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Generating single attosecond pulse using multi-cycle lasers in a polarization gate
Valer Tosa, Katalin Kovacs, Carlo Altucci, and Raffaele Velotta »View Author Affiliations
Valer Tosa,1,*
Katalin Kovacs,1
Carlo Altucci,2
and Raffaele Velotta2
1National Institute for Research and Development of Isotopic and Molecular Technologies, Donath str. 65-103, 400293 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
2Dipartimento Scienze Fisiche, Universita “Federico II”, Complesso Monte Santangelo, via Cinthis, 80126 Napoli, Italia
*Corresponding author: tosa@itim-cj.ro
Optics Express, Vol. 17, Issue 20, pp. 17700-17710 (2009)
http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/OE.17.017700
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Abstract
We analyze the macroscopic effects which are responsible for producing clean isolated pulses lasting few hundreds of attoseconds when starting from multi-cycle fundamental pulses. In particular, we consider a polarization gating scheme and show that, at high fundamental peak intensities, in the range 0.7-1 PWcm−2, it usually produces three-four main attosecond pulses of radiation at single dipole level, just located in the leading edge of the laser pulse. We describe the physical mechanisms contributing to the formation of a single attosecond pulse by using a three dimensional non-adiabatic model and a quantum trajectory phase calculation. An analysis of the scheme optimization and stability against various parameters is performed in view of an experimental scheme implementation.
© 2009 OSA
OCIS Codes
(190.4160) Nonlinear optics : Multiharmonic generation
(320.2250) Ultrafast optics : Femtosecond phenomena
(320.7110) Ultrafast optics : Ultrafast nonlinear optics
(020.2649) Atomic and molecular physics : Strong field laser physics
ToC Category:
Ultrafast Optics
History
Original Manuscript: June 9, 2009
Revised Manuscript: July 24, 2009
Manuscript Accepted: July 27, 2009
Published: September 18, 2009
Citation
Valer Tosa, Katalin Kovacs, Carlo Altucci, and Raffaele Velotta, "Generating single attosecond pulse using multi-cycle lasers in a polarization gate," Opt. Express 17, 17700-17710 (2009)
http://www.opticsinfobase.org/oe/abstract.cfm?URI=oe-17-20-17700
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References
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- A. L. Cavalieri, N. Müller, T. Uphues, V. S. Yakovlev, A. Baltuska, B. Horvath, B. Schmidt, L. Blümel, R. Holzwarth, S. Hendel, M. Drescher, U. Kleineberg, P. M. Echenique, R. Kienberger, F. Krausz, and U. Heinzmann, “Attosecond spectroscopy in condensed matter,” Nature 449(7165), 1029–1032 (2007). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
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- M. B. Gaarde, F. Salin, E. Constant, Ph. Balcou, K. J. Schafer, K. C. Kulander, and A. L’Huillier, “Spatiotemporal separation of high harmonic radiation into two quantum path components,” Phys. Rev. A 59(2), 1367–1373 (1999). [CrossRef]
Agostini, P.
Altucci, C.
Ammosov, M. V.
Auge, F.
Avaldi, L.
Balcou, Ph.
Baltuska, A.
Bammer, F.
Baum, P.
Becker, W.
Benedetti, E.
Benis, E. P.
Blümel, L.
Brabec, T.
Breger, P.
Bucksbaum, P. H.
Calegari, F.
Caumes, J. P.
Cavalieri, A. L.
Cha, Y. H.
Chang, Z.
Chang, Z. H.
Charalambidis, D.
Chipperfield, L. E.
Christov, I.
Christov, I. P.
Constant, E.
Corkum, P.
Corkum, P. B.
De Silvestri, S.
Delfin, C.
Delone, N. B.
Descamps, D.
Drescher, M.
Echenique, P. M.
Elouga, L.
Esposito, R.
Ferencz, K.
Flammini, R.
Gaarde, M. B.
Gilbertson, S.
Goulielmakis, E.
Haworth, C. A.
Heinzmann, U.
Hendel, S.
Hentschel, M.
Holzwarth, R.
Hong, K. H.
Horvath, B.
Ivanov, M. Yu.
Kalpouzos, C.
Kapteyn, H. C.
Kienberger, R.
Kim, H. T.
Kim, I. J.
Kim, K. T.
Kleineberg, U.
Knight, P. L.
Krainov, V. P.
Krausz, F.
Kulander, K. C.
L’Huillier, A.
Lee, D. G.
Lewenstein, M.
Li, C. Q.
Marangos, J. P.
Mashiko, H.
Mercer, I.
Mével, E.
Milosevic, D. B.
Milosevic, N.
Moon, E.
Muller, H. G.
Müller, N.
Mullot, G.
Murnane, M. M.
Nam, C. H.
Nisoli, M.
Paul, P. M.
Paulus, G. G.
Plumridge, J.
Poletto, L.
Reider, G. A.
Robinson, J. S.
Roos, L.
Rundquist, A.
Salières, P.
Salin, F.
Sansone, G.
Sartania, S.
Schafer, K. J.
Schmidt, B.
Scrinzi, A.
Shin, H. J.
Skantzakis, E.
Sola, L. J.
Spielmann, Ch.
Stagira, S.
Starczewski, T.
Strelkov, V.
Svelto, O.
Szipöcs, R.
Tcherbakoff, O.
Tisch, J. W. G.
Toma, E. S.
Tosa, V.
Tsakiris, G. D.
Tzallas, P.
Uiberacker, M.
Uphues, T.
Velotta, R.
Villoresi, P.
Vozzi, C.
Wahlström, C.-G.
Wang, H.
Westerwalbesloh, T.
Yakovlev, V.
Yakovlev, V. S.
Zewail, A. H.
- P. M. Paul, E. S. Toma, P. Breger, G. Mullot, F. Auge, Ph. Balcou, H. G. Muller, and P. Agostini, “Observation of a train of attosecond pulses from high harmonic generation,” Science 292(5522), 1689–1692 (2001). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- C. Altucci, R. Esposito, V. Tosa, and R. Velotta, “Single isolated attosecond pulse from multicycle lasers,” Opt. Lett. 33(24), 2943–2945 (2008). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- G. Sansone, E. Benedetti, F. Calegari, C. Vozzi, L. Avaldi, R. Flammini, L. Poletto, P. Villoresi, C. Altucci, R. Velotta, S. Stagira, S. De Silvestri, and M. Nisoli, “Isolated single-cycle attosecond pulses,” Science 314(5798), 443–446 (2006). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- C. Altucci, C. Delfin, L. Roos, M. B. Gaarde, A. L’Huillier, I. Mercer, T. Starczewski, and C.-G. Wahlström, “Frequency-resolved time-gated high-order harmonics,” Phys. Rev. A 58(5), 3934–3941 (1998). [CrossRef]
- M. V. Ammosov, N. B. Delone, and V. P. Krainov, “Tunnel ionization of complex atoms and of atomic ions in an alternating electromagnetic field,” Sov. Phys. JETP 64, 1191–1194 (1986).
- P. M. Paul, E. S. Toma, P. Breger, G. Mullot, F. Auge, Ph. Balcou, H. G. Muller, and P. Agostini, “Observation of a train of attosecond pulses from high harmonic generation,” Science 292(5522), 1689–1692 (2001). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- G. Sansone, E. Benedetti, F. Calegari, C. Vozzi, L. Avaldi, R. Flammini, L. Poletto, P. Villoresi, C. Altucci, R. Velotta, S. Stagira, S. De Silvestri, and M. Nisoli, “Isolated single-cycle attosecond pulses,” Science 314(5798), 443–446 (2006). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- P. M. Paul, E. S. Toma, P. Breger, G. Mullot, F. Auge, Ph. Balcou, H. G. Muller, and P. Agostini, “Observation of a train of attosecond pulses from high harmonic generation,” Science 292(5522), 1689–1692 (2001). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- M. B. Gaarde, F. Salin, E. Constant, Ph. Balcou, K. J. Schafer, K. C. Kulander, and A. L’Huillier, “Spatiotemporal separation of high harmonic radiation into two quantum path components,” Phys. Rev. A 59(2), 1367–1373 (1999). [CrossRef]
- M. Lewenstein, Ph. Balcou, M. Yu. Ivanov, A. L’Huillier, and P. B. Corkum, “Theory of high-harmonic generation by low-frequency laser fields,” Phys. Rev. A 49(3), 2117–2132 (1994). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
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- R. Kienberger, E. Goulielmakis, M. Uiberacker, A. Baltuska, V. Yakovlev, F. Bammer, A. Scrinzi, T. Westerwalbesloh, U. Kleineberg, U. Heinzmann, M. Drescher, and F. Krausz, “Atomic transient recorder,” Nature 427(6977), 817–821 (2004). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- R. Kienberger, E. Goulielmakis, M. Uiberacker, A. Baltuska, V. Yakovlev, F. Bammer, A. Scrinzi, T. Westerwalbesloh, U. Kleineberg, U. Heinzmann, M. Drescher, and F. Krausz, “Atomic transient recorder,” Nature 427(6977), 817–821 (2004). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- P. Baum and A. H. Zewail, “Attosecond electron pulses for 4D diffraction and microscopy,” Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 104(47), 18409–18414 (2007). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- D. B. Milosevic, G. G. Paulus, and W. Becker, “Ionization by few-cycle pulses: Tracing the electron orbits,” Phys. Rev. A 71(6), 061404 (2005) (and references therein). [CrossRef]
- G. Sansone, E. Benedetti, F. Calegari, C. Vozzi, L. Avaldi, R. Flammini, L. Poletto, P. Villoresi, C. Altucci, R. Velotta, S. Stagira, S. De Silvestri, and M. Nisoli, “Isolated single-cycle attosecond pulses,” Science 314(5798), 443–446 (2006). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- L. J. Sola, E. Mével, L. Elouga, E. Constant, V. Strelkov, L. Poletto, P. Villoresi, E. Benedetti, J. P. Caumes, S. Stagira, C. Vozzi, G. Sansone, and M. Nisoli, “Controlling attosecond electron dynamics by phase-stabilized polarization gating,” Nat. Phys. 2(5), 319–322 (2006). [CrossRef]
- P. Tzallas, E. Skantzakis, C. Kalpouzos, E. P. Benis, G. D. Tsakiris, and D. Charalambidis, “Generation of intense continuum extreme-ultraviolet radiation by many-cycle laser fields,” Nat. Phys. 3(12), 846–850 (2007). [CrossRef]
- A. L. Cavalieri, N. Müller, T. Uphues, V. S. Yakovlev, A. Baltuska, B. Horvath, B. Schmidt, L. Blümel, R. Holzwarth, S. Hendel, M. Drescher, U. Kleineberg, P. M. Echenique, R. Kienberger, F. Krausz, and U. Heinzmann, “Attosecond spectroscopy in condensed matter,” Nature 449(7165), 1029–1032 (2007). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- M. Hentschel, R. Kienberger, Ch. Spielmann, G. A. Reider, N. Milosevic, T. Brabec, P. Corkum, U. Heinzmann, M. Drescher, and F. Krausz, “Attosecond metrology,” Nature 414(6863), 509–513 (2001). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- P. M. Paul, E. S. Toma, P. Breger, G. Mullot, F. Auge, Ph. Balcou, H. G. Muller, and P. Agostini, “Observation of a train of attosecond pulses from high harmonic generation,” Science 292(5522), 1689–1692 (2001). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- P. H. Bucksbaum, “The future of attosecond spectroscopy,” Science 317(5839), 766–769 (2007). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- G. Sansone, E. Benedetti, F. Calegari, C. Vozzi, L. Avaldi, R. Flammini, L. Poletto, P. Villoresi, C. Altucci, R. Velotta, S. Stagira, S. De Silvestri, and M. Nisoli, “Isolated single-cycle attosecond pulses,” Science 314(5798), 443–446 (2006). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- L. J. Sola, E. Mével, L. Elouga, E. Constant, V. Strelkov, L. Poletto, P. Villoresi, E. Benedetti, J. P. Caumes, S. Stagira, C. Vozzi, G. Sansone, and M. Nisoli, “Controlling attosecond electron dynamics by phase-stabilized polarization gating,” Nat. Phys. 2(5), 319–322 (2006). [CrossRef]
- A. L. Cavalieri, N. Müller, T. Uphues, V. S. Yakovlev, A. Baltuska, B. Horvath, B. Schmidt, L. Blümel, R. Holzwarth, S. Hendel, M. Drescher, U. Kleineberg, P. M. Echenique, R. Kienberger, F. Krausz, and U. Heinzmann, “Attosecond spectroscopy in condensed matter,” Nature 449(7165), 1029–1032 (2007). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- H. J. Shin, D. G. Lee, Y. H. Cha, K. H. Hong, and C. H. Nam, “Generation of nonadiabatic blueshift of high harmonics in an intense femtosecond laser field,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 83(13), 2544–2547 (1999). [CrossRef]
- Z. Chang, A. Rundquist, H. Wang, I. Christov, H. C. Kapteyn, and M. M. Murnane, “Temporal phase control of soft-x-ray harmonic emission,” Phys. Rev. A 58(1), R30–R33 (1998). [CrossRef]
- S. Gilbertson, H. Mashiko, C. Q. Li, E. Moon, and Z. H. Chang, “Effects of laser pulse duration on extreme ultraviolet spectra from double optical gating,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 93(11), 111105 (2008). [CrossRef]
- P. Tzallas, E. Skantzakis, C. Kalpouzos, E. P. Benis, G. D. Tsakiris, and D. Charalambidis, “Generation of intense continuum extreme-ultraviolet radiation by many-cycle laser fields,” Nat. Phys. 3(12), 846–850 (2007). [CrossRef]
- C. A. Haworth, L. E. Chipperfield, J. S. Robinson, P. L. Knight, J. P. Marangos, and J. W. G. Tisch, “Half-cycle cutoffs in harmonic spectra and robust cerrier-envelope phase retrieval,” Nat. Phys. 3(1), 52–57 (2006). [CrossRef]
- Z. Chang, A. Rundquist, H. Wang, I. Christov, H. C. Kapteyn, and M. M. Murnane, “Temporal phase control of soft-x-ray harmonic emission,” Phys. Rev. A 58(1), R30–R33 (1998). [CrossRef]
- I. P. Christov, M. M. Murnane, and H. C. Kapteyn, “High-harmonic generation of attosecond pulses in the “single-cycle” regime,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 78(7), 1251–1254 (1997). [CrossRef]
- L. J. Sola, E. Mével, L. Elouga, E. Constant, V. Strelkov, L. Poletto, P. Villoresi, E. Benedetti, J. P. Caumes, S. Stagira, C. Vozzi, G. Sansone, and M. Nisoli, “Controlling attosecond electron dynamics by phase-stabilized polarization gating,” Nat. Phys. 2(5), 319–322 (2006). [CrossRef]
- O. Tcherbakoff, E. Mével, D. Descamps, J. Plumridge, and E. Constant, “Time-gated high-order harmonic generation,” Phys. Rev. A 68(4), 043804 (2003). [CrossRef]
- M. B. Gaarde, F. Salin, E. Constant, Ph. Balcou, K. J. Schafer, K. C. Kulander, and A. L’Huillier, “Spatiotemporal separation of high harmonic radiation into two quantum path components,” Phys. Rev. A 59(2), 1367–1373 (1999). [CrossRef]
- M. Hentschel, R. Kienberger, Ch. Spielmann, G. A. Reider, N. Milosevic, T. Brabec, P. Corkum, U. Heinzmann, M. Drescher, and F. Krausz, “Attosecond metrology,” Nature 414(6863), 509–513 (2001). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- P. B. Corkum and F. Krausz, “Attosecond science,” Nat. Phys. 3(6), 381–387 (2007). [CrossRef]
- M. Lewenstein, Ph. Balcou, M. Yu. Ivanov, A. L’Huillier, and P. B. Corkum, “Theory of high-harmonic generation by low-frequency laser fields,” Phys. Rev. A 49(3), 2117–2132 (1994). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- P. B. Corkum, “Plasma perspective on strong field multiphoton ionization,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 71(13), 1994–1997 (1993). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- G. Sansone, E. Benedetti, F. Calegari, C. Vozzi, L. Avaldi, R. Flammini, L. Poletto, P. Villoresi, C. Altucci, R. Velotta, S. Stagira, S. De Silvestri, and M. Nisoli, “Isolated single-cycle attosecond pulses,” Science 314(5798), 443–446 (2006). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- M. Nisoli, S. De Silvestri, O. Svelto, R. Szipöcs, K. Ferencz, Ch. Spielmann, S. Sartania, and F. Krausz, “Compression of high-energy laser pulses below 5 fs,” Opt. Lett. 22(8), 522–524 (1997). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- C. Altucci, C. Delfin, L. Roos, M. B. Gaarde, A. L’Huillier, I. Mercer, T. Starczewski, and C.-G. Wahlström, “Frequency-resolved time-gated high-order harmonics,” Phys. Rev. A 58(5), 3934–3941 (1998). [CrossRef]
- M. V. Ammosov, N. B. Delone, and V. P. Krainov, “Tunnel ionization of complex atoms and of atomic ions in an alternating electromagnetic field,” Sov. Phys. JETP 64, 1191–1194 (1986).
- O. Tcherbakoff, E. Mével, D. Descamps, J. Plumridge, and E. Constant, “Time-gated high-order harmonic generation,” Phys. Rev. A 68(4), 043804 (2003). [CrossRef]
- A. L. Cavalieri, N. Müller, T. Uphues, V. S. Yakovlev, A. Baltuska, B. Horvath, B. Schmidt, L. Blümel, R. Holzwarth, S. Hendel, M. Drescher, U. Kleineberg, P. M. Echenique, R. Kienberger, F. Krausz, and U. Heinzmann, “Attosecond spectroscopy in condensed matter,” Nature 449(7165), 1029–1032 (2007). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- R. Kienberger, E. Goulielmakis, M. Uiberacker, A. Baltuska, V. Yakovlev, F. Bammer, A. Scrinzi, T. Westerwalbesloh, U. Kleineberg, U. Heinzmann, M. Drescher, and F. Krausz, “Atomic transient recorder,” Nature 427(6977), 817–821 (2004). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- M. Hentschel, R. Kienberger, Ch. Spielmann, G. A. Reider, N. Milosevic, T. Brabec, P. Corkum, U. Heinzmann, M. Drescher, and F. Krausz, “Attosecond metrology,” Nature 414(6863), 509–513 (2001). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- A. L. Cavalieri, N. Müller, T. Uphues, V. S. Yakovlev, A. Baltuska, B. Horvath, B. Schmidt, L. Blümel, R. Holzwarth, S. Hendel, M. Drescher, U. Kleineberg, P. M. Echenique, R. Kienberger, F. Krausz, and U. Heinzmann, “Attosecond spectroscopy in condensed matter,” Nature 449(7165), 1029–1032 (2007). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
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- C. Altucci, C. Delfin, L. Roos, M. B. Gaarde, A. L’Huillier, I. Mercer, T. Starczewski, and C.-G. Wahlström, “Frequency-resolved time-gated high-order harmonics,” Phys. Rev. A 58(5), 3934–3941 (1998). [CrossRef]
- L. J. Sola, E. Mével, L. Elouga, E. Constant, V. Strelkov, L. Poletto, P. Villoresi, E. Benedetti, J. P. Caumes, S. Stagira, C. Vozzi, G. Sansone, and M. Nisoli, “Controlling attosecond electron dynamics by phase-stabilized polarization gating,” Nat. Phys. 2(5), 319–322 (2006). [CrossRef]
- O. Tcherbakoff, E. Mével, D. Descamps, J. Plumridge, and E. Constant, “Time-gated high-order harmonic generation,” Phys. Rev. A 68(4), 043804 (2003). [CrossRef]
- C. A. Haworth, L. E. Chipperfield, J. S. Robinson, P. L. Knight, J. P. Marangos, and J. W. G. Tisch, “Half-cycle cutoffs in harmonic spectra and robust cerrier-envelope phase retrieval,” Nat. Phys. 3(1), 52–57 (2006). [CrossRef]
- P. M. Paul, E. S. Toma, P. Breger, G. Mullot, F. Auge, Ph. Balcou, H. G. Muller, and P. Agostini, “Observation of a train of attosecond pulses from high harmonic generation,” Science 292(5522), 1689–1692 (2001). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- V. Tosa, K. T. Kim, and C. H. Nam, “Macroscopic generation of attosecond-pulse trains in strongly ionized media,” Phys. Rev. A 79(4), 043828 (2009). [CrossRef]
- C. Altucci, R. Esposito, V. Tosa, and R. Velotta, “Single isolated attosecond pulse from multicycle lasers,” Opt. Lett. 33(24), 2943–2945 (2008). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- V. Tosa, H. T. Kim, I. J. Kim, and C. H. Nam, “High-order harmonic generation by chirped and self-guided femtosecond laser pulses,” Phys. Rev. A 71(6), 063807 (2005). [CrossRef]
- P. Tzallas, E. Skantzakis, C. Kalpouzos, E. P. Benis, G. D. Tsakiris, and D. Charalambidis, “Generation of intense continuum extreme-ultraviolet radiation by many-cycle laser fields,” Nat. Phys. 3(12), 846–850 (2007). [CrossRef]
- P. Tzallas, E. Skantzakis, C. Kalpouzos, E. P. Benis, G. D. Tsakiris, and D. Charalambidis, “Generation of intense continuum extreme-ultraviolet radiation by many-cycle laser fields,” Nat. Phys. 3(12), 846–850 (2007). [CrossRef]
- R. Kienberger, E. Goulielmakis, M. Uiberacker, A. Baltuska, V. Yakovlev, F. Bammer, A. Scrinzi, T. Westerwalbesloh, U. Kleineberg, U. Heinzmann, M. Drescher, and F. Krausz, “Atomic transient recorder,” Nature 427(6977), 817–821 (2004). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- A. L. Cavalieri, N. Müller, T. Uphues, V. S. Yakovlev, A. Baltuska, B. Horvath, B. Schmidt, L. Blümel, R. Holzwarth, S. Hendel, M. Drescher, U. Kleineberg, P. M. Echenique, R. Kienberger, F. Krausz, and U. Heinzmann, “Attosecond spectroscopy in condensed matter,” Nature 449(7165), 1029–1032 (2007). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- C. Altucci, R. Esposito, V. Tosa, and R. Velotta, “Single isolated attosecond pulse from multicycle lasers,” Opt. Lett. 33(24), 2943–2945 (2008). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- G. Sansone, E. Benedetti, F. Calegari, C. Vozzi, L. Avaldi, R. Flammini, L. Poletto, P. Villoresi, C. Altucci, R. Velotta, S. Stagira, S. De Silvestri, and M. Nisoli, “Isolated single-cycle attosecond pulses,” Science 314(5798), 443–446 (2006). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- G. Sansone, E. Benedetti, F. Calegari, C. Vozzi, L. Avaldi, R. Flammini, L. Poletto, P. Villoresi, C. Altucci, R. Velotta, S. Stagira, S. De Silvestri, and M. Nisoli, “Isolated single-cycle attosecond pulses,” Science 314(5798), 443–446 (2006). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- L. J. Sola, E. Mével, L. Elouga, E. Constant, V. Strelkov, L. Poletto, P. Villoresi, E. Benedetti, J. P. Caumes, S. Stagira, C. Vozzi, G. Sansone, and M. Nisoli, “Controlling attosecond electron dynamics by phase-stabilized polarization gating,” Nat. Phys. 2(5), 319–322 (2006). [CrossRef]
- L. J. Sola, E. Mével, L. Elouga, E. Constant, V. Strelkov, L. Poletto, P. Villoresi, E. Benedetti, J. P. Caumes, S. Stagira, C. Vozzi, G. Sansone, and M. Nisoli, “Controlling attosecond electron dynamics by phase-stabilized polarization gating,” Nat. Phys. 2(5), 319–322 (2006). [CrossRef]
- G. Sansone, E. Benedetti, F. Calegari, C. Vozzi, L. Avaldi, R. Flammini, L. Poletto, P. Villoresi, C. Altucci, R. Velotta, S. Stagira, S. De Silvestri, and M. Nisoli, “Isolated single-cycle attosecond pulses,” Science 314(5798), 443–446 (2006). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- C. Altucci, C. Delfin, L. Roos, M. B. Gaarde, A. L’Huillier, I. Mercer, T. Starczewski, and C.-G. Wahlström, “Frequency-resolved time-gated high-order harmonics,” Phys. Rev. A 58(5), 3934–3941 (1998). [CrossRef]
- Z. Chang, A. Rundquist, H. Wang, I. Christov, H. C. Kapteyn, and M. M. Murnane, “Temporal phase control of soft-x-ray harmonic emission,” Phys. Rev. A 58(1), R30–R33 (1998). [CrossRef]
- R. Kienberger, E. Goulielmakis, M. Uiberacker, A. Baltuska, V. Yakovlev, F. Bammer, A. Scrinzi, T. Westerwalbesloh, U. Kleineberg, U. Heinzmann, M. Drescher, and F. Krausz, “Atomic transient recorder,” Nature 427(6977), 817–821 (2004). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- R. Kienberger, E. Goulielmakis, M. Uiberacker, A. Baltuska, V. Yakovlev, F. Bammer, A. Scrinzi, T. Westerwalbesloh, U. Kleineberg, U. Heinzmann, M. Drescher, and F. Krausz, “Atomic transient recorder,” Nature 427(6977), 817–821 (2004). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- A. L. Cavalieri, N. Müller, T. Uphues, V. S. Yakovlev, A. Baltuska, B. Horvath, B. Schmidt, L. Blümel, R. Holzwarth, S. Hendel, M. Drescher, U. Kleineberg, P. M. Echenique, R. Kienberger, F. Krausz, and U. Heinzmann, “Attosecond spectroscopy in condensed matter,” Nature 449(7165), 1029–1032 (2007). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- P. Baum and A. H. Zewail, “Attosecond electron pulses for 4D diffraction and microscopy,” Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 104(47), 18409–18414 (2007). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Appl. Phys. Lett.
- S. Gilbertson, H. Mashiko, C. Q. Li, E. Moon, and Z. H. Chang, “Effects of laser pulse duration on extreme ultraviolet spectra from double optical gating,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 93(11), 111105 (2008). [CrossRef]
Nat. Phys.
- L. J. Sola, E. Mével, L. Elouga, E. Constant, V. Strelkov, L. Poletto, P. Villoresi, E. Benedetti, J. P. Caumes, S. Stagira, C. Vozzi, G. Sansone, and M. Nisoli, “Controlling attosecond electron dynamics by phase-stabilized polarization gating,” Nat. Phys. 2(5), 319–322 (2006). [CrossRef]
- C. A. Haworth, L. E. Chipperfield, J. S. Robinson, P. L. Knight, J. P. Marangos, and J. W. G. Tisch, “Half-cycle cutoffs in harmonic spectra and robust cerrier-envelope phase retrieval,” Nat. Phys. 3(1), 52–57 (2006). [CrossRef]
- P. B. Corkum and F. Krausz, “Attosecond science,” Nat. Phys. 3(6), 381–387 (2007). [CrossRef]
- P. Tzallas, E. Skantzakis, C. Kalpouzos, E. P. Benis, G. D. Tsakiris, and D. Charalambidis, “Generation of intense continuum extreme-ultraviolet radiation by many-cycle laser fields,” Nat. Phys. 3(12), 846–850 (2007). [CrossRef]
Nature
- M. Hentschel, R. Kienberger, Ch. Spielmann, G. A. Reider, N. Milosevic, T. Brabec, P. Corkum, U. Heinzmann, M. Drescher, and F. Krausz, “Attosecond metrology,” Nature 414(6863), 509–513 (2001). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- A. L. Cavalieri, N. Müller, T. Uphues, V. S. Yakovlev, A. Baltuska, B. Horvath, B. Schmidt, L. Blümel, R. Holzwarth, S. Hendel, M. Drescher, U. Kleineberg, P. M. Echenique, R. Kienberger, F. Krausz, and U. Heinzmann, “Attosecond spectroscopy in condensed matter,” Nature 449(7165), 1029–1032 (2007). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- R. Kienberger, E. Goulielmakis, M. Uiberacker, A. Baltuska, V. Yakovlev, F. Bammer, A. Scrinzi, T. Westerwalbesloh, U. Kleineberg, U. Heinzmann, M. Drescher, and F. Krausz, “Atomic transient recorder,” Nature 427(6977), 817–821 (2004). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Opt. Lett.
- M. Nisoli, S. De Silvestri, O. Svelto, R. Szipöcs, K. Ferencz, Ch. Spielmann, S. Sartania, and F. Krausz, “Compression of high-energy laser pulses below 5 fs,” Opt. Lett. 22(8), 522–524 (1997). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- C. Altucci, R. Esposito, V. Tosa, and R. Velotta, “Single isolated attosecond pulse from multicycle lasers,” Opt. Lett. 33(24), 2943–2945 (2008). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- M. B. Gaarde and K. J. Schafer, “Generating single attosecond pulses via spatial filtering,” Opt. Lett. 31(21), 3188–3190 (2006). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Phys. Rev. A
- Z. Chang, A. Rundquist, H. Wang, I. Christov, H. C. Kapteyn, and M. M. Murnane, “Temporal phase control of soft-x-ray harmonic emission,” Phys. Rev. A 58(1), R30–R33 (1998). [CrossRef]
- M. B. Gaarde, F. Salin, E. Constant, Ph. Balcou, K. J. Schafer, K. C. Kulander, and A. L’Huillier, “Spatiotemporal separation of high harmonic radiation into two quantum path components,” Phys. Rev. A 59(2), 1367–1373 (1999). [CrossRef]
- D. B. Milosevic, G. G. Paulus, and W. Becker, “Ionization by few-cycle pulses: Tracing the electron orbits,” Phys. Rev. A 71(6), 061404 (2005) (and references therein). [CrossRef]
- V. Tosa, K. T. Kim, and C. H. Nam, “Macroscopic generation of attosecond-pulse trains in strongly ionized media,” Phys. Rev. A 79(4), 043828 (2009). [CrossRef]
- G. Sansone, “Quantum path analysis of isolated attosecond pulse generation by polarization gating,” Phys. Rev. A 79(5), 053410 (2009). [CrossRef]
- V. Tosa, H. T. Kim, I. J. Kim, and C. H. Nam, “High-order harmonic generation by chirped and self-guided femtosecond laser pulses,” Phys. Rev. A 71(6), 063807 (2005). [CrossRef]
- M. Lewenstein, Ph. Balcou, M. Yu. Ivanov, A. L’Huillier, and P. B. Corkum, “Theory of high-harmonic generation by low-frequency laser fields,” Phys. Rev. A 49(3), 2117–2132 (1994). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- C. Altucci, C. Delfin, L. Roos, M. B. Gaarde, A. L’Huillier, I. Mercer, T. Starczewski, and C.-G. Wahlström, “Frequency-resolved time-gated high-order harmonics,” Phys. Rev. A 58(5), 3934–3941 (1998). [CrossRef]
- O. Tcherbakoff, E. Mével, D. Descamps, J. Plumridge, and E. Constant, “Time-gated high-order harmonic generation,” Phys. Rev. A 68(4), 043804 (2003). [CrossRef]
Phys. Rev. Lett.
- I. P. Christov, M. M. Murnane, and H. C. Kapteyn, “High-harmonic generation of attosecond pulses in the “single-cycle” regime,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 78(7), 1251–1254 (1997). [CrossRef]
- P. B. Corkum, “Plasma perspective on strong field multiphoton ionization,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 71(13), 1994–1997 (1993). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- H. J. Shin, D. G. Lee, Y. H. Cha, K. H. Hong, and C. H. Nam, “Generation of nonadiabatic blueshift of high harmonics in an intense femtosecond laser field,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 83(13), 2544–2547 (1999). [CrossRef]
- P. Salières, A. L’Huillier, and M. Lewenstein, “Coherence control of high-order harmonics,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 74(19), 3776–3779 (1995). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.
- P. Baum and A. H. Zewail, “Attosecond electron pulses for 4D diffraction and microscopy,” Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 104(47), 18409–18414 (2007). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Science
- G. Sansone, E. Benedetti, F. Calegari, C. Vozzi, L. Avaldi, R. Flammini, L. Poletto, P. Villoresi, C. Altucci, R. Velotta, S. Stagira, S. De Silvestri, and M. Nisoli, “Isolated single-cycle attosecond pulses,” Science 314(5798), 443–446 (2006). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- P. M. Paul, E. S. Toma, P. Breger, G. Mullot, F. Auge, Ph. Balcou, H. G. Muller, and P. Agostini, “Observation of a train of attosecond pulses from high harmonic generation,” Science 292(5522), 1689–1692 (2001). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- P. H. Bucksbaum, “The future of attosecond spectroscopy,” Science 317(5839), 766–769 (2007). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Sov. Phys. JETP
- M. V. Ammosov, N. B. Delone, and V. P. Krainov, “Tunnel ionization of complex atoms and of atomic ions in an alternating electromagnetic field,” Sov. Phys. JETP 64, 1191–1194 (1986).
Other
- D. Oron, Y. Silberberg, N. Dudovich, and D. M. Villeneuve, “Efficient polarization gating of high-order harmonic generation by polarization-shaped ultrashort pulses,” Phys. Rev. A 72, 063816(R) (2006).
- C. Altucci, V. Tosa, and R. Velotta, “Beyond the single-atom response in isolated attosecond-pulse generation,” Phys. Rev. A 75, 061401(R) (2007).
2009, Tosa, Phys. Rev. A
- V. Tosa, K. T. Kim, and C. H. Nam, “Macroscopic generation of attosecond-pulse trains in strongly ionized media,” Phys. Rev. A 79(4), 043828 (2009). [CrossRef]
- G. Sansone, “Quantum path analysis of isolated attosecond pulse generation by polarization gating,” Phys. Rev. A 79(5), 053410 (2009). [CrossRef]
- S. Gilbertson, H. Mashiko, C. Q. Li, E. Moon, and Z. H. Chang, “Effects of laser pulse duration on extreme ultraviolet spectra from double optical gating,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 93(11), 111105 (2008). [CrossRef]
- P. Tzallas, E. Skantzakis, C. Kalpouzos, E. P. Benis, G. D. Tsakiris, and D. Charalambidis, “Generation of intense continuum extreme-ultraviolet radiation by many-cycle laser fields,” Nat. Phys. 3(12), 846–850 (2007). [CrossRef]
- P. B. Corkum and F. Krausz, “Attosecond science,” Nat. Phys. 3(6), 381–387 (2007). [CrossRef]
- P. H. Bucksbaum, “The future of attosecond spectroscopy,” Science 317(5839), 766–769 (2007). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- P. Baum and A. H. Zewail, “Attosecond electron pulses for 4D diffraction and microscopy,” Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 104(47), 18409–18414 (2007). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- A. L. Cavalieri, N. Müller, T. Uphues, V. S. Yakovlev, A. Baltuska, B. Horvath, B. Schmidt, L. Blümel, R. Holzwarth, S. Hendel, M. Drescher, U. Kleineberg, P. M. Echenique, R. Kienberger, F. Krausz, and U. Heinzmann, “Attosecond spectroscopy in condensed matter,” Nature 449(7165), 1029–1032 (2007). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- C. A. Haworth, L. E. Chipperfield, J. S. Robinson, P. L. Knight, J. P. Marangos, and J. W. G. Tisch, “Half-cycle cutoffs in harmonic spectra and robust cerrier-envelope phase retrieval,” Nat. Phys. 3(1), 52–57 (2006). [CrossRef]
- G. Sansone, E. Benedetti, F. Calegari, C. Vozzi, L. Avaldi, R. Flammini, L. Poletto, P. Villoresi, C. Altucci, R. Velotta, S. Stagira, S. De Silvestri, and M. Nisoli, “Isolated single-cycle attosecond pulses,” Science 314(5798), 443–446 (2006). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- L. J. Sola, E. Mével, L. Elouga, E. Constant, V. Strelkov, L. Poletto, P. Villoresi, E. Benedetti, J. P. Caumes, S. Stagira, C. Vozzi, G. Sansone, and M. Nisoli, “Controlling attosecond electron dynamics by phase-stabilized polarization gating,” Nat. Phys. 2(5), 319–322 (2006). [CrossRef]
- V. Tosa, H. T. Kim, I. J. Kim, and C. H. Nam, “High-order harmonic generation by chirped and self-guided femtosecond laser pulses,” Phys. Rev. A 71(6), 063807 (2005). [CrossRef]
- D. B. Milosevic, G. G. Paulus, and W. Becker, “Ionization by few-cycle pulses: Tracing the electron orbits,” Phys. Rev. A 71(6), 061404 (2005) (and references therein). [CrossRef]
- R. Kienberger, E. Goulielmakis, M. Uiberacker, A. Baltuska, V. Yakovlev, F. Bammer, A. Scrinzi, T. Westerwalbesloh, U. Kleineberg, U. Heinzmann, M. Drescher, and F. Krausz, “Atomic transient recorder,” Nature 427(6977), 817–821 (2004). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- O. Tcherbakoff, E. Mével, D. Descamps, J. Plumridge, and E. Constant, “Time-gated high-order harmonic generation,” Phys. Rev. A 68(4), 043804 (2003). [CrossRef]
- P. M. Paul, E. S. Toma, P. Breger, G. Mullot, F. Auge, Ph. Balcou, H. G. Muller, and P. Agostini, “Observation of a train of attosecond pulses from high harmonic generation,” Science 292(5522), 1689–1692 (2001). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- M. Hentschel, R. Kienberger, Ch. Spielmann, G. A. Reider, N. Milosevic, T. Brabec, P. Corkum, U. Heinzmann, M. Drescher, and F. Krausz, “Attosecond metrology,” Nature 414(6863), 509–513 (2001). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- M. B. Gaarde, F. Salin, E. Constant, Ph. Balcou, K. J. Schafer, K. C. Kulander, and A. L’Huillier, “Spatiotemporal separation of high harmonic radiation into two quantum path components,” Phys. Rev. A 59(2), 1367–1373 (1999). [CrossRef]
- H. J. Shin, D. G. Lee, Y. H. Cha, K. H. Hong, and C. H. Nam, “Generation of nonadiabatic blueshift of high harmonics in an intense femtosecond laser field,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 83(13), 2544–2547 (1999). [CrossRef]
- Z. Chang, A. Rundquist, H. Wang, I. Christov, H. C. Kapteyn, and M. M. Murnane, “Temporal phase control of soft-x-ray harmonic emission,” Phys. Rev. A 58(1), R30–R33 (1998). [CrossRef]
- C. Altucci, C. Delfin, L. Roos, M. B. Gaarde, A. L’Huillier, I. Mercer, T. Starczewski, and C.-G. Wahlström, “Frequency-resolved time-gated high-order harmonics,” Phys. Rev. A 58(5), 3934–3941 (1998). [CrossRef]
- I. P. Christov, M. M. Murnane, and H. C. Kapteyn, “High-harmonic generation of attosecond pulses in the “single-cycle” regime,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 78(7), 1251–1254 (1997). [CrossRef]
- P. Salières, A. L’Huillier, and M. Lewenstein, “Coherence control of high-order harmonics,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 74(19), 3776–3779 (1995). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- M. Lewenstein, Ph. Balcou, M. Yu. Ivanov, A. L’Huillier, and P. B. Corkum, “Theory of high-harmonic generation by low-frequency laser fields,” Phys. Rev. A 49(3), 2117–2132 (1994). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- P. B. Corkum, “Plasma perspective on strong field multiphoton ionization,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 71(13), 1994–1997 (1993). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- M. V. Ammosov, N. B. Delone, and V. P. Krainov, “Tunnel ionization of complex atoms and of atomic ions in an alternating electromagnetic field,” Sov. Phys. JETP 64, 1191–1194 (1986).
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