Out-of-plane scattering from vertically asymmetric photonic crystal slab waveguides with in-plane disorder

doi:10.1364/OE.17.012470

Out-of-plane scattering from vertically asymmetric photonic crystal slab waveguides with in-plane disorder

Juraj Topolancik, Frank Vollmer, Rob Ilic, and Michael Crescimanno »View Author Affiliations

Optics Express, Vol. 17, Issue 15, pp. 12470-12480 (2009)
http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/OE.17.012470

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Abstract

We characterize optical wave propagation along line defects in two-dimensional arrays of air-holes in free-standing silicon slabs. The fabricated waveguides contain random variations in orientation of the photonic lattice elements which perturb the in-plane translational symmetry. The vertical slab symmetry is also broken by a tilt of the etched sidewalls. We discuss how these lattice imperfections affect out-of-plane scattering losses and introduce a mechanism for high-Q cavity excitation related to polarization mixing.

OCIS Codes
(230.5750) Optical devices : Resonators
(260.5740) Physical optics : Resonance
(130.5296) Integrated optics : Photonic crystal waveguides
(230.5298) Optical devices : Photonic crystals

ToC Category:
Photonic Crystals

History
Original Manuscript: March 20, 2009
Revised Manuscript: June 17, 2009
Manuscript Accepted: June 30, 2009
Published: July 8, 2009

Citation
Juraj Topolancik, Frank Vollmer, Rob Ilic, and Michael Crescimanno, "Out-of-plane scattering from vertically asymmetric photonic crystal slab waveguides with in-plane disorder," Opt. Express 17, 12470-12480 (2009)
http://www.opticsinfobase.org/oe/abstract.cfm?URI=oe-17-15-12470

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References

J. D. Joannopoulos, S. G. Johnson, J. N. Winn, and R. D. Meade, Photonic Crystal−Molding the Flow of Light (Princeton University Press, 2008).
K. Inoue, and K. Ohtaka, eds., Photonic Crystals−Physics, Fabrication and Applications (Springer, 2003).
M. Notomi, T. Tanabe, A. Shinya, E. Kuramochi, H. Taniyama, S. Mitsugi, and M. Morita, “Nonlinear and adiabatic control of high-Q photonic crystal nanocavities,” Opt. Express 15(26), 17458–17481 (2007). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
T. Uesugi, B. S. Song, T. Asano, and S. Noda, “Investigation of optical nonlinearities in an ultra-high-Q Si nanocavity in a two-dimensional photonic crystal slab,” Opt. Express 14(1), 377–386 (2006). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
M. Soljacić and J. D. Joannopoulos, “Enhancement of nonlinear effects using photonic crystals,” Nat. Mater. 3(4), 211–219 (2004). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
T. Yoshie, A. Scherer, J. Hendrickson, G. Khitrova, H. M. Gibbs, G. Rupper, C. Ell, O. B. Shchekin, and D. G. Deppe, “Vacuum Rabi splitting with a single quantum dot in a photonic crystal nanocavity,” Nature 432(7014), 200–203 (2004). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
D. Englund, D. Fattal, E. Waks, G. Solomon, B. Zhang, T. Nakaoka, Y. Arakawa, Y. Yamamoto, and J. Vucković, “Controlling the spontaneous emission rate of single quantum dots in a two-dimensional photonic crystal,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 95(1), 013904 (2005). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
O. Painter, R. K. Lee, A. Scherer, A. Yariv, J. D. O’Brien, P. D. Dapkus, and I. Kim, “Two-dimensional photonic band-Gap defect mode laser,” Science 284(5421), 1819–1821 (1999). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
K. Hennessy, A. Badolato, M. Winger, D. Gerace, M. Atatüre, S. Gulde, S. Fält, E. L. Hu, and A. Imamoğlu, “Quantum nature of a strongly coupled single quantum dot-cavity system,” Nature 445(7130), 896–899 (2007). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
S. Noda, A. Chutinan, and M. Imada, “Trapping and emission of photons by a single defect in a photonic bandgap structure,” Nature 407(6804), 608–610 (2000). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
T. Tanabe, M. Notomi, S. Mitsugi, A. Shinya, and E. Kuramochi, “All-optical switches on a silicon chip realized using photonic crystal nanocavities,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 87(15), 151112 (2005). [CrossRef]
M. Belotti, J. F. Galisteo Lòpez, S. De Angelis, M. Galli, I. Maksymov, L. C. Andreani, D. Peyrade, and Y. Chen, “All-optical switching in 2D silicon photonic crystals with low loss waveguides and optical cavities,” Opt. Express 16(15), 11624–11636 (2008). [PubMed]
D. O’Brien, A. Gomez-Iglesias, M.-D. Settle, A. Micheli, M. Salib, and T. F. Krauss, “Tunable optical delay using photonic crystal heterostructure nanocavities,” Phys. Rev. B 76, 1–4 (2007).
M. R. Lee and P. M. Fauchet, “Two-dimensional silicon photonic crystal based biosensing platform for protein detection,” Opt. Express 15(8), 4530–4535 (2007). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
D. Gerace and L. C. Andreani, “Disorder-induced losses in photonic crystal waveguides with line defects,” Opt. Lett. 29(16), 1897–1899 (2004). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
S. G. Johnson, M. L. Povinelli, M. Soljačić, A. Karalis, S. Jacobs, and J. D. Joannopoulos, “Roughness losses and volume-current methods in photonic-crystal waveguides,” Appl. Phys. B 81(2-3), 283–293 (2005). [CrossRef]
S. Hughes, L. Ramunno, J. F. Young, and J. E. Sipe, “Extrinsic optical scattering loss in photonic crystal waveguides: role of fabrication disorder and photon group velocity,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 94(3), 033903 (2005). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
N. Le Thomas, V. Zabelin, R. Houdré, M. V. Kotlyer, and T. F. Krauss, “Influence of residual disorder on the anti-crossing of Bloch modes probed in k-space,” Phys. Rev. B 78(12), 125301 (2008). [CrossRef]
R. Ferrini, D. Leuenberger, R. Houdré, H. Benisty, M. Kamp, and A. Forchel, “Disorder-induced losses in planar photonic crystals,” Opt. Lett. 31(10), 1426–1428 (2006). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
S. Mookherjea, J. S. Park, S.-H. Yang, and P. R. Bandaru, “Localization in silicon nanophotonic slow-light waveguides,” Nat. Photonics 2(2), 90–93 (2008). [CrossRef]
Y. Lahini, A. Avidan, F. Pozzi, M. Sorel, R. Morandotti, D. N. Christodoulides, and Y. Silberberg, “Anderson localization and nonlinearity in one-dimensional disordered photonic lattices,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 100(1), 013906 (2008). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
J. Topolancik, B. Ilic, and F. Vollmer, “Experimental observation of strong photon localization in disordered photonic crystal waveguides,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 99(25), 253901 (2007). [CrossRef]
N. Le Thomas, V. Zabelin, R. Houdré, M. V. Kotlyar, and T. F. Krauss, “Influence of residual disorder on the anticrossing of Bloch modes probed in k space,” Phys. Rev. B 78(12), 125301 (2008). [CrossRef]
Y. Tanaka, T. Asano, Y. Akahane, B. S. Song, and S. Noda, “Theoretical investigation of a two-dimensional photonic crystal slab with truncated cone air holes,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 82(11), 1661–1663 (2003). [CrossRef]
J. Canning, N. Skivesen, M. Kristensen, L. H. Frandsen, A. Lavrinenko, C. Martelli, and A. Tetu, “Mapping the broadband polarization properties of linear 2D SOI photonic crystal waveguides,” Opt. Express 15(23), 15603–15614 (2007). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
E. Dulkeith, S. J. McNab, and Y. A. Vlasov, “Mapping the optical properties of slab-type two-dimensional photonic crystal waveguides,” Phys. Rev. B 72(11), 115102 (2005). [CrossRef]
J. Topolancik, F. Vollmer, and B. Ilic, “Random high-Q cavities in disordered photonic crystal waveguides,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 91(20), 201102 (2007). [CrossRef]
A. Taflove, and S. C. Hagness, Computational Electrodynamics−The Finite-Difference Time Domain Method (Artech House, 2005).
E. Kuramochi, M. Notomi, S. Hughes, A. Shinya, T. Watanabe, and L. Ramunno, “Disorder-induced scattering loss of line-defect waveguides in photonic crystal slabs,” Phys. Rev. B 72(16), 161318 (2005). [CrossRef]
A. Parini, P. Hamel, A. De Rossi, S. Combrié, N.-V.-Q. Tran, Y. Gottesman, R. Gabet, A. Tanleau, Y. Jaouën, and G. Vadalà, “Time-wavelength reflectance maps of photonic crystal wavegudes: A new view on disorder-induces scattering,” J. Lightwave Technol. 26(23), 3794–3802 (2008). [CrossRef]
L. O’Faolain, T. P. White, D. O’Brien, X. Yuan, M. D. Settle, and T. F. Krauss, “Dependence of extrinsic loss on group velocity in photonic crystal waveguides,” Opt. Express 15(20), 13129–13138 (2007). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
K. Srinivasan and O. Painter, “Momentum space design of high-Q photonic crystal optical cavities,” Opt. Express 10(15), 670–684 (2002). [PubMed]
M. Settle, M. Salib, A. Michaeli, and T. F. Krauss, “Low loss silicon on insulator photonic crystal waveguides made by 193nm optical lithography,” Opt. Express 14(6), 2440–2445 (2006). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
A. Yariv, Optical Electronics. (Saunders College Publishing, 1991).
T. Asano, B. S. Song, and S. Noda, “Analysis of the experimental Q factors (~ 1 million) of photonic crystal nanocavities,” Opt. Express 14(5), 1996–2002 (2006). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
A. Kuramochi, M. Notomi, S. Mitsugi, A. Shinya, T. Tanabe, and T. Watanabe, “Ultrahigh-Q photonic crystal nanocavities realized by the local width modulation of a line defect,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 88(4), 041112 (2006). [CrossRef]
C. Manolatou, M. J. Khan, S. Fan, P. R. Villeneuve, H. A. Haus, and J. D. Joannopoulos, “Coupling of modes analysis of resonant channel add-drop filters,” IEEE J. Quantum Electron. 35(9), 1322–1331 (1999). [CrossRef]
E. Waks and J. Vuckovic, “Coupled mode theory for photonic crystal cavity-waveguide interaction,” Opt. Express 13(13), 5064–5073 (2005). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

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[1] J. D. Joannopoulos, S. G. Johnson, J. N. Winn, and R. D. Meade, Photonic Crystal−Molding the Flow of Light (Princeton University Press, 2008).

[2] K. Inoue, and K. Ohtaka, eds., Photonic Crystals−Physics, Fabrication and Applications (Springer, 2003).

[3] M. Notomi, T. Tanabe, A. Shinya, E. Kuramochi, H. Taniyama, S. Mitsugi, and M. Morita, “Nonlinear and adiabatic control of high-Q photonic crystal nanocavities,” Opt. Express 15(26), 17458–17481 (2007). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

[4] T. Uesugi, B. S. Song, T. Asano, and S. Noda, “Investigation of optical nonlinearities in an ultra-high-Q Si nanocavity in a two-dimensional photonic crystal slab,” Opt. Express 14(1), 377–386 (2006). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

[5] M. Soljacić and J. D. Joannopoulos, “Enhancement of nonlinear effects using photonic crystals,” Nat. Mater. 3(4), 211–219 (2004). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

[6] T. Yoshie, A. Scherer, J. Hendrickson, G. Khitrova, H. M. Gibbs, G. Rupper, C. Ell, O. B. Shchekin, and D. G. Deppe, “Vacuum Rabi splitting with a single quantum dot in a photonic crystal nanocavity,” Nature 432(7014), 200–203 (2004). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

[7] D. Englund, D. Fattal, E. Waks, G. Solomon, B. Zhang, T. Nakaoka, Y. Arakawa, Y. Yamamoto, and J. Vucković, “Controlling the spontaneous emission rate of single quantum dots in a two-dimensional photonic crystal,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 95(1), 013904 (2005). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

[8] O. Painter, R. K. Lee, A. Scherer, A. Yariv, J. D. O’Brien, P. D. Dapkus, and I. Kim, “Two-dimensional photonic band-Gap defect mode laser,” Science 284(5421), 1819–1821 (1999). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

[9] K. Hennessy, A. Badolato, M. Winger, D. Gerace, M. Atatüre, S. Gulde, S. Fält, E. L. Hu, and A. Imamoğlu, “Quantum nature of a strongly coupled single quantum dot-cavity system,” Nature 445(7130), 896–899 (2007). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

[10] S. Noda, A. Chutinan, and M. Imada, “Trapping and emission of photons by a single defect in a photonic bandgap structure,” Nature 407(6804), 608–610 (2000). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

[11] T. Tanabe, M. Notomi, S. Mitsugi, A. Shinya, and E. Kuramochi, “All-optical switches on a silicon chip realized using photonic crystal nanocavities,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 87(15), 151112 (2005). [CrossRef]

[12] M. Belotti, J. F. Galisteo Lòpez, S. De Angelis, M. Galli, I. Maksymov, L. C. Andreani, D. Peyrade, and Y. Chen, “All-optical switching in 2D silicon photonic crystals with low loss waveguides and optical cavities,” Opt. Express 16(15), 11624–11636 (2008). [PubMed]

[13] D. O’Brien, A. Gomez-Iglesias, M.-D. Settle, A. Micheli, M. Salib, and T. F. Krauss, “Tunable optical delay using photonic crystal heterostructure nanocavities,” Phys. Rev. B 76, 1–4 (2007).

[14] M. R. Lee and P. M. Fauchet, “Two-dimensional silicon photonic crystal based biosensing platform for protein detection,” Opt. Express 15(8), 4530–4535 (2007). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

[15] D. Gerace and L. C. Andreani, “Disorder-induced losses in photonic crystal waveguides with line defects,” Opt. Lett. 29(16), 1897–1899 (2004). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

[16] S. G. Johnson, M. L. Povinelli, M. Soljačić, A. Karalis, S. Jacobs, and J. D. Joannopoulos, “Roughness losses and volume-current methods in photonic-crystal waveguides,” Appl. Phys. B 81(2-3), 283–293 (2005). [CrossRef]

[17] S. Hughes, L. Ramunno, J. F. Young, and J. E. Sipe, “Extrinsic optical scattering loss in photonic crystal waveguides: role of fabrication disorder and photon group velocity,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 94(3), 033903 (2005). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

[18] N. Le Thomas, V. Zabelin, R. Houdré, M. V. Kotlyer, and T. F. Krauss, “Influence of residual disorder on the anti-crossing of Bloch modes probed in k-space,” Phys. Rev. B 78(12), 125301 (2008). [CrossRef]

[19] R. Ferrini, D. Leuenberger, R. Houdré, H. Benisty, M. Kamp, and A. Forchel, “Disorder-induced losses in planar photonic crystals,” Opt. Lett. 31(10), 1426–1428 (2006). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

[20] S. Mookherjea, J. S. Park, S.-H. Yang, and P. R. Bandaru, “Localization in silicon nanophotonic slow-light waveguides,” Nat. Photonics 2(2), 90–93 (2008). [CrossRef]

[21] Y. Lahini, A. Avidan, F. Pozzi, M. Sorel, R. Morandotti, D. N. Christodoulides, and Y. Silberberg, “Anderson localization and nonlinearity in one-dimensional disordered photonic lattices,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 100(1), 013906 (2008). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

[22] J. Topolancik, B. Ilic, and F. Vollmer, “Experimental observation of strong photon localization in disordered photonic crystal waveguides,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 99(25), 253901 (2007). [CrossRef]

[23] N. Le Thomas, V. Zabelin, R. Houdré, M. V. Kotlyar, and T. F. Krauss, “Influence of residual disorder on the anticrossing of Bloch modes probed in k space,” Phys. Rev. B 78(12), 125301 (2008). [CrossRef]

[24] Y. Tanaka, T. Asano, Y. Akahane, B. S. Song, and S. Noda, “Theoretical investigation of a two-dimensional photonic crystal slab with truncated cone air holes,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 82(11), 1661–1663 (2003). [CrossRef]

[25] J. Canning, N. Skivesen, M. Kristensen, L. H. Frandsen, A. Lavrinenko, C. Martelli, and A. Tetu, “Mapping the broadband polarization properties of linear 2D SOI photonic crystal waveguides,” Opt. Express 15(23), 15603–15614 (2007). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

[26] E. Dulkeith, S. J. McNab, and Y. A. Vlasov, “Mapping the optical properties of slab-type two-dimensional photonic crystal waveguides,” Phys. Rev. B 72(11), 115102 (2005). [CrossRef]

[27] J. Topolancik, F. Vollmer, and B. Ilic, “Random high-Q cavities in disordered photonic crystal waveguides,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 91(20), 201102 (2007). [CrossRef]

[28] A. Taflove, and S. C. Hagness, Computational Electrodynamics−The Finite-Difference Time Domain Method (Artech House, 2005).

[29] E. Kuramochi, M. Notomi, S. Hughes, A. Shinya, T. Watanabe, and L. Ramunno, “Disorder-induced scattering loss of line-defect waveguides in photonic crystal slabs,” Phys. Rev. B 72(16), 161318 (2005). [CrossRef]

[30] A. Parini, P. Hamel, A. De Rossi, S. Combrié, N.-V.-Q. Tran, Y. Gottesman, R. Gabet, A. Tanleau, Y. Jaouën, and G. Vadalà, “Time-wavelength reflectance maps of photonic crystal wavegudes: A new view on disorder-induces scattering,” J. Lightwave Technol. 26(23), 3794–3802 (2008). [CrossRef]

[31] L. O’Faolain, T. P. White, D. O’Brien, X. Yuan, M. D. Settle, and T. F. Krauss, “Dependence of extrinsic loss on group velocity in photonic crystal waveguides,” Opt. Express 15(20), 13129–13138 (2007). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

[32] K. Srinivasan and O. Painter, “Momentum space design of high-Q photonic crystal optical cavities,” Opt. Express 10(15), 670–684 (2002). [PubMed]

[33] M. Settle, M. Salib, A. Michaeli, and T. F. Krauss, “Low loss silicon on insulator photonic crystal waveguides made by 193nm optical lithography,” Opt. Express 14(6), 2440–2445 (2006). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

[34] A. Yariv, Optical Electronics. (Saunders College Publishing, 1991).

[35] T. Asano, B. S. Song, and S. Noda, “Analysis of the experimental Q factors (~ 1 million) of photonic crystal nanocavities,” Opt. Express 14(5), 1996–2002 (2006). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

[36] A. Kuramochi, M. Notomi, S. Mitsugi, A. Shinya, T. Tanabe, and T. Watanabe, “Ultrahigh-Q photonic crystal nanocavities realized by the local width modulation of a line defect,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 88(4), 041112 (2006). [CrossRef]

[37] C. Manolatou, M. J. Khan, S. Fan, P. R. Villeneuve, H. A. Haus, and J. D. Joannopoulos, “Coupling of modes analysis of resonant channel add-drop filters,” IEEE J. Quantum Electron. 35(9), 1322–1331 (1999). [CrossRef]

[38] E. Waks and J. Vuckovic, “Coupled mode theory for photonic crystal cavity-waveguide interaction,” Opt. Express 13(13), 5064–5073 (2005). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

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Out-of-plane scattering from vertically asymmetric photonic crystal slab waveguides with in-plane disorder