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Evaluation of femtosecond laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy for explosive residue detection
Frank C. De Lucia, Jennifer L. Gottfried, and Andrzej W. Miziolek »View Author Affiliations
U.S. Army Research Laboratory, AMSRD-ARL-WM-BD, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD, 21005–5069, USA
*Corresponding author: fdelucia@arl.army.mil
Optics Express, Vol. 17, Issue 2, pp. 419-425 (2009)
http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/OE.17.000419
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Abstract
Recently laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) has been investigated as a potential technique for trace explosive detection. Typically LIBS is performed using nanosecond laser pulses. For this work, we have investigated the use of femtosecond laser pulses for explosive residue detection at two different fluences. Femtosecond laser pulses have previously been shown to provide several advantages for laser ablation and other LIBS applications. We have collected LIBS spectra of several bulk explosives and explosive residues at different pulse durations and energies. In contrast to previous femtosecond LIBS spectra of explosives, we have observed atomic emission peaks for the constituent elements of explosives – carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, and oxygen. Preliminary results indicate that several advantages attributed to femtosecond pulses are not realized at higher laser fluences.
© 2009 Optical Society of America
OCIS Codes
(140.3440) Lasers and laser optics : Laser-induced breakdown
(320.7090) Ultrafast optics : Ultrafast lasers
(300.6365) Spectroscopy : Spectroscopy, laser induced breakdown
ToC Category:
Spectroscopy
History
Original Manuscript: October 21, 2008
Revised Manuscript: December 9, 2008
Manuscript Accepted: December 11, 2008
Published: January 6, 2009
Citation
Frank C. De Lucia, Jennifer L. Gottfried, and Andrzej W. Miziolek, "Evaluation of femtosecond laser-induced
breakdown spectroscopy for explosive residue
detection," Opt. Express 17, 419-425 (2009)
http://www.opticsinfobase.org/oe/abstract.cfm?URI=oe-17-2-419
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References
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- Q1. F. C. De LuciaJr., J. L. Gottfried, C. A. Munson, and A. W. Miziolek, "Double pulse laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy of explosives: Initial study towards improved discrimination," Spectrochim. Acta, Part B 62, 1399-1404 (2007). [CrossRef]
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- Q2. V. Margetic, A. Pakulev, A. Stockhaus, M. Bolshov, K. Niemax, and R. Hergenröder, "A comparison of nanosecond and femtosecond laser-induced plasma spectroscopy of brass samples," Spectrochim. Acta, Part B 55, 1771-1785 (2000). [CrossRef]
- Q3. B. Le Drogoff, J. Margot, M. Chaker, M. Sabsabi, O. Barthelemy, T. W. Johnston, S. Laville, F. Vidal, and Y. von Kaenel, "Temporal characterization of femtosecond laser pulses induced plasma for spectrochemical analysis of aluminum alloys," Spectrochim. Acta, Part B 56, 987-1002 (2001). [CrossRef]
- R. Le Harzic, D. Breitling, M. Weikert, S. Sommer, C. Fohl, S. Valette, C. Donnet, E. Audouard, and F. Dausinger, "Pulse width and energy influence on laser micromachining of metals in a range of 100 fs to 5 ps," Appl. Surf. Sci. 249, 322-331 (2005). [CrossRef]
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- B. Le Drogoff, F. Vidal, Y. von Kaenel, M. Chaker, T. W. Johnston, S. Laville, M. Sabsabi, and J. Margot, "Ablation of aluminum thin films by ultrashort laser pulses," J. Appl. Phys. 89, 8247-8252 (2001). [CrossRef]
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- P. Rohwetter, J. Yu, G. Mejean, K. Stelmaszczyk, E. Salmon, J. Kasparian, J.-P. Wolf, and L. Woeste, "Remote LIBS with ultrashort pulses: characteristics in picosecond and femtosecond regimes," J. Anal. At. Spectrom. 19, 437-444 (2004). [CrossRef]
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- B. Le Drogoff, M. Chaker, J. Margot, M. Sabsabi, O. Barthélemy, T. W. Johnston, S. Laville, and F. Vidal, "Influence of the Laser Pulse Duration on Spectrochemical Analysis of Solids by Laser-Induced Plasma Spectroscopy," Appl. Spectrosc. 58, 122-129 (2004). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- C. Momma, B. N. Chichkov, S. Nolte, F. von Alvensleben, A. Tunnermann, H. Welling, and B. Wellegehausen, "Short-pulse laser ablation of solid targets," Opt. Commun. 129, 134 (1996). [CrossRef]
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- M. Baudelet, L. Guyon, J. Yu, J. P. Wolf, T. Amodeo, E. Frejafon, and P. Laloi, "Femtosecond time-resolved laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy for detection and identification of bacteria: A comparison to the nanosecond regime," J. Appl. Phys. 99, 84701 (2006). [CrossRef]
- M. Baudelet, J. Yu, M. Bossu, J. Jovelet, J. P. Wolf, T. Amodeo, E. Frejafon, and P. Laloi, "Discrimination of microbiological samples using femtosecond laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy," Appl. Phys. Lett. 89, 163903 (2006). [CrossRef]
- M. Baudelet, L. Guyon, J. Yu, J. P. Wolf, T. Amodeo, E. Frejafon, and P. Laloi, "Spectral signature of native CN bonds for bacterium detection and identification using femtosecond laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy," Appl. Phys. Lett. 88, 063901 (2006). [CrossRef]
- Q8. P. Pouli, K. Melessanaki, A. Giakoumaki, V. Argyropoulos, and D. Anglos, "Measuring the thickness of protective coatings on historic metal objects using nanosecond and femtosecond laser induced breakdown spectroscopy depth profiling," Spectrochim. Acta, Part B 60, 1163 (2005). [CrossRef]
- Q8. P. Pouli, K. Melessanaki, A. Giakoumaki, V. Argyropoulos, and D. Anglos, "Measuring the thickness of protective coatings on historic metal objects using nanosecond and femtosecond laser induced breakdown spectroscopy depth profiling," Spectrochim. Acta, Part B 60, 1163 (2005). [CrossRef]
- A. Assion, M. Wollenhaupt, L. Haag, F. Mayorov, C. Sarpe-Tudoran, M. Winter, U. Kutschera, and T. Baumert, "Femtosecond laser-induced-breakdown spectrometry for Ca2+ analysis of biological samples with high spatial resolution," Appl. Phys. B 77, 391-397 (2003). [CrossRef]
- J. P. Colombier, P. Combis, F. Bonneau, R. L. Harzic, and E. Audouard, "Hydrodynamic simulations of metal ablation by femtosecond laser irradiation," Phys. Rev. B 71, 165406 (2005). [CrossRef]
- R. Le Harzic, D. Breitling, M. Weikert, S. Sommer, C. Fohl, S. Valette, C. Donnet, E. Audouard, and F. Dausinger, "Pulse width and energy influence on laser micromachining of metals in a range of 100 fs to 5 ps," Appl. Surf. Sci. 249, 322-331 (2005). [CrossRef]
- Q9. R. Le Harzic, D. Breitling, M. Weikert, S. Sommer, C. Fohl, F. Dausinger, S. Valette, C. Donnet, and E. Audouard, "Ablation comparison with low and high energy densities for Cu and Al with ultra-short laser pulses," Appl. Phys. A 80, 1589-1593 (2005). [CrossRef]
- Q3. B. Le Drogoff, J. Margot, M. Chaker, M. Sabsabi, O. Barthelemy, T. W. Johnston, S. Laville, F. Vidal, and Y. von Kaenel, "Temporal characterization of femtosecond laser pulses induced plasma for spectrochemical analysis of aluminum alloys," Spectrochim. Acta, Part B 56, 987-1002 (2001). [CrossRef]
- M. Baudelet, L. Guyon, J. Yu, J. P. Wolf, T. Amodeo, E. Frejafon, and P. Laloi, "Spectral signature of native CN bonds for bacterium detection and identification using femtosecond laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy," Appl. Phys. Lett. 88, 063901 (2006). [CrossRef]
- M. Baudelet, L. Guyon, J. Yu, J. P. Wolf, T. Amodeo, E. Frejafon, and P. Laloi, "Femtosecond time-resolved laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy for detection and identification of bacteria: A comparison to the nanosecond regime," J. Appl. Phys. 99, 84701 (2006). [CrossRef]
- M. Baudelet, J. Yu, M. Bossu, J. Jovelet, J. P. Wolf, T. Amodeo, E. Frejafon, and P. Laloi, "Discrimination of microbiological samples using femtosecond laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy," Appl. Phys. Lett. 89, 163903 (2006). [CrossRef]
- A. Assion, M. Wollenhaupt, L. Haag, F. Mayorov, C. Sarpe-Tudoran, M. Winter, U. Kutschera, and T. Baumert, "Femtosecond laser-induced-breakdown spectrometry for Ca2+ analysis of biological samples with high spatial resolution," Appl. Phys. B 77, 391-397 (2003). [CrossRef]
- Q6. V. Margetic, M. Bolshov, A. Stockhaus, K. Niemax, and R. Hergenroder, "Depth profiling of multi-layer samples using femtosecond laser ablation," J. Anal. At. Spectrom. 16, 616-321 (2001). [CrossRef]
- Q2. V. Margetic, A. Pakulev, A. Stockhaus, M. Bolshov, K. Niemax, and R. Hergenröder, "A comparison of nanosecond and femtosecond laser-induced plasma spectroscopy of brass samples," Spectrochim. Acta, Part B 55, 1771-1785 (2000). [CrossRef]
- J. P. Colombier, P. Combis, F. Bonneau, R. L. Harzic, and E. Audouard, "Hydrodynamic simulations of metal ablation by femtosecond laser irradiation," Phys. Rev. B 71, 165406 (2005). [CrossRef]
- M. Baudelet, J. Yu, M. Bossu, J. Jovelet, J. P. Wolf, T. Amodeo, E. Frejafon, and P. Laloi, "Discrimination of microbiological samples using femtosecond laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy," Appl. Phys. Lett. 89, 163903 (2006). [CrossRef]
- Q7. J.-B. Sirven, B. Bousquet, L. Canioni, and L. Sarger, "Time-resolved and time-integrated single-shot laser-induced plasma experiments using nanosecond and femtosecond laser pulses," Spectrochim. Acta, Part B 59, 1033-1039 (2004). [CrossRef]
- R. Le Harzic, D. Breitling, M. Weikert, S. Sommer, C. Fohl, S. Valette, C. Donnet, E. Audouard, and F. Dausinger, "Pulse width and energy influence on laser micromachining of metals in a range of 100 fs to 5 ps," Appl. Surf. Sci. 249, 322-331 (2005). [CrossRef]
- Q9. R. Le Harzic, D. Breitling, M. Weikert, S. Sommer, C. Fohl, F. Dausinger, S. Valette, C. Donnet, and E. Audouard, "Ablation comparison with low and high energy densities for Cu and Al with ultra-short laser pulses," Appl. Phys. A 80, 1589-1593 (2005). [CrossRef]
- Q7. J.-B. Sirven, B. Bousquet, L. Canioni, and L. Sarger, "Time-resolved and time-integrated single-shot laser-induced plasma experiments using nanosecond and femtosecond laser pulses," Spectrochim. Acta, Part B 59, 1033-1039 (2004). [CrossRef]
- B. Le Drogoff, M. Chaker, J. Margot, M. Sabsabi, O. Barthélemy, T. W. Johnston, S. Laville, and F. Vidal, "Influence of the Laser Pulse Duration on Spectrochemical Analysis of Solids by Laser-Induced Plasma Spectroscopy," Appl. Spectrosc. 58, 122-129 (2004). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Q3. B. Le Drogoff, J. Margot, M. Chaker, M. Sabsabi, O. Barthelemy, T. W. Johnston, S. Laville, F. Vidal, and Y. von Kaenel, "Temporal characterization of femtosecond laser pulses induced plasma for spectrochemical analysis of aluminum alloys," Spectrochim. Acta, Part B 56, 987-1002 (2001). [CrossRef]
- B. Le Drogoff, F. Vidal, Y. von Kaenel, M. Chaker, T. W. Johnston, S. Laville, M. Sabsabi, and J. Margot, "Ablation of aluminum thin films by ultrashort laser pulses," J. Appl. Phys. 89, 8247-8252 (2001). [CrossRef]
- A. Semerok, C. Chaléard, V. Detalle, J.-L. Lacour, P. Mauchien, P. Meynadier, C. Nouvellon, B. Sallé, P. Palianov, M. Perdrix, and G. Petite, "Experimental investigations of laser ablation efficiency of pure metals with femto, pico and nanosecond pulses," Appl. Surf. Sci. 138-139, 311-314 (1999). [CrossRef]
- S. Nolte, C. Momma, H. Jacobs, A. Tunnermann, B. N. Chichkov, B. Wellegehausen, and H. Welling, "Ablation of metals by ultrashort laser pulses," J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 14, 2716-2722 (1997). [CrossRef]
- C. Momma, B. N. Chichkov, S. Nolte, F. von Alvensleben, A. Tunnermann, H. Welling, and B. Wellegehausen, "Short-pulse laser ablation of solid targets," Opt. Commun. 129, 134 (1996). [CrossRef]
- J. P. Colombier, P. Combis, F. Bonneau, R. L. Harzic, and E. Audouard, "Hydrodynamic simulations of metal ablation by femtosecond laser irradiation," Phys. Rev. B 71, 165406 (2005). [CrossRef]
- J. P. Colombier, P. Combis, F. Bonneau, R. L. Harzic, and E. Audouard, "Hydrodynamic simulations of metal ablation by femtosecond laser irradiation," Phys. Rev. B 71, 165406 (2005). [CrossRef]
- R. Le Harzic, D. Breitling, M. Weikert, S. Sommer, C. Fohl, S. Valette, C. Donnet, E. Audouard, and F. Dausinger, "Pulse width and energy influence on laser micromachining of metals in a range of 100 fs to 5 ps," Appl. Surf. Sci. 249, 322-331 (2005). [CrossRef]
- Q9. R. Le Harzic, D. Breitling, M. Weikert, S. Sommer, C. Fohl, F. Dausinger, S. Valette, C. Donnet, and E. Audouard, "Ablation comparison with low and high energy densities for Cu and Al with ultra-short laser pulses," Appl. Phys. A 80, 1589-1593 (2005). [CrossRef]
- F. C. De LuciaJr, J. L. Gottfried, C. A. Munson, and A. W. Miziolek, "Multivariate analysis of standoff laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy spectra for classification of explosive-containing residues," Appl. Opt. 47, G112-G121 (2008). [CrossRef]
- J. L. Gottfried, F. C. De LuciaJr., C. A. Munson, and A. W. Miziolek, "Strategies for residue explosives detection using laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy," J. Anal. At. Spectrom. 23, 205-216 (2008). [CrossRef]
- Q1. F. C. De LuciaJr., J. L. Gottfried, C. A. Munson, and A. W. Miziolek, "Double pulse laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy of explosives: Initial study towards improved discrimination," Spectrochim. Acta, Part B 62, 1399-1404 (2007). [CrossRef]
- Q4. S. Preuss, A. Demchuk, and M. Stuke, "Sub-picosecond UV laser ablation of metals," Appl. Phys. A 61, 33 (1995). [CrossRef]
- A. Semerok, C. Chaléard, V. Detalle, J.-L. Lacour, P. Mauchien, P. Meynadier, C. Nouvellon, B. Sallé, P. Palianov, M. Perdrix, and G. Petite, "Experimental investigations of laser ablation efficiency of pure metals with femto, pico and nanosecond pulses," Appl. Surf. Sci. 138-139, 311-314 (1999). [CrossRef]
- R. Le Harzic, D. Breitling, M. Weikert, S. Sommer, C. Fohl, S. Valette, C. Donnet, E. Audouard, and F. Dausinger, "Pulse width and energy influence on laser micromachining of metals in a range of 100 fs to 5 ps," Appl. Surf. Sci. 249, 322-331 (2005). [CrossRef]
- Q9. R. Le Harzic, D. Breitling, M. Weikert, S. Sommer, C. Fohl, F. Dausinger, S. Valette, C. Donnet, and E. Audouard, "Ablation comparison with low and high energy densities for Cu and Al with ultra-short laser pulses," Appl. Phys. A 80, 1589-1593 (2005). [CrossRef]
- X. Liu, D. Du, and G. Mourou, "Laser ablation and micromachining with ultrashort laser pulses," IEEE J. Quantum Electron. 33, 1706-1716 (1997). [CrossRef]
- R. Le Harzic, D. Breitling, M. Weikert, S. Sommer, C. Fohl, S. Valette, C. Donnet, E. Audouard, and F. Dausinger, "Pulse width and energy influence on laser micromachining of metals in a range of 100 fs to 5 ps," Appl. Surf. Sci. 249, 322-331 (2005). [CrossRef]
- Q9. R. Le Harzic, D. Breitling, M. Weikert, S. Sommer, C. Fohl, F. Dausinger, S. Valette, C. Donnet, and E. Audouard, "Ablation comparison with low and high energy densities for Cu and Al with ultra-short laser pulses," Appl. Phys. A 80, 1589-1593 (2005). [CrossRef]
- M. Baudelet, J. Yu, M. Bossu, J. Jovelet, J. P. Wolf, T. Amodeo, E. Frejafon, and P. Laloi, "Discrimination of microbiological samples using femtosecond laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy," Appl. Phys. Lett. 89, 163903 (2006). [CrossRef]
- M. Baudelet, L. Guyon, J. Yu, J. P. Wolf, T. Amodeo, E. Frejafon, and P. Laloi, "Femtosecond time-resolved laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy for detection and identification of bacteria: A comparison to the nanosecond regime," J. Appl. Phys. 99, 84701 (2006). [CrossRef]
- M. Baudelet, L. Guyon, J. Yu, J. P. Wolf, T. Amodeo, E. Frejafon, and P. Laloi, "Spectral signature of native CN bonds for bacterium detection and identification using femtosecond laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy," Appl. Phys. Lett. 88, 063901 (2006). [CrossRef]
- Q5. K. Furusawa, K. Takahashi, H. Kumagai, K. Midorikawa, and M. Obara, "Ablation characteristics of Au, Ag, and Cu metals using a femtosecond Ti:sapphire laser," Appl. Phys. A 69, S359-S366 (1999). [CrossRef]
- Q8. P. Pouli, K. Melessanaki, A. Giakoumaki, V. Argyropoulos, and D. Anglos, "Measuring the thickness of protective coatings on historic metal objects using nanosecond and femtosecond laser induced breakdown spectroscopy depth profiling," Spectrochim. Acta, Part B 60, 1163 (2005). [CrossRef]
- F. C. De LuciaJr, J. L. Gottfried, C. A. Munson, and A. W. Miziolek, "Multivariate analysis of standoff laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy spectra for classification of explosive-containing residues," Appl. Opt. 47, G112-G121 (2008). [CrossRef]
- J. L. Gottfried, F. C. De LuciaJr., C. A. Munson, and A. W. Miziolek, "Strategies for residue explosives detection using laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy," J. Anal. At. Spectrom. 23, 205-216 (2008). [CrossRef]
- Q1. F. C. De LuciaJr., J. L. Gottfried, C. A. Munson, and A. W. Miziolek, "Double pulse laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy of explosives: Initial study towards improved discrimination," Spectrochim. Acta, Part B 62, 1399-1404 (2007). [CrossRef]
- M. Baudelet, L. Guyon, J. Yu, J. P. Wolf, T. Amodeo, E. Frejafon, and P. Laloi, "Femtosecond time-resolved laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy for detection and identification of bacteria: A comparison to the nanosecond regime," J. Appl. Phys. 99, 84701 (2006). [CrossRef]
- M. Baudelet, L. Guyon, J. Yu, J. P. Wolf, T. Amodeo, E. Frejafon, and P. Laloi, "Spectral signature of native CN bonds for bacterium detection and identification using femtosecond laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy," Appl. Phys. Lett. 88, 063901 (2006). [CrossRef]
- A. Assion, M. Wollenhaupt, L. Haag, F. Mayorov, C. Sarpe-Tudoran, M. Winter, U. Kutschera, and T. Baumert, "Femtosecond laser-induced-breakdown spectrometry for Ca2+ analysis of biological samples with high spatial resolution," Appl. Phys. B 77, 391-397 (2003). [CrossRef]
- J. P. Colombier, P. Combis, F. Bonneau, R. L. Harzic, and E. Audouard, "Hydrodynamic simulations of metal ablation by femtosecond laser irradiation," Phys. Rev. B 71, 165406 (2005). [CrossRef]
- Q6. V. Margetic, M. Bolshov, A. Stockhaus, K. Niemax, and R. Hergenroder, "Depth profiling of multi-layer samples using femtosecond laser ablation," J. Anal. At. Spectrom. 16, 616-321 (2001). [CrossRef]
- Q2. V. Margetic, A. Pakulev, A. Stockhaus, M. Bolshov, K. Niemax, and R. Hergenröder, "A comparison of nanosecond and femtosecond laser-induced plasma spectroscopy of brass samples," Spectrochim. Acta, Part B 55, 1771-1785 (2000). [CrossRef]
- B. Le Drogoff, M. Chaker, J. Margot, M. Sabsabi, O. Barthélemy, T. W. Johnston, S. Laville, and F. Vidal, "Influence of the Laser Pulse Duration on Spectrochemical Analysis of Solids by Laser-Induced Plasma Spectroscopy," Appl. Spectrosc. 58, 122-129 (2004). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- B. Le Drogoff, F. Vidal, Y. von Kaenel, M. Chaker, T. W. Johnston, S. Laville, M. Sabsabi, and J. Margot, "Ablation of aluminum thin films by ultrashort laser pulses," J. Appl. Phys. 89, 8247-8252 (2001). [CrossRef]
- Q3. B. Le Drogoff, J. Margot, M. Chaker, M. Sabsabi, O. Barthelemy, T. W. Johnston, S. Laville, F. Vidal, and Y. von Kaenel, "Temporal characterization of femtosecond laser pulses induced plasma for spectrochemical analysis of aluminum alloys," Spectrochim. Acta, Part B 56, 987-1002 (2001). [CrossRef]
- M. Baudelet, J. Yu, M. Bossu, J. Jovelet, J. P. Wolf, T. Amodeo, E. Frejafon, and P. Laloi, "Discrimination of microbiological samples using femtosecond laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy," Appl. Phys. Lett. 89, 163903 (2006). [CrossRef]
- P. Rohwetter, J. Yu, G. Mejean, K. Stelmaszczyk, E. Salmon, J. Kasparian, J.-P. Wolf, and L. Woeste, "Remote LIBS with ultrashort pulses: characteristics in picosecond and femtosecond regimes," J. Anal. At. Spectrom. 19, 437-444 (2004). [CrossRef]
- Q5. K. Furusawa, K. Takahashi, H. Kumagai, K. Midorikawa, and M. Obara, "Ablation characteristics of Au, Ag, and Cu metals using a femtosecond Ti:sapphire laser," Appl. Phys. A 69, S359-S366 (1999). [CrossRef]
- A. Assion, M. Wollenhaupt, L. Haag, F. Mayorov, C. Sarpe-Tudoran, M. Winter, U. Kutschera, and T. Baumert, "Femtosecond laser-induced-breakdown spectrometry for Ca2+ analysis of biological samples with high spatial resolution," Appl. Phys. B 77, 391-397 (2003). [CrossRef]
- A. Semerok, C. Chaléard, V. Detalle, J.-L. Lacour, P. Mauchien, P. Meynadier, C. Nouvellon, B. Sallé, P. Palianov, M. Perdrix, and G. Petite, "Experimental investigations of laser ablation efficiency of pure metals with femto, pico and nanosecond pulses," Appl. Surf. Sci. 138-139, 311-314 (1999). [CrossRef]
- M. Baudelet, L. Guyon, J. Yu, J. P. Wolf, T. Amodeo, E. Frejafon, and P. Laloi, "Spectral signature of native CN bonds for bacterium detection and identification using femtosecond laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy," Appl. Phys. Lett. 88, 063901 (2006). [CrossRef]
- M. Baudelet, J. Yu, M. Bossu, J. Jovelet, J. P. Wolf, T. Amodeo, E. Frejafon, and P. Laloi, "Discrimination of microbiological samples using femtosecond laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy," Appl. Phys. Lett. 89, 163903 (2006). [CrossRef]
- M. Baudelet, L. Guyon, J. Yu, J. P. Wolf, T. Amodeo, E. Frejafon, and P. Laloi, "Femtosecond time-resolved laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy for detection and identification of bacteria: A comparison to the nanosecond regime," J. Appl. Phys. 99, 84701 (2006). [CrossRef]
- B. Le Drogoff, M. Chaker, J. Margot, M. Sabsabi, O. Barthélemy, T. W. Johnston, S. Laville, and F. Vidal, "Influence of the Laser Pulse Duration on Spectrochemical Analysis of Solids by Laser-Induced Plasma Spectroscopy," Appl. Spectrosc. 58, 122-129 (2004). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- B. Le Drogoff, F. Vidal, Y. von Kaenel, M. Chaker, T. W. Johnston, S. Laville, M. Sabsabi, and J. Margot, "Ablation of aluminum thin films by ultrashort laser pulses," J. Appl. Phys. 89, 8247-8252 (2001). [CrossRef]
- Q3. B. Le Drogoff, J. Margot, M. Chaker, M. Sabsabi, O. Barthelemy, T. W. Johnston, S. Laville, F. Vidal, and Y. von Kaenel, "Temporal characterization of femtosecond laser pulses induced plasma for spectrochemical analysis of aluminum alloys," Spectrochim. Acta, Part B 56, 987-1002 (2001). [CrossRef]
- B. Le Drogoff, M. Chaker, J. Margot, M. Sabsabi, O. Barthélemy, T. W. Johnston, S. Laville, and F. Vidal, "Influence of the Laser Pulse Duration on Spectrochemical Analysis of Solids by Laser-Induced Plasma Spectroscopy," Appl. Spectrosc. 58, 122-129 (2004). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Q3. B. Le Drogoff, J. Margot, M. Chaker, M. Sabsabi, O. Barthelemy, T. W. Johnston, S. Laville, F. Vidal, and Y. von Kaenel, "Temporal characterization of femtosecond laser pulses induced plasma for spectrochemical analysis of aluminum alloys," Spectrochim. Acta, Part B 56, 987-1002 (2001). [CrossRef]
- B. Le Drogoff, F. Vidal, Y. von Kaenel, M. Chaker, T. W. Johnston, S. Laville, M. Sabsabi, and J. Margot, "Ablation of aluminum thin films by ultrashort laser pulses," J. Appl. Phys. 89, 8247-8252 (2001). [CrossRef]
- R. Le Harzic, D. Breitling, M. Weikert, S. Sommer, C. Fohl, S. Valette, C. Donnet, E. Audouard, and F. Dausinger, "Pulse width and energy influence on laser micromachining of metals in a range of 100 fs to 5 ps," Appl. Surf. Sci. 249, 322-331 (2005). [CrossRef]
- Q9. R. Le Harzic, D. Breitling, M. Weikert, S. Sommer, C. Fohl, F. Dausinger, S. Valette, C. Donnet, and E. Audouard, "Ablation comparison with low and high energy densities for Cu and Al with ultra-short laser pulses," Appl. Phys. A 80, 1589-1593 (2005). [CrossRef]
- X. Liu, D. Du, and G. Mourou, "Laser ablation and micromachining with ultrashort laser pulses," IEEE J. Quantum Electron. 33, 1706-1716 (1997). [CrossRef]
- Q6. V. Margetic, M. Bolshov, A. Stockhaus, K. Niemax, and R. Hergenroder, "Depth profiling of multi-layer samples using femtosecond laser ablation," J. Anal. At. Spectrom. 16, 616-321 (2001). [CrossRef]
- Q2. V. Margetic, A. Pakulev, A. Stockhaus, M. Bolshov, K. Niemax, and R. Hergenröder, "A comparison of nanosecond and femtosecond laser-induced plasma spectroscopy of brass samples," Spectrochim. Acta, Part B 55, 1771-1785 (2000). [CrossRef]
- B. Le Drogoff, M. Chaker, J. Margot, M. Sabsabi, O. Barthélemy, T. W. Johnston, S. Laville, and F. Vidal, "Influence of the Laser Pulse Duration on Spectrochemical Analysis of Solids by Laser-Induced Plasma Spectroscopy," Appl. Spectrosc. 58, 122-129 (2004). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Q3. B. Le Drogoff, J. Margot, M. Chaker, M. Sabsabi, O. Barthelemy, T. W. Johnston, S. Laville, F. Vidal, and Y. von Kaenel, "Temporal characterization of femtosecond laser pulses induced plasma for spectrochemical analysis of aluminum alloys," Spectrochim. Acta, Part B 56, 987-1002 (2001). [CrossRef]
- B. Le Drogoff, F. Vidal, Y. von Kaenel, M. Chaker, T. W. Johnston, S. Laville, M. Sabsabi, and J. Margot, "Ablation of aluminum thin films by ultrashort laser pulses," J. Appl. Phys. 89, 8247-8252 (2001). [CrossRef]
- A. Semerok, C. Chaléard, V. Detalle, J.-L. Lacour, P. Mauchien, P. Meynadier, C. Nouvellon, B. Sallé, P. Palianov, M. Perdrix, and G. Petite, "Experimental investigations of laser ablation efficiency of pure metals with femto, pico and nanosecond pulses," Appl. Surf. Sci. 138-139, 311-314 (1999). [CrossRef]
- A. Assion, M. Wollenhaupt, L. Haag, F. Mayorov, C. Sarpe-Tudoran, M. Winter, U. Kutschera, and T. Baumert, "Femtosecond laser-induced-breakdown spectrometry for Ca2+ analysis of biological samples with high spatial resolution," Appl. Phys. B 77, 391-397 (2003). [CrossRef]
- P. Rohwetter, J. Yu, G. Mejean, K. Stelmaszczyk, E. Salmon, J. Kasparian, J.-P. Wolf, and L. Woeste, "Remote LIBS with ultrashort pulses: characteristics in picosecond and femtosecond regimes," J. Anal. At. Spectrom. 19, 437-444 (2004). [CrossRef]
- Q8. P. Pouli, K. Melessanaki, A. Giakoumaki, V. Argyropoulos, and D. Anglos, "Measuring the thickness of protective coatings on historic metal objects using nanosecond and femtosecond laser induced breakdown spectroscopy depth profiling," Spectrochim. Acta, Part B 60, 1163 (2005). [CrossRef]
- A. Semerok, C. Chaléard, V. Detalle, J.-L. Lacour, P. Mauchien, P. Meynadier, C. Nouvellon, B. Sallé, P. Palianov, M. Perdrix, and G. Petite, "Experimental investigations of laser ablation efficiency of pure metals with femto, pico and nanosecond pulses," Appl. Surf. Sci. 138-139, 311-314 (1999). [CrossRef]
- Q5. K. Furusawa, K. Takahashi, H. Kumagai, K. Midorikawa, and M. Obara, "Ablation characteristics of Au, Ag, and Cu metals using a femtosecond Ti:sapphire laser," Appl. Phys. A 69, S359-S366 (1999). [CrossRef]
- J. L. Gottfried, F. C. De LuciaJr., C. A. Munson, and A. W. Miziolek, "Strategies for residue explosives detection using laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy," J. Anal. At. Spectrom. 23, 205-216 (2008). [CrossRef]
- F. C. De LuciaJr, J. L. Gottfried, C. A. Munson, and A. W. Miziolek, "Multivariate analysis of standoff laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy spectra for classification of explosive-containing residues," Appl. Opt. 47, G112-G121 (2008). [CrossRef]
- Q1. F. C. De LuciaJr., J. L. Gottfried, C. A. Munson, and A. W. Miziolek, "Double pulse laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy of explosives: Initial study towards improved discrimination," Spectrochim. Acta, Part B 62, 1399-1404 (2007). [CrossRef]
- S. Nolte, C. Momma, H. Jacobs, A. Tunnermann, B. N. Chichkov, B. Wellegehausen, and H. Welling, "Ablation of metals by ultrashort laser pulses," J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 14, 2716-2722 (1997). [CrossRef]
- C. Momma, B. N. Chichkov, S. Nolte, F. von Alvensleben, A. Tunnermann, H. Welling, and B. Wellegehausen, "Short-pulse laser ablation of solid targets," Opt. Commun. 129, 134 (1996). [CrossRef]
- X. Liu, D. Du, and G. Mourou, "Laser ablation and micromachining with ultrashort laser pulses," IEEE J. Quantum Electron. 33, 1706-1716 (1997). [CrossRef]
- J. L. Gottfried, F. C. De LuciaJr., C. A. Munson, and A. W. Miziolek, "Strategies for residue explosives detection using laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy," J. Anal. At. Spectrom. 23, 205-216 (2008). [CrossRef]
- F. C. De LuciaJr, J. L. Gottfried, C. A. Munson, and A. W. Miziolek, "Multivariate analysis of standoff laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy spectra for classification of explosive-containing residues," Appl. Opt. 47, G112-G121 (2008). [CrossRef]
- Q1. F. C. De LuciaJr., J. L. Gottfried, C. A. Munson, and A. W. Miziolek, "Double pulse laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy of explosives: Initial study towards improved discrimination," Spectrochim. Acta, Part B 62, 1399-1404 (2007). [CrossRef]
- Q6. V. Margetic, M. Bolshov, A. Stockhaus, K. Niemax, and R. Hergenroder, "Depth profiling of multi-layer samples using femtosecond laser ablation," J. Anal. At. Spectrom. 16, 616-321 (2001). [CrossRef]
- Q2. V. Margetic, A. Pakulev, A. Stockhaus, M. Bolshov, K. Niemax, and R. Hergenröder, "A comparison of nanosecond and femtosecond laser-induced plasma spectroscopy of brass samples," Spectrochim. Acta, Part B 55, 1771-1785 (2000). [CrossRef]
- S. Nolte, C. Momma, H. Jacobs, A. Tunnermann, B. N. Chichkov, B. Wellegehausen, and H. Welling, "Ablation of metals by ultrashort laser pulses," J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 14, 2716-2722 (1997). [CrossRef]
- C. Momma, B. N. Chichkov, S. Nolte, F. von Alvensleben, A. Tunnermann, H. Welling, and B. Wellegehausen, "Short-pulse laser ablation of solid targets," Opt. Commun. 129, 134 (1996). [CrossRef]
- A. Semerok, C. Chaléard, V. Detalle, J.-L. Lacour, P. Mauchien, P. Meynadier, C. Nouvellon, B. Sallé, P. Palianov, M. Perdrix, and G. Petite, "Experimental investigations of laser ablation efficiency of pure metals with femto, pico and nanosecond pulses," Appl. Surf. Sci. 138-139, 311-314 (1999). [CrossRef]
- Q5. K. Furusawa, K. Takahashi, H. Kumagai, K. Midorikawa, and M. Obara, "Ablation characteristics of Au, Ag, and Cu metals using a femtosecond Ti:sapphire laser," Appl. Phys. A 69, S359-S366 (1999). [CrossRef]
- Q2. V. Margetic, A. Pakulev, A. Stockhaus, M. Bolshov, K. Niemax, and R. Hergenröder, "A comparison of nanosecond and femtosecond laser-induced plasma spectroscopy of brass samples," Spectrochim. Acta, Part B 55, 1771-1785 (2000). [CrossRef]
- A. Semerok, C. Chaléard, V. Detalle, J.-L. Lacour, P. Mauchien, P. Meynadier, C. Nouvellon, B. Sallé, P. Palianov, M. Perdrix, and G. Petite, "Experimental investigations of laser ablation efficiency of pure metals with femto, pico and nanosecond pulses," Appl. Surf. Sci. 138-139, 311-314 (1999). [CrossRef]
- A. Semerok, C. Chaléard, V. Detalle, J.-L. Lacour, P. Mauchien, P. Meynadier, C. Nouvellon, B. Sallé, P. Palianov, M. Perdrix, and G. Petite, "Experimental investigations of laser ablation efficiency of pure metals with femto, pico and nanosecond pulses," Appl. Surf. Sci. 138-139, 311-314 (1999). [CrossRef]
- A. Semerok, C. Chaléard, V. Detalle, J.-L. Lacour, P. Mauchien, P. Meynadier, C. Nouvellon, B. Sallé, P. Palianov, M. Perdrix, and G. Petite, "Experimental investigations of laser ablation efficiency of pure metals with femto, pico and nanosecond pulses," Appl. Surf. Sci. 138-139, 311-314 (1999). [CrossRef]
- Q8. P. Pouli, K. Melessanaki, A. Giakoumaki, V. Argyropoulos, and D. Anglos, "Measuring the thickness of protective coatings on historic metal objects using nanosecond and femtosecond laser induced breakdown spectroscopy depth profiling," Spectrochim. Acta, Part B 60, 1163 (2005). [CrossRef]
- Q4. S. Preuss, A. Demchuk, and M. Stuke, "Sub-picosecond UV laser ablation of metals," Appl. Phys. A 61, 33 (1995). [CrossRef]
- P. Rohwetter, J. Yu, G. Mejean, K. Stelmaszczyk, E. Salmon, J. Kasparian, J.-P. Wolf, and L. Woeste, "Remote LIBS with ultrashort pulses: characteristics in picosecond and femtosecond regimes," J. Anal. At. Spectrom. 19, 437-444 (2004). [CrossRef]
- B. Le Drogoff, M. Chaker, J. Margot, M. Sabsabi, O. Barthélemy, T. W. Johnston, S. Laville, and F. Vidal, "Influence of the Laser Pulse Duration on Spectrochemical Analysis of Solids by Laser-Induced Plasma Spectroscopy," Appl. Spectrosc. 58, 122-129 (2004). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- B. Le Drogoff, F. Vidal, Y. von Kaenel, M. Chaker, T. W. Johnston, S. Laville, M. Sabsabi, and J. Margot, "Ablation of aluminum thin films by ultrashort laser pulses," J. Appl. Phys. 89, 8247-8252 (2001). [CrossRef]
- Q3. B. Le Drogoff, J. Margot, M. Chaker, M. Sabsabi, O. Barthelemy, T. W. Johnston, S. Laville, F. Vidal, and Y. von Kaenel, "Temporal characterization of femtosecond laser pulses induced plasma for spectrochemical analysis of aluminum alloys," Spectrochim. Acta, Part B 56, 987-1002 (2001). [CrossRef]
- A. Semerok, C. Chaléard, V. Detalle, J.-L. Lacour, P. Mauchien, P. Meynadier, C. Nouvellon, B. Sallé, P. Palianov, M. Perdrix, and G. Petite, "Experimental investigations of laser ablation efficiency of pure metals with femto, pico and nanosecond pulses," Appl. Surf. Sci. 138-139, 311-314 (1999). [CrossRef]
- P. Rohwetter, J. Yu, G. Mejean, K. Stelmaszczyk, E. Salmon, J. Kasparian, J.-P. Wolf, and L. Woeste, "Remote LIBS with ultrashort pulses: characteristics in picosecond and femtosecond regimes," J. Anal. At. Spectrom. 19, 437-444 (2004). [CrossRef]
- Q7. J.-B. Sirven, B. Bousquet, L. Canioni, and L. Sarger, "Time-resolved and time-integrated single-shot laser-induced plasma experiments using nanosecond and femtosecond laser pulses," Spectrochim. Acta, Part B 59, 1033-1039 (2004). [CrossRef]
- A. Assion, M. Wollenhaupt, L. Haag, F. Mayorov, C. Sarpe-Tudoran, M. Winter, U. Kutschera, and T. Baumert, "Femtosecond laser-induced-breakdown spectrometry for Ca2+ analysis of biological samples with high spatial resolution," Appl. Phys. B 77, 391-397 (2003). [CrossRef]
- A. Semerok, C. Chaléard, V. Detalle, J.-L. Lacour, P. Mauchien, P. Meynadier, C. Nouvellon, B. Sallé, P. Palianov, M. Perdrix, and G. Petite, "Experimental investigations of laser ablation efficiency of pure metals with femto, pico and nanosecond pulses," Appl. Surf. Sci. 138-139, 311-314 (1999). [CrossRef]
- Q7. J.-B. Sirven, B. Bousquet, L. Canioni, and L. Sarger, "Time-resolved and time-integrated single-shot laser-induced plasma experiments using nanosecond and femtosecond laser pulses," Spectrochim. Acta, Part B 59, 1033-1039 (2004). [CrossRef]
- R. Le Harzic, D. Breitling, M. Weikert, S. Sommer, C. Fohl, S. Valette, C. Donnet, E. Audouard, and F. Dausinger, "Pulse width and energy influence on laser micromachining of metals in a range of 100 fs to 5 ps," Appl. Surf. Sci. 249, 322-331 (2005). [CrossRef]
- Q9. R. Le Harzic, D. Breitling, M. Weikert, S. Sommer, C. Fohl, F. Dausinger, S. Valette, C. Donnet, and E. Audouard, "Ablation comparison with low and high energy densities for Cu and Al with ultra-short laser pulses," Appl. Phys. A 80, 1589-1593 (2005). [CrossRef]
- P. Rohwetter, J. Yu, G. Mejean, K. Stelmaszczyk, E. Salmon, J. Kasparian, J.-P. Wolf, and L. Woeste, "Remote LIBS with ultrashort pulses: characteristics in picosecond and femtosecond regimes," J. Anal. At. Spectrom. 19, 437-444 (2004). [CrossRef]
- Q6. V. Margetic, M. Bolshov, A. Stockhaus, K. Niemax, and R. Hergenroder, "Depth profiling of multi-layer samples using femtosecond laser ablation," J. Anal. At. Spectrom. 16, 616-321 (2001). [CrossRef]
- Q2. V. Margetic, A. Pakulev, A. Stockhaus, M. Bolshov, K. Niemax, and R. Hergenröder, "A comparison of nanosecond and femtosecond laser-induced plasma spectroscopy of brass samples," Spectrochim. Acta, Part B 55, 1771-1785 (2000). [CrossRef]
- Q4. S. Preuss, A. Demchuk, and M. Stuke, "Sub-picosecond UV laser ablation of metals," Appl. Phys. A 61, 33 (1995). [CrossRef]
- Q5. K. Furusawa, K. Takahashi, H. Kumagai, K. Midorikawa, and M. Obara, "Ablation characteristics of Au, Ag, and Cu metals using a femtosecond Ti:sapphire laser," Appl. Phys. A 69, S359-S366 (1999). [CrossRef]
- S. Nolte, C. Momma, H. Jacobs, A. Tunnermann, B. N. Chichkov, B. Wellegehausen, and H. Welling, "Ablation of metals by ultrashort laser pulses," J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 14, 2716-2722 (1997). [CrossRef]
- C. Momma, B. N. Chichkov, S. Nolte, F. von Alvensleben, A. Tunnermann, H. Welling, and B. Wellegehausen, "Short-pulse laser ablation of solid targets," Opt. Commun. 129, 134 (1996). [CrossRef]
- Q9. R. Le Harzic, D. Breitling, M. Weikert, S. Sommer, C. Fohl, F. Dausinger, S. Valette, C. Donnet, and E. Audouard, "Ablation comparison with low and high energy densities for Cu and Al with ultra-short laser pulses," Appl. Phys. A 80, 1589-1593 (2005). [CrossRef]
- R. Le Harzic, D. Breitling, M. Weikert, S. Sommer, C. Fohl, S. Valette, C. Donnet, E. Audouard, and F. Dausinger, "Pulse width and energy influence on laser micromachining of metals in a range of 100 fs to 5 ps," Appl. Surf. Sci. 249, 322-331 (2005). [CrossRef]
- B. Le Drogoff, M. Chaker, J. Margot, M. Sabsabi, O. Barthélemy, T. W. Johnston, S. Laville, and F. Vidal, "Influence of the Laser Pulse Duration on Spectrochemical Analysis of Solids by Laser-Induced Plasma Spectroscopy," Appl. Spectrosc. 58, 122-129 (2004). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- B. Le Drogoff, F. Vidal, Y. von Kaenel, M. Chaker, T. W. Johnston, S. Laville, M. Sabsabi, and J. Margot, "Ablation of aluminum thin films by ultrashort laser pulses," J. Appl. Phys. 89, 8247-8252 (2001). [CrossRef]
- Q3. B. Le Drogoff, J. Margot, M. Chaker, M. Sabsabi, O. Barthelemy, T. W. Johnston, S. Laville, F. Vidal, and Y. von Kaenel, "Temporal characterization of femtosecond laser pulses induced plasma for spectrochemical analysis of aluminum alloys," Spectrochim. Acta, Part B 56, 987-1002 (2001). [CrossRef]
- C. Momma, B. N. Chichkov, S. Nolte, F. von Alvensleben, A. Tunnermann, H. Welling, and B. Wellegehausen, "Short-pulse laser ablation of solid targets," Opt. Commun. 129, 134 (1996). [CrossRef]
- Q3. B. Le Drogoff, J. Margot, M. Chaker, M. Sabsabi, O. Barthelemy, T. W. Johnston, S. Laville, F. Vidal, and Y. von Kaenel, "Temporal characterization of femtosecond laser pulses induced plasma for spectrochemical analysis of aluminum alloys," Spectrochim. Acta, Part B 56, 987-1002 (2001). [CrossRef]
- B. Le Drogoff, F. Vidal, Y. von Kaenel, M. Chaker, T. W. Johnston, S. Laville, M. Sabsabi, and J. Margot, "Ablation of aluminum thin films by ultrashort laser pulses," J. Appl. Phys. 89, 8247-8252 (2001). [CrossRef]
- R. Le Harzic, D. Breitling, M. Weikert, S. Sommer, C. Fohl, S. Valette, C. Donnet, E. Audouard, and F. Dausinger, "Pulse width and energy influence on laser micromachining of metals in a range of 100 fs to 5 ps," Appl. Surf. Sci. 249, 322-331 (2005). [CrossRef]
- Q9. R. Le Harzic, D. Breitling, M. Weikert, S. Sommer, C. Fohl, F. Dausinger, S. Valette, C. Donnet, and E. Audouard, "Ablation comparison with low and high energy densities for Cu and Al with ultra-short laser pulses," Appl. Phys. A 80, 1589-1593 (2005). [CrossRef]
- S. Nolte, C. Momma, H. Jacobs, A. Tunnermann, B. N. Chichkov, B. Wellegehausen, and H. Welling, "Ablation of metals by ultrashort laser pulses," J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 14, 2716-2722 (1997). [CrossRef]
- C. Momma, B. N. Chichkov, S. Nolte, F. von Alvensleben, A. Tunnermann, H. Welling, and B. Wellegehausen, "Short-pulse laser ablation of solid targets," Opt. Commun. 129, 134 (1996). [CrossRef]
- S. Nolte, C. Momma, H. Jacobs, A. Tunnermann, B. N. Chichkov, B. Wellegehausen, and H. Welling, "Ablation of metals by ultrashort laser pulses," J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 14, 2716-2722 (1997). [CrossRef]
- C. Momma, B. N. Chichkov, S. Nolte, F. von Alvensleben, A. Tunnermann, H. Welling, and B. Wellegehausen, "Short-pulse laser ablation of solid targets," Opt. Commun. 129, 134 (1996). [CrossRef]
- A. Assion, M. Wollenhaupt, L. Haag, F. Mayorov, C. Sarpe-Tudoran, M. Winter, U. Kutschera, and T. Baumert, "Femtosecond laser-induced-breakdown spectrometry for Ca2+ analysis of biological samples with high spatial resolution," Appl. Phys. B 77, 391-397 (2003). [CrossRef]
- P. Rohwetter, J. Yu, G. Mejean, K. Stelmaszczyk, E. Salmon, J. Kasparian, J.-P. Wolf, and L. Woeste, "Remote LIBS with ultrashort pulses: characteristics in picosecond and femtosecond regimes," J. Anal. At. Spectrom. 19, 437-444 (2004). [CrossRef]
- M. Baudelet, L. Guyon, J. Yu, J. P. Wolf, T. Amodeo, E. Frejafon, and P. Laloi, "Spectral signature of native CN bonds for bacterium detection and identification using femtosecond laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy," Appl. Phys. Lett. 88, 063901 (2006). [CrossRef]
- M. Baudelet, L. Guyon, J. Yu, J. P. Wolf, T. Amodeo, E. Frejafon, and P. Laloi, "Femtosecond time-resolved laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy for detection and identification of bacteria: A comparison to the nanosecond regime," J. Appl. Phys. 99, 84701 (2006). [CrossRef]
- M. Baudelet, J. Yu, M. Bossu, J. Jovelet, J. P. Wolf, T. Amodeo, E. Frejafon, and P. Laloi, "Discrimination of microbiological samples using femtosecond laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy," Appl. Phys. Lett. 89, 163903 (2006). [CrossRef]
- P. Rohwetter, J. Yu, G. Mejean, K. Stelmaszczyk, E. Salmon, J. Kasparian, J.-P. Wolf, and L. Woeste, "Remote LIBS with ultrashort pulses: characteristics in picosecond and femtosecond regimes," J. Anal. At. Spectrom. 19, 437-444 (2004). [CrossRef]
- A. Assion, M. Wollenhaupt, L. Haag, F. Mayorov, C. Sarpe-Tudoran, M. Winter, U. Kutschera, and T. Baumert, "Femtosecond laser-induced-breakdown spectrometry for Ca2+ analysis of biological samples with high spatial resolution," Appl. Phys. B 77, 391-397 (2003). [CrossRef]
- M. Baudelet, L. Guyon, J. Yu, J. P. Wolf, T. Amodeo, E. Frejafon, and P. Laloi, "Spectral signature of native CN bonds for bacterium detection and identification using femtosecond laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy," Appl. Phys. Lett. 88, 063901 (2006). [CrossRef]
- M. Baudelet, J. Yu, M. Bossu, J. Jovelet, J. P. Wolf, T. Amodeo, E. Frejafon, and P. Laloi, "Discrimination of microbiological samples using femtosecond laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy," Appl. Phys. Lett. 89, 163903 (2006). [CrossRef]
- M. Baudelet, L. Guyon, J. Yu, J. P. Wolf, T. Amodeo, E. Frejafon, and P. Laloi, "Femtosecond time-resolved laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy for detection and identification of bacteria: A comparison to the nanosecond regime," J. Appl. Phys. 99, 84701 (2006). [CrossRef]
- P. Rohwetter, J. Yu, G. Mejean, K. Stelmaszczyk, E. Salmon, J. Kasparian, J.-P. Wolf, and L. Woeste, "Remote LIBS with ultrashort pulses: characteristics in picosecond and femtosecond regimes," J. Anal. At. Spectrom. 19, 437-444 (2004). [CrossRef]
Appl. Opt.
- F. C. De LuciaJr, J. L. Gottfried, C. A. Munson, and A. W. Miziolek, "Multivariate analysis of standoff laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy spectra for classification of explosive-containing residues," Appl. Opt. 47, G112-G121 (2008). [CrossRef]
Appl. Phys. A
- Q4. S. Preuss, A. Demchuk, and M. Stuke, "Sub-picosecond UV laser ablation of metals," Appl. Phys. A 61, 33 (1995). [CrossRef]
- Q5. K. Furusawa, K. Takahashi, H. Kumagai, K. Midorikawa, and M. Obara, "Ablation characteristics of Au, Ag, and Cu metals using a femtosecond Ti:sapphire laser," Appl. Phys. A 69, S359-S366 (1999). [CrossRef]
- Q9. R. Le Harzic, D. Breitling, M. Weikert, S. Sommer, C. Fohl, F. Dausinger, S. Valette, C. Donnet, and E. Audouard, "Ablation comparison with low and high energy densities for Cu and Al with ultra-short laser pulses," Appl. Phys. A 80, 1589-1593 (2005). [CrossRef]
Appl. Phys. B
- A. Assion, M. Wollenhaupt, L. Haag, F. Mayorov, C. Sarpe-Tudoran, M. Winter, U. Kutschera, and T. Baumert, "Femtosecond laser-induced-breakdown spectrometry for Ca2+ analysis of biological samples with high spatial resolution," Appl. Phys. B 77, 391-397 (2003). [CrossRef]
Appl. Phys. Lett.
- M. Baudelet, J. Yu, M. Bossu, J. Jovelet, J. P. Wolf, T. Amodeo, E. Frejafon, and P. Laloi, "Discrimination of microbiological samples using femtosecond laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy," Appl. Phys. Lett. 89, 163903 (2006). [CrossRef]
- M. Baudelet, L. Guyon, J. Yu, J. P. Wolf, T. Amodeo, E. Frejafon, and P. Laloi, "Spectral signature of native CN bonds for bacterium detection and identification using femtosecond laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy," Appl. Phys. Lett. 88, 063901 (2006). [CrossRef]
Appl. Spectrosc.
- B. Le Drogoff, M. Chaker, J. Margot, M. Sabsabi, O. Barthélemy, T. W. Johnston, S. Laville, and F. Vidal, "Influence of the Laser Pulse Duration on Spectrochemical Analysis of Solids by Laser-Induced Plasma Spectroscopy," Appl. Spectrosc. 58, 122-129 (2004). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- E. L. Gurevich and R. Hergenroeder, "Femtosecond laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy: physics, applications, and perspectives," Appl. Spectrosc. 61, 233A-242A (2007). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- K. L. Eland, D. N. Stratis, D. M. Gold, S. R. Goode, and S. M. Angel, "Energy Dependence of Emission Intensity and Temperature in a LIBS Plasma Using Femtosecond Excitation," Appl. Spectrosc. 55, 286-291 (2001). [CrossRef]
Appl. Surf. Sci.
- R. Le Harzic, D. Breitling, M. Weikert, S. Sommer, C. Fohl, S. Valette, C. Donnet, E. Audouard, and F. Dausinger, "Pulse width and energy influence on laser micromachining of metals in a range of 100 fs to 5 ps," Appl. Surf. Sci. 249, 322-331 (2005). [CrossRef]
- A. Semerok, C. Chaléard, V. Detalle, J.-L. Lacour, P. Mauchien, P. Meynadier, C. Nouvellon, B. Sallé, P. Palianov, M. Perdrix, and G. Petite, "Experimental investigations of laser ablation efficiency of pure metals with femto, pico and nanosecond pulses," Appl. Surf. Sci. 138-139, 311-314 (1999). [CrossRef]
IEEE J. Quantum Electron.
- X. Liu, D. Du, and G. Mourou, "Laser ablation and micromachining with ultrashort laser pulses," IEEE J. Quantum Electron. 33, 1706-1716 (1997). [CrossRef]
J. Anal. At. Spectrom.
- Q6. V. Margetic, M. Bolshov, A. Stockhaus, K. Niemax, and R. Hergenroder, "Depth profiling of multi-layer samples using femtosecond laser ablation," J. Anal. At. Spectrom. 16, 616-321 (2001). [CrossRef]
- J. L. Gottfried, F. C. De LuciaJr., C. A. Munson, and A. W. Miziolek, "Strategies for residue explosives detection using laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy," J. Anal. At. Spectrom. 23, 205-216 (2008). [CrossRef]
- P. Rohwetter, J. Yu, G. Mejean, K. Stelmaszczyk, E. Salmon, J. Kasparian, J.-P. Wolf, and L. Woeste, "Remote LIBS with ultrashort pulses: characteristics in picosecond and femtosecond regimes," J. Anal. At. Spectrom. 19, 437-444 (2004). [CrossRef]
J. Appl. Phys.
- M. Baudelet, L. Guyon, J. Yu, J. P. Wolf, T. Amodeo, E. Frejafon, and P. Laloi, "Femtosecond time-resolved laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy for detection and identification of bacteria: A comparison to the nanosecond regime," J. Appl. Phys. 99, 84701 (2006). [CrossRef]
- B. Le Drogoff, F. Vidal, Y. von Kaenel, M. Chaker, T. W. Johnston, S. Laville, M. Sabsabi, and J. Margot, "Ablation of aluminum thin films by ultrashort laser pulses," J. Appl. Phys. 89, 8247-8252 (2001). [CrossRef]
J. Opt. Soc. Am. B
- S. Nolte, C. Momma, H. Jacobs, A. Tunnermann, B. N. Chichkov, B. Wellegehausen, and H. Welling, "Ablation of metals by ultrashort laser pulses," J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 14, 2716-2722 (1997). [CrossRef]
Opt. Commun.
- C. Momma, B. N. Chichkov, S. Nolte, F. von Alvensleben, A. Tunnermann, H. Welling, and B. Wellegehausen, "Short-pulse laser ablation of solid targets," Opt. Commun. 129, 134 (1996). [CrossRef]
Opt. Express
- Y. Dikmelik, C. McEnnis, and J. B. Spicer, "Femtosecond and nanosecond laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy of trinitrotoluene," Opt. Express 16, 5332 (2008). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- A. W. Schill, D. A. Heaps, D. N. Stratis-Cullum, B. R. Arnold, and P. M. Pellegrino, "Characterization of near-infrared low energy ultra-short laser pulses for portable applications of laser induced breakdown spectroscopy," Opt. Express 15, 14044-14056 (2007). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Part B
- Q7. J.-B. Sirven, B. Bousquet, L. Canioni, and L. Sarger, "Time-resolved and time-integrated single-shot laser-induced plasma experiments using nanosecond and femtosecond laser pulses," Spectrochim. Acta, Part B 59, 1033-1039 (2004). [CrossRef]
- Q2. V. Margetic, A. Pakulev, A. Stockhaus, M. Bolshov, K. Niemax, and R. Hergenröder, "A comparison of nanosecond and femtosecond laser-induced plasma spectroscopy of brass samples," Spectrochim. Acta, Part B 55, 1771-1785 (2000). [CrossRef]
- Q3. B. Le Drogoff, J. Margot, M. Chaker, M. Sabsabi, O. Barthelemy, T. W. Johnston, S. Laville, F. Vidal, and Y. von Kaenel, "Temporal characterization of femtosecond laser pulses induced plasma for spectrochemical analysis of aluminum alloys," Spectrochim. Acta, Part B 56, 987-1002 (2001). [CrossRef]
- Q1. F. C. De LuciaJr., J. L. Gottfried, C. A. Munson, and A. W. Miziolek, "Double pulse laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy of explosives: Initial study towards improved discrimination," Spectrochim. Acta, Part B 62, 1399-1404 (2007). [CrossRef]
- Q8. P. Pouli, K. Melessanaki, A. Giakoumaki, V. Argyropoulos, and D. Anglos, "Measuring the thickness of protective coatings on historic metal objects using nanosecond and femtosecond laser induced breakdown spectroscopy depth profiling," Spectrochim. Acta, Part B 60, 1163 (2005). [CrossRef]
Phys. Rev. B
- J. P. Colombier, P. Combis, F. Bonneau, R. L. Harzic, and E. Audouard, "Hydrodynamic simulations of metal ablation by femtosecond laser irradiation," Phys. Rev. B 71, 165406 (2005). [CrossRef]
2008, De Lucia, Appl. Opt.
- J. L. Gottfried, F. C. De LuciaJr., C. A. Munson, and A. W. Miziolek, "Strategies for residue explosives detection using laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy," J. Anal. At. Spectrom. 23, 205-216 (2008). [CrossRef]
- Q1. F. C. De LuciaJr., J. L. Gottfried, C. A. Munson, and A. W. Miziolek, "Double pulse laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy of explosives: Initial study towards improved discrimination," Spectrochim. Acta, Part B 62, 1399-1404 (2007). [CrossRef]
- M. Baudelet, L. Guyon, J. Yu, J. P. Wolf, T. Amodeo, E. Frejafon, and P. Laloi, "Femtosecond time-resolved laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy for detection and identification of bacteria: A comparison to the nanosecond regime," J. Appl. Phys. 99, 84701 (2006). [CrossRef]
- M. Baudelet, J. Yu, M. Bossu, J. Jovelet, J. P. Wolf, T. Amodeo, E. Frejafon, and P. Laloi, "Discrimination of microbiological samples using femtosecond laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy," Appl. Phys. Lett. 89, 163903 (2006). [CrossRef]
- M. Baudelet, L. Guyon, J. Yu, J. P. Wolf, T. Amodeo, E. Frejafon, and P. Laloi, "Spectral signature of native CN bonds for bacterium detection and identification using femtosecond laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy," Appl. Phys. Lett. 88, 063901 (2006). [CrossRef]
- J. P. Colombier, P. Combis, F. Bonneau, R. L. Harzic, and E. Audouard, "Hydrodynamic simulations of metal ablation by femtosecond laser irradiation," Phys. Rev. B 71, 165406 (2005). [CrossRef]
- R. Le Harzic, D. Breitling, M. Weikert, S. Sommer, C. Fohl, S. Valette, C. Donnet, E. Audouard, and F. Dausinger, "Pulse width and energy influence on laser micromachining of metals in a range of 100 fs to 5 ps," Appl. Surf. Sci. 249, 322-331 (2005). [CrossRef]
- Q8. P. Pouli, K. Melessanaki, A. Giakoumaki, V. Argyropoulos, and D. Anglos, "Measuring the thickness of protective coatings on historic metal objects using nanosecond and femtosecond laser induced breakdown spectroscopy depth profiling," Spectrochim. Acta, Part B 60, 1163 (2005). [CrossRef]
- Q9. R. Le Harzic, D. Breitling, M. Weikert, S. Sommer, C. Fohl, F. Dausinger, S. Valette, C. Donnet, and E. Audouard, "Ablation comparison with low and high energy densities for Cu and Al with ultra-short laser pulses," Appl. Phys. A 80, 1589-1593 (2005). [CrossRef]
- Q7. J.-B. Sirven, B. Bousquet, L. Canioni, and L. Sarger, "Time-resolved and time-integrated single-shot laser-induced plasma experiments using nanosecond and femtosecond laser pulses," Spectrochim. Acta, Part B 59, 1033-1039 (2004). [CrossRef]
- P. Rohwetter, J. Yu, G. Mejean, K. Stelmaszczyk, E. Salmon, J. Kasparian, J.-P. Wolf, and L. Woeste, "Remote LIBS with ultrashort pulses: characteristics in picosecond and femtosecond regimes," J. Anal. At. Spectrom. 19, 437-444 (2004). [CrossRef]
- A. Assion, M. Wollenhaupt, L. Haag, F. Mayorov, C. Sarpe-Tudoran, M. Winter, U. Kutschera, and T. Baumert, "Femtosecond laser-induced-breakdown spectrometry for Ca2+ analysis of biological samples with high spatial resolution," Appl. Phys. B 77, 391-397 (2003). [CrossRef]
- B. Le Drogoff, F. Vidal, Y. von Kaenel, M. Chaker, T. W. Johnston, S. Laville, M. Sabsabi, and J. Margot, "Ablation of aluminum thin films by ultrashort laser pulses," J. Appl. Phys. 89, 8247-8252 (2001). [CrossRef]
- Q3. B. Le Drogoff, J. Margot, M. Chaker, M. Sabsabi, O. Barthelemy, T. W. Johnston, S. Laville, F. Vidal, and Y. von Kaenel, "Temporal characterization of femtosecond laser pulses induced plasma for spectrochemical analysis of aluminum alloys," Spectrochim. Acta, Part B 56, 987-1002 (2001). [CrossRef]
- Q6. V. Margetic, M. Bolshov, A. Stockhaus, K. Niemax, and R. Hergenroder, "Depth profiling of multi-layer samples using femtosecond laser ablation," J. Anal. At. Spectrom. 16, 616-321 (2001). [CrossRef]
- Q2. V. Margetic, A. Pakulev, A. Stockhaus, M. Bolshov, K. Niemax, and R. Hergenröder, "A comparison of nanosecond and femtosecond laser-induced plasma spectroscopy of brass samples," Spectrochim. Acta, Part B 55, 1771-1785 (2000). [CrossRef]
- A. Semerok, C. Chaléard, V. Detalle, J.-L. Lacour, P. Mauchien, P. Meynadier, C. Nouvellon, B. Sallé, P. Palianov, M. Perdrix, and G. Petite, "Experimental investigations of laser ablation efficiency of pure metals with femto, pico and nanosecond pulses," Appl. Surf. Sci. 138-139, 311-314 (1999). [CrossRef]
- Q5. K. Furusawa, K. Takahashi, H. Kumagai, K. Midorikawa, and M. Obara, "Ablation characteristics of Au, Ag, and Cu metals using a femtosecond Ti:sapphire laser," Appl. Phys. A 69, S359-S366 (1999). [CrossRef]
- X. Liu, D. Du, and G. Mourou, "Laser ablation and micromachining with ultrashort laser pulses," IEEE J. Quantum Electron. 33, 1706-1716 (1997). [CrossRef]
- C. Momma, B. N. Chichkov, S. Nolte, F. von Alvensleben, A. Tunnermann, H. Welling, and B. Wellegehausen, "Short-pulse laser ablation of solid targets," Opt. Commun. 129, 134 (1996). [CrossRef]
- Q4. S. Preuss, A. Demchuk, and M. Stuke, "Sub-picosecond UV laser ablation of metals," Appl. Phys. A 61, 33 (1995). [CrossRef]
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