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Laser written waveguide photonic quantum circuits
Graham D. Marshall, Alberto Politi, Jonathan C. F. Matthews, Peter Dekker, Martin Ams, Michael J. Withford, and Jeremy L. O'Brien »View Author Affiliations
1Centre for Ultrahigh bandwidth Devices for Optical Systems (CUDOS), MQ Photonics Research Centre, Department of Physics, Macquarie University, NSW 2109, Australia
2Centre for Quantum Photonics, H. H. Wills Physics Laboratory & Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University of Bristol, Merchant Venturers Building, Woodland Road, Bristol, BS8 1UB, UK
⋆These authors contributed equally to this work
†graham@science.mq.edu.au
‡jeremy.obrien@bristol.ac.uk
Optics Express, Vol. 17, Issue 15, pp. 12546-12554 (2009)
http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/OE.17.012546
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Abstract
We report photonic quantum circuits created using an ultrafast laser processing technique that is rapid, requires no lithographic mask and can be used to create three-dimensional networks of waveguide devices. We have characterized directional couplers—the key functional elements of photonic quantum circuits—and found that they perform as well as lithographically produced waveguide devices. We further demonstrate high-performance interferometers and an important multi-photon quantum interference phenomenon for the first time in integrated optics. This direct-write approach will enable the rapid development of sophisticated quantum optical circuits and their scaling into three-dimensions.
© 2009 Optical Society of America
OCIS Codes
(140.3390) Lasers and laser optics : Laser materials processing
(230.7370) Optical devices : Waveguides
(250.5300) Optoelectronics : Photonic integrated circuits
(130.2755) Integrated optics : Glass waveguides
(270.5585) Quantum optics : Quantum information and processing
ToC Category:
Quantum Optics
History
Original Manuscript: April 6, 2009
Revised Manuscript: June 28, 2009
Manuscript Accepted: June 30, 2009
Published: July 9, 2009
Citation
Graham D. Marshall, Alberto Politi, Jonathan C. F. Matthews, Peter Dekker, Martin Ams, Michael J. Withford, and Jeremy L. O'Brien, "Laser written waveguide photonic quantum circuits," Opt. Express 17, 12546-12554 (2009)
http://www.opticsinfobase.org/oe/abstract.cfm?URI=oe-17-15-12546
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References
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- A. S. Clark, J. Fulconis, J. G. Rarity, W. J. Wadsworth, and J. L. O’Brien, "All-optical-fiber polarization-based quantum logic gate," Phys. Rev. A 79(3), 030303 (2009). [CrossRef]
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- E. J. Gansen, M. A. Rowe, M. B. Greene, D. Rosenberg, T. E. Harvey, M. Y. Su, R. H. Hadfield, S. W. Nam, and R. P. Mirin, "Photon-number-discriminating detection using a quantum-dot, optically gated, field-effect transistor," Nat. Photonics 1(10), 585-588 (2007). [CrossRef]
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- B. P. Lanyon, T. J. Weinhold, N. K. Langford, J. L. O’Brien, K. J. Resch, A. Gilchrist, and A. G. White, "Manipulating Biphotonic Qutrits," Phys. Rev. Lett. 100(6), 060504 (2008). [CrossRef]
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- B. H. Liu, F. W. Sun, Y. X. Gong, Y. F. Huang, Z. Y. Ou, and G. C. Guo, "Demonstration of the three-photon de Broglie wavelength by projection measurement," Phys. Rev. A 77(2), 023815 (2008). [CrossRef]
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- B. H. Liu, F. W. Sun, Y. X. Gong, Y. F. Huang, Z. Y. Ou, and G. C. Guo, "Demonstration of the three-photon de Broglie wavelength by projection measurement," Phys. Rev. A 77(2), 023815 (2008). [CrossRef]
- E. J. Gansen, M. A. Rowe, M. B. Greene, D. Rosenberg, T. E. Harvey, M. Y. Su, R. H. Hadfield, S. W. Nam, and R. P. Mirin, "Photon-number-discriminating detection using a quantum-dot, optically gated, field-effect transistor," Nat. Photonics 1(10), 585-588 (2007). [CrossRef]
- H. Takesue, S. W. Nam, Q. Zhang, R. H. Hadfield, T. Honjo, K. Tamaki, and Y. Yamamoto, "Quantum key distribution over a 40-dB channel loss using superconducting single-photon detectors," Nat. Photonics 1(6), 343-348 (2007). [CrossRef]
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- R. Okamoto, J. L. O’Brien, H. F. Hofmann, T. Nagata, K. Sasaki, and S. Takeuchi, "An Entanglement Filter," Science 323(5913), 483-485 (2009). [CrossRef]
- H. F. Hofmann and S. Takeuchi, "Quantum Filter for Nonlocal Polarization Properties of Photonic Qubits," Phys. Rev. Lett. 88(14), 147901 (2002). [CrossRef]
- C. K. Hong, Z. Y. Ou, and L. Mandel, "Measurement of subpicosecond time intervals between two photons by interference," Phys. Rev. Lett. 59, 2044-2046 (1987). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- H. Takesue, S. W. Nam, Q. Zhang, R. H. Hadfield, T. Honjo, K. Tamaki, and Y. Yamamoto, "Quantum key distribution over a 40-dB channel loss using superconducting single-photon detectors," Nat. Photonics 1(6), 343-348 (2007). [CrossRef]
- B. H. Liu, F. W. Sun, Y. X. Gong, Y. F. Huang, Z. Y. Ou, and G. C. Guo, "Demonstration of the three-photon de Broglie wavelength by projection measurement," Phys. Rev. A 77(2), 023815 (2008). [CrossRef]
- J. W. Chan, T. R. Huser, S. H. Risbud, and D. M. Krol, "Modification of the fused silica glass network associated with waveguide fabrication using femtosecond laser pulses," Appl. Phys. A 76(3), 367-372 (2003). [CrossRef]
- T. Yamamoto, K. Hayashi, S. K. Ozdemir, M. Koashi, and N. Imoto, "Robust photonic entanglement distribution by state-independent encoding onto decoherence-free subspace," Nat. Photonics 2(8), 488-491 (2008). [CrossRef]
- K. Sanaka, T. Jennewein, J. Pan, K. Resch, and A. Zeilinger, "Experimental nonlinear sign shift for linear optics quantum computation," Phys. Rev. Lett. 92(1), 017902 (2004). [CrossRef]
- E. Knill, R. Laflamme, and G. J. Milburn, "A Scheme for Efficient Quantum Computation with Linear Optics," Nature 409(6816), 46-52 (2001). [CrossRef]
- T. Yamamoto, K. Hayashi, S. K. Ozdemir, M. Koashi, and N. Imoto, "Robust photonic entanglement distribution by state-independent encoding onto decoherence-free subspace," Nat. Photonics 2(8), 488-491 (2008). [CrossRef]
- A. N. Boto, P. Kok, D. S. Abrams, S. L. Braunstein, C. P. Williams, and J. P. Dowling, "Quantum Interferometric Optical Lithography: Exploiting Entanglement to Beat the Diffraction Limit," Phys. Rev. Lett. 85(13), 2733-2736 (2000). [CrossRef]
- J. W. Chan, T. R. Huser, S. H. Risbud, and D. M. Krol, "Modification of the fused silica glass network associated with waveguide fabrication using femtosecond laser pulses," Appl. Phys. A 76(3), 367-372 (2003). [CrossRef]
- E. Knill, R. Laflamme, and G. J. Milburn, "A Scheme for Efficient Quantum Computation with Linear Optics," Nature 409(6816), 46-52 (2001). [CrossRef]
- B. P. Lanyon, T. J. Weinhold, N. K. Langford, J. L. O’Brien, K. J. Resch, A. Gilchrist, and A. G. White, "Manipulating Biphotonic Qutrits," Phys. Rev. Lett. 100(6), 060504 (2008). [CrossRef]
- K. J. Resch, J. L. O’Brien, T. J. Weinhold, K. Sanaka, B. P. Lanyon, N. K. Langford, and A. G. White, "Entanglement Generation by Fock-State Filtration," Phys. Rev. Lett. 98(20), 203602 (2007). [CrossRef]
- B. P. Lanyon, T. J. Weinhold, N. K. Langford, J. L. O’Brien, K. J. Resch, A. Gilchrist, and A. G. White, "Manipulating Biphotonic Qutrits," Phys. Rev. Lett. 100(6), 060504 (2008). [CrossRef]
- K. J. Resch, J. L. O’Brien, T. J. Weinhold, K. Sanaka, B. P. Lanyon, N. K. Langford, and A. G. White, "Entanglement Generation by Fock-State Filtration," Phys. Rev. Lett. 98(20), 203602 (2007). [CrossRef]
- B. H. Liu, F. W. Sun, Y. X. Gong, Y. F. Huang, Z. Y. Ou, and G. C. Guo, "Demonstration of the three-photon de Broglie wavelength by projection measurement," Phys. Rev. A 77(2), 023815 (2008). [CrossRef]
- V. Giovannetti, S. Lloyd, and L. Maccone, "Quantum-Enhanced Measurements: Beating the Standard Quantum Limit," Science 306, 1330-1336 (2004). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- M. W. Mitchell, J. S. Lundeen, and A. M. Steinberg, "Super-resolving phase measurements with a multiphoton entangled state," Nature 429(6988), 161-164 (2004). [CrossRef]
- V. Giovannetti, S. Lloyd, and L. Maccone, "Quantum-Enhanced Measurements: Beating the Standard Quantum Limit," Science 306, 1330-1336 (2004). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- C. K. Hong, Z. Y. Ou, and L. Mandel, "Measurement of subpicosecond time intervals between two photons by interference," Phys. Rev. Lett. 59, 2044-2046 (1987). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- G. D. Marshall, P. Dekker,M. Ams, J. A. Piper, and M. J. Withford, "Directly written monolithic waveguide laser incorporating a distributed feedback waveguide-Bragg grating," Opt. Lett. 33(9), 956-958 (2008). [CrossRef]
- G. D. Marshall, M. Ams, and M. J. Withford, "Direct laser written waveguide-Bragg gratings in bulk fused silica," Opt. Lett. 31(18), 2690-2691 (2006). [CrossRef]
- M. Ams, G. D. Marshall, and M. J. Withford, "Study of the influence of femtosecond laser polarisation on direct writing of waveguides," Opt. Express 14(26), 13158-13163 (2006). [CrossRef]
- M. Ams, G. D. Marshall, D. J. Spence, and M. J. Withford, "Slit beam shaping method for femtosecond laser direct-write fabrication of symmetric waveguides in bulk glasses," Opt. Express 13(15), 5676-5681 (2005). [CrossRef]
- R. Osellame, V. Maselli, R. M. Vazquez, R. Ramponi, and G. Cerullo, "Integration of optical waveguides and microfluidic channels both fabricated by femtosecond laser irradiation," Appl. Phys. Lett. 90(23), 231118 (2007). [CrossRef]
- R. R. Gattass and E. Mazur, "Femtosecond laser micromachining in transparent materials," Nat. Photonics 2(4), 219-225 (2008). [CrossRef]
- E. Knill, R. Laflamme, and G. J. Milburn, "A Scheme for Efficient Quantum Computation with Linear Optics," Nature 409(6816), 46-52 (2001). [CrossRef]
- E. J. Gansen, M. A. Rowe, M. B. Greene, D. Rosenberg, T. E. Harvey, M. Y. Su, R. H. Hadfield, S. W. Nam, and R. P. Mirin, "Photon-number-discriminating detection using a quantum-dot, optically gated, field-effect transistor," Nat. Photonics 1(10), 585-588 (2007). [CrossRef]
- M. W. Mitchell, J. S. Lundeen, and A. M. Steinberg, "Super-resolving phase measurements with a multiphoton entangled state," Nature 429(6988), 161-164 (2004). [CrossRef]
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Appl. Phys. A
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