shifting the phase of the fixed temperature PLC by π/2 the non-orthogonal basis was measured.
• M. A. Nielson, and I. L. Chuang, Quantum computation and quantum information, (Cambridge University Press, 2000).
• C. Liang, K. F. Lee, J. Chen, and P. Kumar, “Distribution of fiber-generated polarization entangled photon-pairs over 100 km of standard fiber in OC-192 WDM environment,” post deadline paper, Optical Fiber Communications Conference (OFC’2006), paper PDP35.
• A. Fedrizzi, R. Ursin, T. Herbst, M. Nespoli, R. Prevedel, T. Scheidl, F. Tiefenbacher, T. Jennewein, and A. Zeilinger, “High-fidelity transmission of entanglement over a high-loss freespace channel,” http://arxiv.org/abs/0902.2015 .

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