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Assessing light scattering of intracellular organelles in single intact living cells
Maxim Kalashnikov, Wonshik Choi, Chung-Chieh Yu, Yongjin Sung, Ramachandra R. Dasari, Kamran Badizadegan, and Michael S. Feld »View Author Affiliations
1G. R. Harrison Spectroscopy Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
2Department of Physics, Korea University, Seoul 136-701, Korea
3Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School and Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts 02114, USA
*Corresponding author: wonshik@mit.edu
Optics Express, Vol. 17, Issue 22, pp. 19674-19681 (2009)
http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/OE.17.019674
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Abstract
This report presents a model-independent method of assessing contributions to the light scattering from individual organelles in single intact cells. We first measure the 3D index map of a living cell, and then modify the map in such a way so as to eliminate contrast due to a particular intracellular organelle. By calculating and comparing the light scattering distributions calculated from the original and modified index maps using the Rytov approximation, we extract the light scattering contribution from the particular organelle of interest. The relative contributions of the nucleus and nucleolus to the scattering of the entire cell are thus determined, and the applicability of the homogeneous spherical model to non-spherical and heterogeneous organelles in forward scattering is evaluated.
© 2009 OSA
OCIS Codes
(170.1530) Medical optics and biotechnology : Cell analysis
(170.6510) Medical optics and biotechnology : Spectroscopy, tissue diagnostics
(290.4020) Scattering : Mie theory
(290.5820) Scattering : Scattering measurements
(290.2558) Scattering : Forward scattering
ToC Category:
Medical Optics and Biotechnology
History
Original Manuscript: August 13, 2009
Revised Manuscript: September 27, 2009
Manuscript Accepted: September 28, 2009
Published: October 15, 2009
Virtual Issues
Vol. 4, Iss. 12 Virtual Journal for Biomedical Optics
Citation
Maxim Kalashnikov, Wonshik Choi, Chung-Chieh Yu, Yongjin Sung, Ramachandra R. Dasari, Kamran Badizadegan, and Michael S. Feld, "Assessing light scattering of intracellular organelles in single intact living cells," Opt. Express 17, 19674-19681 (2009)
http://www.opticsinfobase.org/oe/abstract.cfm?URI=oe-17-22-19674
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References
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- M. Hunter, V. Backman, G. Popescu, M. Kalashnikov, C. W. Boone, A. Wax, V. Gopal, K. Badizadegan, G. D. Stoner, and M. S. Feld, “Tissue self-affinity and polarized light scattering in the born approximation: A new model for precancer detection,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 97(13), 138102 (2006). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
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- H. Fang, M. Ollero, E. Vitkin, L. M. Kimerer, P. B. Cipolloni, M. M. Zaman, S. D. Freedman, I. J. Bigio, I. Itzkan, E. B. Hanlon, and L. T. Perelman, “Noninvasive sizing of subcellular organelles with light scattering spectroscopy,” IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron. 9(2), 267–276 (2003). [CrossRef]
- C. L. Curl, C. J. Bellair, T. Harris, B. E. Allman, P. J. Harris, A. G. Stewart, A. Roberts, K. A. Nugent, and L. M. D. Delbridge, “Refractive index measurement in viable cells using quantitative phase-amplitude microscopy and confocal microscopy,” Cytometry A 65A(1), 88–92 (2005). [CrossRef]
- Y. Sung, W. Choi, C. Fang-Yen, K. Badizadegan, R. R. Dasari, and M. S. Feld, “Optical diffraction tomography for high resolution live cell imaging,” Opt. Express 17(1), 266–277 (2009). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
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- W. Choi, C. Fang-Yen, K. Badizadegan, S. Oh, N. Lue, R. R. Dasari, and M. S. Feld, “Tomographic phase microscopy,” Nat. Methods 4(9), 717–719 (2007). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
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- A. Wax, C. Yang, M. G. Müller, R. Nines, C. W. Boone, V. E. Steele, G. D. Stoner, R. R. Dasari, and M. S. Feld, “In Situ Detection of Neoplastic Transformation and Chemopreventive Effects in Rat Esophagus Epithelium Using Angle-resolved Low-coherence Interferometry,” Cancer Res. 63(13), 3556–3559 (2003). [PubMed]
- A. Wax, C. Yang, V. Backman, K. Badizadegan, C. W. Boone, R. R. Dasari, and M. S. Feld, “Cellular Organization and Substructure Measured Using Angle-Resolved Low-Coherence Interferometry,” Biophys. J. 82(4), 2256–2264 (2002). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- R. S. Gurjar, V. Backman, L. T. Perelman, I. Georgakoudi, K. Badizadegan, I. Itzkan, R. R. Dasari, and M. S. Feld, “Imaging human epithelial properties with polarized light-scattering spectroscopy,” Nat. Med. 7(11), 1245–1248 (2001). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- V. Backman, R. Gurjar, K. Badizadegan, L. Itzkan, R. R. Dasari, L. T. Perelman, and M. S. Feld, “Polarized light scattering spectroscopy for quantitative measurement of epithelial cellular structures in situ,” IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron. 5(4), 1019–1026 (1999). [CrossRef]
- C. L. Curl, C. J. Bellair, T. Harris, B. E. Allman, P. J. Harris, A. G. Stewart, A. Roberts, K. A. Nugent, and L. M. D. Delbridge, “Refractive index measurement in viable cells using quantitative phase-amplitude microscopy and confocal microscopy,” Cytometry A 65A(1), 88–92 (2005). [CrossRef]
- H. Fang, M. Ollero, E. Vitkin, L. M. Kimerer, P. B. Cipolloni, M. M. Zaman, S. D. Freedman, I. J. Bigio, I. Itzkan, E. B. Hanlon, and L. T. Perelman, “Noninvasive sizing of subcellular organelles with light scattering spectroscopy,” IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron. 9(2), 267–276 (2003). [CrossRef]
- Y. Sung, W. Choi, C. Fang-Yen, K. Badizadegan, R. R. Dasari, and M. S. Feld, “Optical diffraction tomography for high resolution live cell imaging,” Opt. Express 17(1), 266–277 (2009). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- W. Choi, C. C. Yu, C. Fang-Yen, K. Badizadegan, R. R. Dasari, and M. S. Feld, “Field-based angle-resolved light-scattering study of single live cells,” Opt. Lett. 33(14), 1596–1598 (2008). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- W. Choi, C. Fang-Yen, K. Badizadegan, S. Oh, N. Lue, R. R. Dasari, and M. S. Feld, “Tomographic phase microscopy,” Nat. Methods 4(9), 717–719 (2007). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- C. C. Yu, C. Lau, J. W. Tunnell, M. Hunter, M. Kalashnikov, C. Fang-Yen, S. F. Fulghum, K. Badizadegan, R. R. Dasari, and M. S. Feld, “Assessing epithelial cell nuclear morphology by using azimuthal light scattering spectroscopy,” Opt. Lett. 31(21), 3119–3121 (2006). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- C. Mujat, C. Greiner, A. Baldwin, J. M. Levitt, F. Tian, L. A. Stucenski, M. Hunter, Y. L. Kim, V. Backman, M. Feld, K. Münger, and I. Georgakoudi, “Endogenous optical biomarkers of normal and human papillomavirus immortalized epithelial cells,” Int. J. Cancer 122(2), 363–371 (2008). [CrossRef]
- Y. Sung, W. Choi, C. Fang-Yen, K. Badizadegan, R. R. Dasari, and M. S. Feld, “Optical diffraction tomography for high resolution live cell imaging,” Opt. Express 17(1), 266–277 (2009). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- W. Choi, C. C. Yu, C. Fang-Yen, K. Badizadegan, R. R. Dasari, and M. S. Feld, “Field-based angle-resolved light-scattering study of single live cells,” Opt. Lett. 33(14), 1596–1598 (2008). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- W. Choi, C. Fang-Yen, K. Badizadegan, S. Oh, N. Lue, R. R. Dasari, and M. S. Feld, “Tomographic phase microscopy,” Nat. Methods 4(9), 717–719 (2007). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
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- M. Hunter, V. Backman, G. Popescu, M. Kalashnikov, C. W. Boone, A. Wax, V. Gopal, K. Badizadegan, G. D. Stoner, and M. S. Feld, “Tissue self-affinity and polarized light scattering in the born approximation: A new model for precancer detection,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 97(13), 138102 (2006). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- A. Wax, C. Yang, M. G. Müller, R. Nines, C. W. Boone, V. E. Steele, G. D. Stoner, R. R. Dasari, and M. S. Feld, “In Situ Detection of Neoplastic Transformation and Chemopreventive Effects in Rat Esophagus Epithelium Using Angle-resolved Low-coherence Interferometry,” Cancer Res. 63(13), 3556–3559 (2003). [PubMed]
- A. Wax, C. Yang, V. Backman, K. Badizadegan, C. W. Boone, R. R. Dasari, and M. S. Feld, “Cellular Organization and Substructure Measured Using Angle-Resolved Low-Coherence Interferometry,” Biophys. J. 82(4), 2256–2264 (2002). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- R. S. Gurjar, V. Backman, L. T. Perelman, I. Georgakoudi, K. Badizadegan, I. Itzkan, R. R. Dasari, and M. S. Feld, “Imaging human epithelial properties with polarized light-scattering spectroscopy,” Nat. Med. 7(11), 1245–1248 (2001). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- V. Backman, R. Gurjar, K. Badizadegan, L. Itzkan, R. R. Dasari, L. T. Perelman, and M. S. Feld, “Polarized light scattering spectroscopy for quantitative measurement of epithelial cellular structures in situ,” IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron. 5(4), 1019–1026 (1999). [CrossRef]
- H. Fang, M. Ollero, E. Vitkin, L. M. Kimerer, P. B. Cipolloni, M. M. Zaman, S. D. Freedman, I. J. Bigio, I. Itzkan, E. B. Hanlon, and L. T. Perelman, “Noninvasive sizing of subcellular organelles with light scattering spectroscopy,” IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron. 9(2), 267–276 (2003). [CrossRef]
- J. R. Mourant, T. M. Johnson, S. Carpenter, A. Guerra, T. Aida, and J. P. Freyer, “Polarized angular dependent spectroscopy of epithelial cells and epithelial cell nuclei to determine the size scale of scattering structures,” J. Biomed. Opt. 7(3), 378–387 (2002). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- C. Mujat, C. Greiner, A. Baldwin, J. M. Levitt, F. Tian, L. A. Stucenski, M. Hunter, Y. L. Kim, V. Backman, M. Feld, K. Münger, and I. Georgakoudi, “Endogenous optical biomarkers of normal and human papillomavirus immortalized epithelial cells,” Int. J. Cancer 122(2), 363–371 (2008). [CrossRef]
- R. S. Gurjar, V. Backman, L. T. Perelman, I. Georgakoudi, K. Badizadegan, I. Itzkan, R. R. Dasari, and M. S. Feld, “Imaging human epithelial properties with polarized light-scattering spectroscopy,” Nat. Med. 7(11), 1245–1248 (2001). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- M. Hunter, V. Backman, G. Popescu, M. Kalashnikov, C. W. Boone, A. Wax, V. Gopal, K. Badizadegan, G. D. Stoner, and M. S. Feld, “Tissue self-affinity and polarized light scattering in the born approximation: A new model for precancer detection,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 97(13), 138102 (2006). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- C. Mujat, C. Greiner, A. Baldwin, J. M. Levitt, F. Tian, L. A. Stucenski, M. Hunter, Y. L. Kim, V. Backman, M. Feld, K. Münger, and I. Georgakoudi, “Endogenous optical biomarkers of normal and human papillomavirus immortalized epithelial cells,” Int. J. Cancer 122(2), 363–371 (2008). [CrossRef]
- J. R. Mourant, T. M. Johnson, S. Carpenter, A. Guerra, T. Aida, and J. P. Freyer, “Polarized angular dependent spectroscopy of epithelial cells and epithelial cell nuclei to determine the size scale of scattering structures,” J. Biomed. Opt. 7(3), 378–387 (2002). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- V. Backman, R. Gurjar, K. Badizadegan, L. Itzkan, R. R. Dasari, L. T. Perelman, and M. S. Feld, “Polarized light scattering spectroscopy for quantitative measurement of epithelial cellular structures in situ,” IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron. 5(4), 1019–1026 (1999). [CrossRef]
- R. S. Gurjar, V. Backman, L. T. Perelman, I. Georgakoudi, K. Badizadegan, I. Itzkan, R. R. Dasari, and M. S. Feld, “Imaging human epithelial properties with polarized light-scattering spectroscopy,” Nat. Med. 7(11), 1245–1248 (2001). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- H. Fang, M. Ollero, E. Vitkin, L. M. Kimerer, P. B. Cipolloni, M. M. Zaman, S. D. Freedman, I. J. Bigio, I. Itzkan, E. B. Hanlon, and L. T. Perelman, “Noninvasive sizing of subcellular organelles with light scattering spectroscopy,” IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron. 9(2), 267–276 (2003). [CrossRef]
- C. L. Curl, C. J. Bellair, T. Harris, B. E. Allman, P. J. Harris, A. G. Stewart, A. Roberts, K. A. Nugent, and L. M. D. Delbridge, “Refractive index measurement in viable cells using quantitative phase-amplitude microscopy and confocal microscopy,” Cytometry A 65A(1), 88–92 (2005). [CrossRef]
- C. L. Curl, C. J. Bellair, T. Harris, B. E. Allman, P. J. Harris, A. G. Stewart, A. Roberts, K. A. Nugent, and L. M. D. Delbridge, “Refractive index measurement in viable cells using quantitative phase-amplitude microscopy and confocal microscopy,” Cytometry A 65A(1), 88–92 (2005). [CrossRef]
- C. Mujat, C. Greiner, A. Baldwin, J. M. Levitt, F. Tian, L. A. Stucenski, M. Hunter, Y. L. Kim, V. Backman, M. Feld, K. Münger, and I. Georgakoudi, “Endogenous optical biomarkers of normal and human papillomavirus immortalized epithelial cells,” Int. J. Cancer 122(2), 363–371 (2008). [CrossRef]
- M. Hunter, V. Backman, G. Popescu, M. Kalashnikov, C. W. Boone, A. Wax, V. Gopal, K. Badizadegan, G. D. Stoner, and M. S. Feld, “Tissue self-affinity and polarized light scattering in the born approximation: A new model for precancer detection,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 97(13), 138102 (2006). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- C. C. Yu, C. Lau, J. W. Tunnell, M. Hunter, M. Kalashnikov, C. Fang-Yen, S. F. Fulghum, K. Badizadegan, R. R. Dasari, and M. S. Feld, “Assessing epithelial cell nuclear morphology by using azimuthal light scattering spectroscopy,” Opt. Lett. 31(21), 3119–3121 (2006). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- H. Fang, M. Ollero, E. Vitkin, L. M. Kimerer, P. B. Cipolloni, M. M. Zaman, S. D. Freedman, I. J. Bigio, I. Itzkan, E. B. Hanlon, and L. T. Perelman, “Noninvasive sizing of subcellular organelles with light scattering spectroscopy,” IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron. 9(2), 267–276 (2003). [CrossRef]
- R. S. Gurjar, V. Backman, L. T. Perelman, I. Georgakoudi, K. Badizadegan, I. Itzkan, R. R. Dasari, and M. S. Feld, “Imaging human epithelial properties with polarized light-scattering spectroscopy,” Nat. Med. 7(11), 1245–1248 (2001). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- V. Backman, R. Gurjar, K. Badizadegan, L. Itzkan, R. R. Dasari, L. T. Perelman, and M. S. Feld, “Polarized light scattering spectroscopy for quantitative measurement of epithelial cellular structures in situ,” IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron. 5(4), 1019–1026 (1999). [CrossRef]
- J. R. Mourant, T. M. Johnson, S. Carpenter, A. Guerra, T. Aida, and J. P. Freyer, “Polarized angular dependent spectroscopy of epithelial cells and epithelial cell nuclei to determine the size scale of scattering structures,” J. Biomed. Opt. 7(3), 378–387 (2002). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- M. Hunter, V. Backman, G. Popescu, M. Kalashnikov, C. W. Boone, A. Wax, V. Gopal, K. Badizadegan, G. D. Stoner, and M. S. Feld, “Tissue self-affinity and polarized light scattering in the born approximation: A new model for precancer detection,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 97(13), 138102 (2006). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- C. C. Yu, C. Lau, J. W. Tunnell, M. Hunter, M. Kalashnikov, C. Fang-Yen, S. F. Fulghum, K. Badizadegan, R. R. Dasari, and M. S. Feld, “Assessing epithelial cell nuclear morphology by using azimuthal light scattering spectroscopy,” Opt. Lett. 31(21), 3119–3121 (2006). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- C. Mujat, C. Greiner, A. Baldwin, J. M. Levitt, F. Tian, L. A. Stucenski, M. Hunter, Y. L. Kim, V. Backman, M. Feld, K. Münger, and I. Georgakoudi, “Endogenous optical biomarkers of normal and human papillomavirus immortalized epithelial cells,” Int. J. Cancer 122(2), 363–371 (2008). [CrossRef]
- H. Fang, M. Ollero, E. Vitkin, L. M. Kimerer, P. B. Cipolloni, M. M. Zaman, S. D. Freedman, I. J. Bigio, I. Itzkan, E. B. Hanlon, and L. T. Perelman, “Noninvasive sizing of subcellular organelles with light scattering spectroscopy,” IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron. 9(2), 267–276 (2003). [CrossRef]
- C. Mujat, C. Greiner, A. Baldwin, J. M. Levitt, F. Tian, L. A. Stucenski, M. Hunter, Y. L. Kim, V. Backman, M. Feld, K. Münger, and I. Georgakoudi, “Endogenous optical biomarkers of normal and human papillomavirus immortalized epithelial cells,” Int. J. Cancer 122(2), 363–371 (2008). [CrossRef]
- W. Choi, C. Fang-Yen, K. Badizadegan, S. Oh, N. Lue, R. R. Dasari, and M. S. Feld, “Tomographic phase microscopy,” Nat. Methods 4(9), 717–719 (2007). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- A. E. Zharinov, P. A. Tarasov, A. N. Shvalov, K. A. Semyanov, D. R. van Bockstaele, and V. P. Maltsev, “A study of light scattering of mononuclear blood cells with scanning flow cytometry,” J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transf. 102(1), 121–128 (2006). [CrossRef]
- V. P. Maltsev, “Scanning flow cytometry for individual particle analysis,” Rev. Sci. Instrum. 71(1), 243–255 (2000). [CrossRef]
- J. R. Mourant, T. M. Johnson, S. Carpenter, A. Guerra, T. Aida, and J. P. Freyer, “Polarized angular dependent spectroscopy of epithelial cells and epithelial cell nuclei to determine the size scale of scattering structures,” J. Biomed. Opt. 7(3), 378–387 (2002). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- C. Mujat, C. Greiner, A. Baldwin, J. M. Levitt, F. Tian, L. A. Stucenski, M. Hunter, Y. L. Kim, V. Backman, M. Feld, K. Münger, and I. Georgakoudi, “Endogenous optical biomarkers of normal and human papillomavirus immortalized epithelial cells,” Int. J. Cancer 122(2), 363–371 (2008). [CrossRef]
- A. Brunsting and P. F. Mullaney, “Differential Light Scattering from Spherical Mammalian Cells,” Biophys. J. 14(6), 439–453 (1974). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- A. Wax, C. Yang, M. G. Müller, R. Nines, C. W. Boone, V. E. Steele, G. D. Stoner, R. R. Dasari, and M. S. Feld, “In Situ Detection of Neoplastic Transformation and Chemopreventive Effects in Rat Esophagus Epithelium Using Angle-resolved Low-coherence Interferometry,” Cancer Res. 63(13), 3556–3559 (2003). [PubMed]
- C. Mujat, C. Greiner, A. Baldwin, J. M. Levitt, F. Tian, L. A. Stucenski, M. Hunter, Y. L. Kim, V. Backman, M. Feld, K. Münger, and I. Georgakoudi, “Endogenous optical biomarkers of normal and human papillomavirus immortalized epithelial cells,” Int. J. Cancer 122(2), 363–371 (2008). [CrossRef]
- A. Wax, C. Yang, M. G. Müller, R. Nines, C. W. Boone, V. E. Steele, G. D. Stoner, R. R. Dasari, and M. S. Feld, “In Situ Detection of Neoplastic Transformation and Chemopreventive Effects in Rat Esophagus Epithelium Using Angle-resolved Low-coherence Interferometry,” Cancer Res. 63(13), 3556–3559 (2003). [PubMed]
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- W. Choi, C. Fang-Yen, K. Badizadegan, S. Oh, N. Lue, R. R. Dasari, and M. S. Feld, “Tomographic phase microscopy,” Nat. Methods 4(9), 717–719 (2007). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- H. Fang, M. Ollero, E. Vitkin, L. M. Kimerer, P. B. Cipolloni, M. M. Zaman, S. D. Freedman, I. J. Bigio, I. Itzkan, E. B. Hanlon, and L. T. Perelman, “Noninvasive sizing of subcellular organelles with light scattering spectroscopy,” IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron. 9(2), 267–276 (2003). [CrossRef]
- H. Fang, M. Ollero, E. Vitkin, L. M. Kimerer, P. B. Cipolloni, M. M. Zaman, S. D. Freedman, I. J. Bigio, I. Itzkan, E. B. Hanlon, and L. T. Perelman, “Noninvasive sizing of subcellular organelles with light scattering spectroscopy,” IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron. 9(2), 267–276 (2003). [CrossRef]
- R. S. Gurjar, V. Backman, L. T. Perelman, I. Georgakoudi, K. Badizadegan, I. Itzkan, R. R. Dasari, and M. S. Feld, “Imaging human epithelial properties with polarized light-scattering spectroscopy,” Nat. Med. 7(11), 1245–1248 (2001). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- V. Backman, R. Gurjar, K. Badizadegan, L. Itzkan, R. R. Dasari, L. T. Perelman, and M. S. Feld, “Polarized light scattering spectroscopy for quantitative measurement of epithelial cellular structures in situ,” IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron. 5(4), 1019–1026 (1999). [CrossRef]
- M. Hunter, V. Backman, G. Popescu, M. Kalashnikov, C. W. Boone, A. Wax, V. Gopal, K. Badizadegan, G. D. Stoner, and M. S. Feld, “Tissue self-affinity and polarized light scattering in the born approximation: A new model for precancer detection,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 97(13), 138102 (2006). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- M. Xu, T. T. Wu, and J. A. Y. Qu, “Unified Mie and fractal scattering by cells and experimental study on application in optical characterization of cellular and subcellular structures,” J. Biomed. Opt. 13, (2008). [PubMed]
- C. L. Curl, C. J. Bellair, T. Harris, B. E. Allman, P. J. Harris, A. G. Stewart, A. Roberts, K. A. Nugent, and L. M. D. Delbridge, “Refractive index measurement in viable cells using quantitative phase-amplitude microscopy and confocal microscopy,” Cytometry A 65A(1), 88–92 (2005). [CrossRef]
- R. Barer, K. F. A. Ross, and S. Tkaczyk, “Refractometry of living cells,” Nature 171(4356), 720–724 (1953). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- A. E. Zharinov, P. A. Tarasov, A. N. Shvalov, K. A. Semyanov, D. R. van Bockstaele, and V. P. Maltsev, “A study of light scattering of mononuclear blood cells with scanning flow cytometry,” J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transf. 102(1), 121–128 (2006). [CrossRef]
- A. E. Zharinov, P. A. Tarasov, A. N. Shvalov, K. A. Semyanov, D. R. van Bockstaele, and V. P. Maltsev, “A study of light scattering of mononuclear blood cells with scanning flow cytometry,” J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transf. 102(1), 121–128 (2006). [CrossRef]
- A. Wax, C. Yang, M. G. Müller, R. Nines, C. W. Boone, V. E. Steele, G. D. Stoner, R. R. Dasari, and M. S. Feld, “In Situ Detection of Neoplastic Transformation and Chemopreventive Effects in Rat Esophagus Epithelium Using Angle-resolved Low-coherence Interferometry,” Cancer Res. 63(13), 3556–3559 (2003). [PubMed]
- C. L. Curl, C. J. Bellair, T. Harris, B. E. Allman, P. J. Harris, A. G. Stewart, A. Roberts, K. A. Nugent, and L. M. D. Delbridge, “Refractive index measurement in viable cells using quantitative phase-amplitude microscopy and confocal microscopy,” Cytometry A 65A(1), 88–92 (2005). [CrossRef]
- M. Hunter, V. Backman, G. Popescu, M. Kalashnikov, C. W. Boone, A. Wax, V. Gopal, K. Badizadegan, G. D. Stoner, and M. S. Feld, “Tissue self-affinity and polarized light scattering in the born approximation: A new model for precancer detection,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 97(13), 138102 (2006). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- A. Wax, C. Yang, M. G. Müller, R. Nines, C. W. Boone, V. E. Steele, G. D. Stoner, R. R. Dasari, and M. S. Feld, “In Situ Detection of Neoplastic Transformation and Chemopreventive Effects in Rat Esophagus Epithelium Using Angle-resolved Low-coherence Interferometry,” Cancer Res. 63(13), 3556–3559 (2003). [PubMed]
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- A. E. Zharinov, P. A. Tarasov, A. N. Shvalov, K. A. Semyanov, D. R. van Bockstaele, and V. P. Maltsev, “A study of light scattering of mononuclear blood cells with scanning flow cytometry,” J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transf. 102(1), 121–128 (2006). [CrossRef]
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- R. Barer, K. F. A. Ross, and S. Tkaczyk, “Refractometry of living cells,” Nature 171(4356), 720–724 (1953). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- A. E. Zharinov, P. A. Tarasov, A. N. Shvalov, K. A. Semyanov, D. R. van Bockstaele, and V. P. Maltsev, “A study of light scattering of mononuclear blood cells with scanning flow cytometry,” J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transf. 102(1), 121–128 (2006). [CrossRef]
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- A. Wax, C. Yang, V. Backman, K. Badizadegan, C. W. Boone, R. R. Dasari, and M. S. Feld, “Cellular Organization and Substructure Measured Using Angle-Resolved Low-Coherence Interferometry,” Biophys. J. 82(4), 2256–2264 (2002). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
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Appl. Opt.
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Cancer Res.
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Cytometry A
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IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron.
- V. Backman, R. Gurjar, K. Badizadegan, L. Itzkan, R. R. Dasari, L. T. Perelman, and M. S. Feld, “Polarized light scattering spectroscopy for quantitative measurement of epithelial cellular structures in situ,” IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron. 5(4), 1019–1026 (1999). [CrossRef]
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Int. J. Cancer
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J. Biomed. Opt.
- M. Xu, T. T. Wu, and J. A. Y. Qu, “Unified Mie and fractal scattering by cells and experimental study on application in optical characterization of cellular and subcellular structures,” J. Biomed. Opt. 13, (2008). [PubMed]
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J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transf.
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Nat. Med.
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Nat. Methods
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Nature
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Opt. Commun.
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Opt. Express
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Phys. Rev. Lett.
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Rev. Sci. Instrum.
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2009, Sung, Opt. Express
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