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Electrically controllable photonic molecule laser
G. Fasching, Ch. Deutsch, A. Benz, A. M. Andrews, P. Klang, R. Zobl, W. Schrenk, G. Strasser, P. Ragulis, V. Tamošiūnas, and K. Unterrainer »View Author Affiliations
1Photonics Institute, Vienna University of Technology, Gusshausstr. 27, 1040 Wien, Austria
2Institute of Solid-State Electronics, Vienna University of Technology, Florag. 7, 1040 Wien, Austria
3Center for Micro- and Nanostructures, Vienna University of Technology, Florag. 7, 1040 Wien, Austria
4Semiconductor Physics Institute, A. Gostauto 11, 01108 Vilnius, Lithuania
5Faculty of Physics, Vilnius University, Sauletekio al. 9-III, 10222 Vilnius, Lithuania
*gernot.fasching@tuwien.ac.at
Optics Express, Vol. 17, Issue 22, pp. 20321-20326 (2009)
http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/OE.17.020321
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Abstract
We have studied the coherent intercavity coupling of the evanescent fields of two microdisk terahertz quantum-cascade lasers. The electrically controllable optical coupling of the single-mode operating lasers has been observed for cavity spacings up to 30 µm. The strongest coupled photonic molecule with 2 µm intercavity spacing allows to conditionally switch the optical emission by the electrical modulation of only one microdisk. The lasing threshold characteristics demonstrate the linear dependence of the gain of a quantum-cascade laser on the applied electric field.
© 2009 Optical Society of America
OCIS Codes
(130.0250) Integrated optics : Optoelectronics
(260.3090) Physical optics : Infrared, far
(140.3945) Lasers and laser optics : Microcavities
(140.5965) Lasers and laser optics : Semiconductor lasers, quantum cascade
ToC Category:
Lasers and Laser Optics
History
Original Manuscript: September 8, 2009
Revised Manuscript: October 9, 2009
Manuscript Accepted: October 12, 2009
Published: October 23, 2009
Citation
G. Fasching, Ch. Deutsch, A. Benz, A. M. Andrews, P. Klang, R. Zobl, W. Schrenk, G. Strasser, P. Ragulis, V. Tamošiūnas, and K. Unterrainer, "Electrically controllable photonic molecule laser," Opt. Express 17, 20321-20326 (2009)
http://www.opticsinfobase.org/oe/abstract.cfm?URI=oe-17-22-20321
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References
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- The Yee cell size was set to 1.4 mm and the average relative dielectric constant of the heterostructure was set to 11.75 based on the better fitting of the spectra with earlier single cavity simulations. The material small signal gain maximum for the active devices and the small signal loss maximum for the absorbing devices were set to 10.7 cm-1 and 107 cm-1 at 2.63 THz, respectively.
- C. Sirtori, F. Capasso, J. Faist, A. L. Hutchinson, D. L. Sivco, and A. Y. Cho, "Resonant Tunneling in Quantum Cascade Lasers," IEEE J. Quantum Electron. 34, 1722-1729 (1998). [CrossRef]
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- A. Benz, Ch. Deutsch, G. Fasching, K. Unterrainer, A. M. Andrews, P. Klang, W. Schrenk, and G. Strasser, "Active photonic crystal terahertz laser," Opt. Express 17, 941-946 (2009). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
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- A. Nakagawa, S. Ishii, and T. Baba, "Photonic molecule laser composed of GaInAsP microdisks," Appl. Phys. Lett. 86, 041112 (2005). [CrossRef]
- Y. Chassagneux, R. Colombelli,W. Maineult, S. Barbieri, H. E. Beere, D. A. Ritchie, S. P. Khanna, E. H. Linfield, and A. G. Davies, "Electrically pumped photonic-crystal terahertz lasers controlled by boundary conditions," Nature 457, 174-178 (2009). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- H. Park, C. J. Barrelet, Y. Wu, B. Tian, F. Qian, and Ch. M. Lieber, "A wavelength-selective photonic-crystal waveguide coupled to a nanowire light source," Nature Photon. 2, 622-626 (2008). [CrossRef]
- M. Bayer, T. Gutbrod, J. P. Reithmaier, A. Forchel, T. L. Reinecke, P. A. Knipp, A. A. Dremin, and V. D. Kulakovskii, "Optical Modes in Photonic Molecules," Phys. Rev. Lett. 81, 2582-2585 (1998). [CrossRef]
- Y. Chassagneux, R. Colombelli,W. Maineult, S. Barbieri, H. E. Beere, D. A. Ritchie, S. P. Khanna, E. H. Linfield, and A. G. Davies, "Electrically pumped photonic-crystal terahertz lasers controlled by boundary conditions," Nature 457, 174-178 (2009). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- L. Mahler, A. Tredicucci, F. Beltram, Ch. Walther, J. Faist, B. Witzigmann, H. E. Beere, and D. A. Ritchie, "Vertically emitting microdisk lasers," Nature Photon. 3, 46-49 (2009). [CrossRef]
- R. Köhler, A. Tredicucci, F. Beltram, H. E. Beere, E. H. Linfield, A. G. Davies, D. A. Ritchie, R. C. Iotti, and F. Rossi, "Terahertz semiconductor heterostructure laser," Nature 417, 156-159 (2002). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- L. Mahler, A. Tredicucci, F. Beltram, Ch. Walther, J. Faist, B. Witzigmann, H. E. Beere, and D. A. Ritchie, "Vertically emitting microdisk lasers," Nature Photon. 3, 46-49 (2009). [CrossRef]
- R. Köhler, A. Tredicucci, F. Beltram, H. E. Beere, E. H. Linfield, A. G. Davies, D. A. Ritchie, R. C. Iotti, and F. Rossi, "Terahertz semiconductor heterostructure laser," Nature 417, 156-159 (2002). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- A. Benz, Ch. Deutsch, G. Fasching, K. Unterrainer, A. M. Andrews, P. Klang, W. Schrenk, and G. Strasser, "Active photonic crystal terahertz laser," Opt. Express 17, 941-946 (2009). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- G. Fasching, A. Benz, K. Unterrainer, R. Zobl, A. M. Andrews, T. Roch,W. Schrenk, and G. Strasser, "Terahertz microcavity quantum-cascade lasers," Appl. Phys. Lett. 87, 211112 (2005). [CrossRef]
- Y. P. Rakovich, J. F. Donegan, M. Gerlach, A. L. Bradley, T. M. Connolly, J. J. Boland, N. Gaponik, and A. Rogach, "Fine structure of coupled optical modes in photonic molecules," Phys. Rev. A 70, 051801 (2004). [CrossRef]
- Y. P. Rakovich, J. F. Donegan, M. Gerlach, A. L. Bradley, T. M. Connolly, J. J. Boland, N. Gaponik, and A. Rogach, "Fine structure of coupled optical modes in photonic molecules," Phys. Rev. A 70, 051801 (2004). [CrossRef]
- B. S. Williams, H. Callebaut, S. Kumar, Q. Hu, and J. L. Reno, "3.4-THz quantum cascade laser based on longitudinal-optical-phonon scattering for depopulation," Appl. Phys. Lett. 82, 1015-1017 (2003). [CrossRef]
- J. Kröll, J. Darmo, S. S. Dhillon, X. Marcadet, M. Calligaro, C. Sirtori, and Karl Unterrainer, "Phase-resolved measurements of stimulated emission in a laser," Nature 449, 698-701 (2007). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- C. Sirtori, F. Capasso, J. Faist, A. L. Hutchinson, D. L. Sivco, and A. Y. Cho, "Resonant Tunneling in Quantum Cascade Lasers," IEEE J. Quantum Electron. 34, 1722-1729 (1998). [CrossRef]
- C. Gmachl, F. Capasso, E. E. Narimanov, J. U. Nöckel, A. D. Stone, J. Faist, D. L. Sivco, and A. Y. Cho, "High- Power Directional Emission from Microlasers with Chaotic Resonators," Science 280, 1556-1564 (1998). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- J. Faist, F. Capasso, D. L. Sivco, C. Sirtori, A. L. Hutchinson, and A. Y. Cho, "Quantum Cascade Laser," Science 264, 553-556 (1994). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Y. Chassagneux, R. Colombelli,W. Maineult, S. Barbieri, H. E. Beere, D. A. Ritchie, S. P. Khanna, E. H. Linfield, and A. G. Davies, "Electrically pumped photonic-crystal terahertz lasers controlled by boundary conditions," Nature 457, 174-178 (2009). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- C. Gmachl, F. Capasso, E. E. Narimanov, J. U. Nöckel, A. D. Stone, J. Faist, D. L. Sivco, and A. Y. Cho, "High- Power Directional Emission from Microlasers with Chaotic Resonators," Science 280, 1556-1564 (1998). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- C. Sirtori, F. Capasso, J. Faist, A. L. Hutchinson, D. L. Sivco, and A. Y. Cho, "Resonant Tunneling in Quantum Cascade Lasers," IEEE J. Quantum Electron. 34, 1722-1729 (1998). [CrossRef]
- J. Faist, F. Capasso, D. L. Sivco, C. Sirtori, A. L. Hutchinson, and A. Y. Cho, "Quantum Cascade Laser," Science 264, 553-556 (1994). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Y. Chassagneux, R. Colombelli,W. Maineult, S. Barbieri, H. E. Beere, D. A. Ritchie, S. P. Khanna, E. H. Linfield, and A. G. Davies, "Electrically pumped photonic-crystal terahertz lasers controlled by boundary conditions," Nature 457, 174-178 (2009). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Y. P. Rakovich, J. F. Donegan, M. Gerlach, A. L. Bradley, T. M. Connolly, J. J. Boland, N. Gaponik, and A. Rogach, "Fine structure of coupled optical modes in photonic molecules," Phys. Rev. A 70, 051801 (2004). [CrossRef]
- J. Kröll, J. Darmo, S. S. Dhillon, X. Marcadet, M. Calligaro, C. Sirtori, and Karl Unterrainer, "Phase-resolved measurements of stimulated emission in a laser," Nature 449, 698-701 (2007). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Y. Chassagneux, R. Colombelli,W. Maineult, S. Barbieri, H. E. Beere, D. A. Ritchie, S. P. Khanna, E. H. Linfield, and A. G. Davies, "Electrically pumped photonic-crystal terahertz lasers controlled by boundary conditions," Nature 457, 174-178 (2009). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- R. Köhler, A. Tredicucci, F. Beltram, H. E. Beere, E. H. Linfield, A. G. Davies, D. A. Ritchie, R. C. Iotti, and F. Rossi, "Terahertz semiconductor heterostructure laser," Nature 417, 156-159 (2002). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- E. Mujagic, Ch. Deutsch, H. Detz, P. Klang, M. Nobile, A. M. Andrews, W. Schrenk, K. Unterrainer, and G. Strasser, "Vertically emitting terahertz quantum cascade ring lasers," Appl. Phys. Lett. 95, 011120 (2009). [CrossRef]
- E. Mujagic, Ch. Deutsch, H. Detz, P. Klang, M. Nobile, A. M. Andrews, W. Schrenk, K. Unterrainer, and G. Strasser, "Vertically emitting terahertz quantum cascade ring lasers," Appl. Phys. Lett. 95, 011120 (2009). [CrossRef]
- A. Benz, Ch. Deutsch, G. Fasching, K. Unterrainer, A. M. Andrews, P. Klang, W. Schrenk, and G. Strasser, "Active photonic crystal terahertz laser," Opt. Express 17, 941-946 (2009). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- J. Kröll, J. Darmo, S. S. Dhillon, X. Marcadet, M. Calligaro, C. Sirtori, and Karl Unterrainer, "Phase-resolved measurements of stimulated emission in a laser," Nature 449, 698-701 (2007). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Y. P. Rakovich, J. F. Donegan, M. Gerlach, A. L. Bradley, T. M. Connolly, J. J. Boland, N. Gaponik, and A. Rogach, "Fine structure of coupled optical modes in photonic molecules," Phys. Rev. A 70, 051801 (2004). [CrossRef]
- M. Bayer, T. Gutbrod, J. P. Reithmaier, A. Forchel, T. L. Reinecke, P. A. Knipp, A. A. Dremin, and V. D. Kulakovskii, "Optical Modes in Photonic Molecules," Phys. Rev. Lett. 81, 2582-2585 (1998). [CrossRef]
- L. Mahler, A. Tredicucci, F. Beltram, Ch. Walther, J. Faist, B. Witzigmann, H. E. Beere, and D. A. Ritchie, "Vertically emitting microdisk lasers," Nature Photon. 3, 46-49 (2009). [CrossRef]
- H. Zhang, L. A. Dunbar, G. Scalari, R. Houdre, and J. Faist, "Terahertz photonic crystal quantum cascade lasers," Opt. Express 15, 16818-16827 (2007). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- C. Gmachl, F. Capasso, E. E. Narimanov, J. U. Nöckel, A. D. Stone, J. Faist, D. L. Sivco, and A. Y. Cho, "High- Power Directional Emission from Microlasers with Chaotic Resonators," Science 280, 1556-1564 (1998). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- C. Sirtori, F. Capasso, J. Faist, A. L. Hutchinson, D. L. Sivco, and A. Y. Cho, "Resonant Tunneling in Quantum Cascade Lasers," IEEE J. Quantum Electron. 34, 1722-1729 (1998). [CrossRef]
- J. Faist, F. Capasso, D. L. Sivco, C. Sirtori, A. L. Hutchinson, and A. Y. Cho, "Quantum Cascade Laser," Science 264, 553-556 (1994). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- A. Benz, Ch. Deutsch, G. Fasching, K. Unterrainer, A. M. Andrews, P. Klang, W. Schrenk, and G. Strasser, "Active photonic crystal terahertz laser," Opt. Express 17, 941-946 (2009). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- G. Fasching, A. Benz, K. Unterrainer, R. Zobl, A. M. Andrews, T. Roch,W. Schrenk, and G. Strasser, "Terahertz microcavity quantum-cascade lasers," Appl. Phys. Lett. 87, 211112 (2005). [CrossRef]
- M. Bayer, T. Gutbrod, J. P. Reithmaier, A. Forchel, T. L. Reinecke, P. A. Knipp, A. A. Dremin, and V. D. Kulakovskii, "Optical Modes in Photonic Molecules," Phys. Rev. Lett. 81, 2582-2585 (1998). [CrossRef]
- Y. P. Rakovich, J. F. Donegan, M. Gerlach, A. L. Bradley, T. M. Connolly, J. J. Boland, N. Gaponik, and A. Rogach, "Fine structure of coupled optical modes in photonic molecules," Phys. Rev. A 70, 051801 (2004). [CrossRef]
- Y. P. Rakovich, J. F. Donegan, M. Gerlach, A. L. Bradley, T. M. Connolly, J. J. Boland, N. Gaponik, and A. Rogach, "Fine structure of coupled optical modes in photonic molecules," Phys. Rev. A 70, 051801 (2004). [CrossRef]
- C. Gmachl, F. Capasso, E. E. Narimanov, J. U. Nöckel, A. D. Stone, J. Faist, D. L. Sivco, and A. Y. Cho, "High- Power Directional Emission from Microlasers with Chaotic Resonators," Science 280, 1556-1564 (1998). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- M. Bayer, T. Gutbrod, J. P. Reithmaier, A. Forchel, T. L. Reinecke, P. A. Knipp, A. A. Dremin, and V. D. Kulakovskii, "Optical Modes in Photonic Molecules," Phys. Rev. Lett. 81, 2582-2585 (1998). [CrossRef]
- B. S. Williams, H. Callebaut, S. Kumar, Q. Hu, and J. L. Reno, "3.4-THz quantum cascade laser based on longitudinal-optical-phonon scattering for depopulation," Appl. Phys. Lett. 82, 1015-1017 (2003). [CrossRef]
- C. Sirtori, F. Capasso, J. Faist, A. L. Hutchinson, D. L. Sivco, and A. Y. Cho, "Resonant Tunneling in Quantum Cascade Lasers," IEEE J. Quantum Electron. 34, 1722-1729 (1998). [CrossRef]
- J. Faist, F. Capasso, D. L. Sivco, C. Sirtori, A. L. Hutchinson, and A. Y. Cho, "Quantum Cascade Laser," Science 264, 553-556 (1994). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- R. Köhler, A. Tredicucci, F. Beltram, H. E. Beere, E. H. Linfield, A. G. Davies, D. A. Ritchie, R. C. Iotti, and F. Rossi, "Terahertz semiconductor heterostructure laser," Nature 417, 156-159 (2002). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- A. Nakagawa, S. Ishii, and T. Baba, "Photonic molecule laser composed of GaInAsP microdisks," Appl. Phys. Lett. 86, 041112 (2005). [CrossRef]
- T. Mukaiyama, K. Takeda, H. Miyazaki, Y. Jimba, and M. Kuwata-Gonokami, "Tight-Binding Photonic Molecule Modes of Resonant Bispheres," Phys. Rev. Lett. 82, 4623-4626 (1999). [CrossRef]
- Y. Chassagneux, R. Colombelli,W. Maineult, S. Barbieri, H. E. Beere, D. A. Ritchie, S. P. Khanna, E. H. Linfield, and A. G. Davies, "Electrically pumped photonic-crystal terahertz lasers controlled by boundary conditions," Nature 457, 174-178 (2009). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- E. Mujagic, Ch. Deutsch, H. Detz, P. Klang, M. Nobile, A. M. Andrews, W. Schrenk, K. Unterrainer, and G. Strasser, "Vertically emitting terahertz quantum cascade ring lasers," Appl. Phys. Lett. 95, 011120 (2009). [CrossRef]
- A. Benz, Ch. Deutsch, G. Fasching, K. Unterrainer, A. M. Andrews, P. Klang, W. Schrenk, and G. Strasser, "Active photonic crystal terahertz laser," Opt. Express 17, 941-946 (2009). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- M. Bayer, T. Gutbrod, J. P. Reithmaier, A. Forchel, T. L. Reinecke, P. A. Knipp, A. A. Dremin, and V. D. Kulakovskii, "Optical Modes in Photonic Molecules," Phys. Rev. Lett. 81, 2582-2585 (1998). [CrossRef]
- R. Köhler, A. Tredicucci, F. Beltram, H. E. Beere, E. H. Linfield, A. G. Davies, D. A. Ritchie, R. C. Iotti, and F. Rossi, "Terahertz semiconductor heterostructure laser," Nature 417, 156-159 (2002). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- J. Kröll, J. Darmo, S. S. Dhillon, X. Marcadet, M. Calligaro, C. Sirtori, and Karl Unterrainer, "Phase-resolved measurements of stimulated emission in a laser," Nature 449, 698-701 (2007). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- M. Bayer, T. Gutbrod, J. P. Reithmaier, A. Forchel, T. L. Reinecke, P. A. Knipp, A. A. Dremin, and V. D. Kulakovskii, "Optical Modes in Photonic Molecules," Phys. Rev. Lett. 81, 2582-2585 (1998). [CrossRef]
- B. S. Williams, H. Callebaut, S. Kumar, Q. Hu, and J. L. Reno, "3.4-THz quantum cascade laser based on longitudinal-optical-phonon scattering for depopulation," Appl. Phys. Lett. 82, 1015-1017 (2003). [CrossRef]
- T. Mukaiyama, K. Takeda, H. Miyazaki, Y. Jimba, and M. Kuwata-Gonokami, "Tight-Binding Photonic Molecule Modes of Resonant Bispheres," Phys. Rev. Lett. 82, 4623-4626 (1999). [CrossRef]
- H. Park, C. J. Barrelet, Y. Wu, B. Tian, F. Qian, and Ch. M. Lieber, "A wavelength-selective photonic-crystal waveguide coupled to a nanowire light source," Nature Photon. 2, 622-626 (2008). [CrossRef]
- Y. Chassagneux, R. Colombelli,W. Maineult, S. Barbieri, H. E. Beere, D. A. Ritchie, S. P. Khanna, E. H. Linfield, and A. G. Davies, "Electrically pumped photonic-crystal terahertz lasers controlled by boundary conditions," Nature 457, 174-178 (2009). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- R. Köhler, A. Tredicucci, F. Beltram, H. E. Beere, E. H. Linfield, A. G. Davies, D. A. Ritchie, R. C. Iotti, and F. Rossi, "Terahertz semiconductor heterostructure laser," Nature 417, 156-159 (2002). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- L. Mahler, A. Tredicucci, F. Beltram, Ch. Walther, J. Faist, B. Witzigmann, H. E. Beere, and D. A. Ritchie, "Vertically emitting microdisk lasers," Nature Photon. 3, 46-49 (2009). [CrossRef]
- Y. Chassagneux, R. Colombelli,W. Maineult, S. Barbieri, H. E. Beere, D. A. Ritchie, S. P. Khanna, E. H. Linfield, and A. G. Davies, "Electrically pumped photonic-crystal terahertz lasers controlled by boundary conditions," Nature 457, 174-178 (2009). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- J. Kröll, J. Darmo, S. S. Dhillon, X. Marcadet, M. Calligaro, C. Sirtori, and Karl Unterrainer, "Phase-resolved measurements of stimulated emission in a laser," Nature 449, 698-701 (2007). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- T. Mukaiyama, K. Takeda, H. Miyazaki, Y. Jimba, and M. Kuwata-Gonokami, "Tight-Binding Photonic Molecule Modes of Resonant Bispheres," Phys. Rev. Lett. 82, 4623-4626 (1999). [CrossRef]
- E. Mujagic, Ch. Deutsch, H. Detz, P. Klang, M. Nobile, A. M. Andrews, W. Schrenk, K. Unterrainer, and G. Strasser, "Vertically emitting terahertz quantum cascade ring lasers," Appl. Phys. Lett. 95, 011120 (2009). [CrossRef]
- T. Mukaiyama, K. Takeda, H. Miyazaki, Y. Jimba, and M. Kuwata-Gonokami, "Tight-Binding Photonic Molecule Modes of Resonant Bispheres," Phys. Rev. Lett. 82, 4623-4626 (1999). [CrossRef]
- A. Nakagawa, S. Ishii, and T. Baba, "Photonic molecule laser composed of GaInAsP microdisks," Appl. Phys. Lett. 86, 041112 (2005). [CrossRef]
- C. Gmachl, F. Capasso, E. E. Narimanov, J. U. Nöckel, A. D. Stone, J. Faist, D. L. Sivco, and A. Y. Cho, "High- Power Directional Emission from Microlasers with Chaotic Resonators," Science 280, 1556-1564 (1998). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- E. Mujagic, Ch. Deutsch, H. Detz, P. Klang, M. Nobile, A. M. Andrews, W. Schrenk, K. Unterrainer, and G. Strasser, "Vertically emitting terahertz quantum cascade ring lasers," Appl. Phys. Lett. 95, 011120 (2009). [CrossRef]
- C. Gmachl, F. Capasso, E. E. Narimanov, J. U. Nöckel, A. D. Stone, J. Faist, D. L. Sivco, and A. Y. Cho, "High- Power Directional Emission from Microlasers with Chaotic Resonators," Science 280, 1556-1564 (1998). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- E. Ozbay, "Plasmonics: Merging Photonics and Electronics at Nanoscale Dimensions," Science 311, 189-193 (2006). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- H. Park, C. J. Barrelet, Y. Wu, B. Tian, F. Qian, and Ch. M. Lieber, "A wavelength-selective photonic-crystal waveguide coupled to a nanowire light source," Nature Photon. 2, 622-626 (2008). [CrossRef]
- H. Park, C. J. Barrelet, Y. Wu, B. Tian, F. Qian, and Ch. M. Lieber, "A wavelength-selective photonic-crystal waveguide coupled to a nanowire light source," Nature Photon. 2, 622-626 (2008). [CrossRef]
- Y. P. Rakovich, J. F. Donegan, M. Gerlach, A. L. Bradley, T. M. Connolly, J. J. Boland, N. Gaponik, and A. Rogach, "Fine structure of coupled optical modes in photonic molecules," Phys. Rev. A 70, 051801 (2004). [CrossRef]
- M. Bayer, T. Gutbrod, J. P. Reithmaier, A. Forchel, T. L. Reinecke, P. A. Knipp, A. A. Dremin, and V. D. Kulakovskii, "Optical Modes in Photonic Molecules," Phys. Rev. Lett. 81, 2582-2585 (1998). [CrossRef]
- M. Bayer, T. Gutbrod, J. P. Reithmaier, A. Forchel, T. L. Reinecke, P. A. Knipp, A. A. Dremin, and V. D. Kulakovskii, "Optical Modes in Photonic Molecules," Phys. Rev. Lett. 81, 2582-2585 (1998). [CrossRef]
- B. S. Williams, H. Callebaut, S. Kumar, Q. Hu, and J. L. Reno, "3.4-THz quantum cascade laser based on longitudinal-optical-phonon scattering for depopulation," Appl. Phys. Lett. 82, 1015-1017 (2003). [CrossRef]
- Y. Chassagneux, R. Colombelli,W. Maineult, S. Barbieri, H. E. Beere, D. A. Ritchie, S. P. Khanna, E. H. Linfield, and A. G. Davies, "Electrically pumped photonic-crystal terahertz lasers controlled by boundary conditions," Nature 457, 174-178 (2009). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- L. Mahler, A. Tredicucci, F. Beltram, Ch. Walther, J. Faist, B. Witzigmann, H. E. Beere, and D. A. Ritchie, "Vertically emitting microdisk lasers," Nature Photon. 3, 46-49 (2009). [CrossRef]
- R. Köhler, A. Tredicucci, F. Beltram, H. E. Beere, E. H. Linfield, A. G. Davies, D. A. Ritchie, R. C. Iotti, and F. Rossi, "Terahertz semiconductor heterostructure laser," Nature 417, 156-159 (2002). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- G. Fasching, A. Benz, K. Unterrainer, R. Zobl, A. M. Andrews, T. Roch,W. Schrenk, and G. Strasser, "Terahertz microcavity quantum-cascade lasers," Appl. Phys. Lett. 87, 211112 (2005). [CrossRef]
- Y. P. Rakovich, J. F. Donegan, M. Gerlach, A. L. Bradley, T. M. Connolly, J. J. Boland, N. Gaponik, and A. Rogach, "Fine structure of coupled optical modes in photonic molecules," Phys. Rev. A 70, 051801 (2004). [CrossRef]
- R. Köhler, A. Tredicucci, F. Beltram, H. E. Beere, E. H. Linfield, A. G. Davies, D. A. Ritchie, R. C. Iotti, and F. Rossi, "Terahertz semiconductor heterostructure laser," Nature 417, 156-159 (2002). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- E. Mujagic, Ch. Deutsch, H. Detz, P. Klang, M. Nobile, A. M. Andrews, W. Schrenk, K. Unterrainer, and G. Strasser, "Vertically emitting terahertz quantum cascade ring lasers," Appl. Phys. Lett. 95, 011120 (2009). [CrossRef]
- A. Benz, Ch. Deutsch, G. Fasching, K. Unterrainer, A. M. Andrews, P. Klang, W. Schrenk, and G. Strasser, "Active photonic crystal terahertz laser," Opt. Express 17, 941-946 (2009). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- G. Fasching, A. Benz, K. Unterrainer, R. Zobl, A. M. Andrews, T. Roch,W. Schrenk, and G. Strasser, "Terahertz microcavity quantum-cascade lasers," Appl. Phys. Lett. 87, 211112 (2005). [CrossRef]
- J. Kröll, J. Darmo, S. S. Dhillon, X. Marcadet, M. Calligaro, C. Sirtori, and Karl Unterrainer, "Phase-resolved measurements of stimulated emission in a laser," Nature 449, 698-701 (2007). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- C. Sirtori, F. Capasso, J. Faist, A. L. Hutchinson, D. L. Sivco, and A. Y. Cho, "Resonant Tunneling in Quantum Cascade Lasers," IEEE J. Quantum Electron. 34, 1722-1729 (1998). [CrossRef]
- J. Faist, F. Capasso, D. L. Sivco, C. Sirtori, A. L. Hutchinson, and A. Y. Cho, "Quantum Cascade Laser," Science 264, 553-556 (1994). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- C. Gmachl, F. Capasso, E. E. Narimanov, J. U. Nöckel, A. D. Stone, J. Faist, D. L. Sivco, and A. Y. Cho, "High- Power Directional Emission from Microlasers with Chaotic Resonators," Science 280, 1556-1564 (1998). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- C. Sirtori, F. Capasso, J. Faist, A. L. Hutchinson, D. L. Sivco, and A. Y. Cho, "Resonant Tunneling in Quantum Cascade Lasers," IEEE J. Quantum Electron. 34, 1722-1729 (1998). [CrossRef]
- J. Faist, F. Capasso, D. L. Sivco, C. Sirtori, A. L. Hutchinson, and A. Y. Cho, "Quantum Cascade Laser," Science 264, 553-556 (1994). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- C. Gmachl, F. Capasso, E. E. Narimanov, J. U. Nöckel, A. D. Stone, J. Faist, D. L. Sivco, and A. Y. Cho, "High- Power Directional Emission from Microlasers with Chaotic Resonators," Science 280, 1556-1564 (1998). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- E. Mujagic, Ch. Deutsch, H. Detz, P. Klang, M. Nobile, A. M. Andrews, W. Schrenk, K. Unterrainer, and G. Strasser, "Vertically emitting terahertz quantum cascade ring lasers," Appl. Phys. Lett. 95, 011120 (2009). [CrossRef]
- A. Benz, Ch. Deutsch, G. Fasching, K. Unterrainer, A. M. Andrews, P. Klang, W. Schrenk, and G. Strasser, "Active photonic crystal terahertz laser," Opt. Express 17, 941-946 (2009). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- G. Fasching, A. Benz, K. Unterrainer, R. Zobl, A. M. Andrews, T. Roch,W. Schrenk, and G. Strasser, "Terahertz microcavity quantum-cascade lasers," Appl. Phys. Lett. 87, 211112 (2005). [CrossRef]
- T. Mukaiyama, K. Takeda, H. Miyazaki, Y. Jimba, and M. Kuwata-Gonokami, "Tight-Binding Photonic Molecule Modes of Resonant Bispheres," Phys. Rev. Lett. 82, 4623-4626 (1999). [CrossRef]
- H. Park, C. J. Barrelet, Y. Wu, B. Tian, F. Qian, and Ch. M. Lieber, "A wavelength-selective photonic-crystal waveguide coupled to a nanowire light source," Nature Photon. 2, 622-626 (2008). [CrossRef]
- L. Mahler, A. Tredicucci, F. Beltram, Ch. Walther, J. Faist, B. Witzigmann, H. E. Beere, and D. A. Ritchie, "Vertically emitting microdisk lasers," Nature Photon. 3, 46-49 (2009). [CrossRef]
- R. Köhler, A. Tredicucci, F. Beltram, H. E. Beere, E. H. Linfield, A. G. Davies, D. A. Ritchie, R. C. Iotti, and F. Rossi, "Terahertz semiconductor heterostructure laser," Nature 417, 156-159 (2002). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- E. Mujagic, Ch. Deutsch, H. Detz, P. Klang, M. Nobile, A. M. Andrews, W. Schrenk, K. Unterrainer, and G. Strasser, "Vertically emitting terahertz quantum cascade ring lasers," Appl. Phys. Lett. 95, 011120 (2009). [CrossRef]
- A. Benz, Ch. Deutsch, G. Fasching, K. Unterrainer, A. M. Andrews, P. Klang, W. Schrenk, and G. Strasser, "Active photonic crystal terahertz laser," Opt. Express 17, 941-946 (2009). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- G. Fasching, A. Benz, K. Unterrainer, R. Zobl, A. M. Andrews, T. Roch,W. Schrenk, and G. Strasser, "Terahertz microcavity quantum-cascade lasers," Appl. Phys. Lett. 87, 211112 (2005). [CrossRef]
- L. Mahler, A. Tredicucci, F. Beltram, Ch. Walther, J. Faist, B. Witzigmann, H. E. Beere, and D. A. Ritchie, "Vertically emitting microdisk lasers," Nature Photon. 3, 46-49 (2009). [CrossRef]
- B. S. Williams, H. Callebaut, S. Kumar, Q. Hu, and J. L. Reno, "3.4-THz quantum cascade laser based on longitudinal-optical-phonon scattering for depopulation," Appl. Phys. Lett. 82, 1015-1017 (2003). [CrossRef]
- L. Mahler, A. Tredicucci, F. Beltram, Ch. Walther, J. Faist, B. Witzigmann, H. E. Beere, and D. A. Ritchie, "Vertically emitting microdisk lasers," Nature Photon. 3, 46-49 (2009). [CrossRef]
- H. Park, C. J. Barrelet, Y. Wu, B. Tian, F. Qian, and Ch. M. Lieber, "A wavelength-selective photonic-crystal waveguide coupled to a nanowire light source," Nature Photon. 2, 622-626 (2008). [CrossRef]
- G. Fasching, A. Benz, K. Unterrainer, R. Zobl, A. M. Andrews, T. Roch,W. Schrenk, and G. Strasser, "Terahertz microcavity quantum-cascade lasers," Appl. Phys. Lett. 87, 211112 (2005). [CrossRef]
Act. Phys. Pol. A
- V. Tamošiūnas, Z. Kancleris, M. Dagysa, R. Simniskisa, M. Tamosiunienea, G. Valusisa, G. Strasser, and K. Unterrainer, "Finite-Difference Time-Domain Simulation of Mid- and Far-Infrared Quantum Cascade Lasers," Act. Phys. Pol. A 107, 179-183 (2005).
Appl. Phys. Lett.
- A. Nakagawa, S. Ishii, and T. Baba, "Photonic molecule laser composed of GaInAsP microdisks," Appl. Phys. Lett. 86, 041112 (2005). [CrossRef]
- B. S. Williams, H. Callebaut, S. Kumar, Q. Hu, and J. L. Reno, "3.4-THz quantum cascade laser based on longitudinal-optical-phonon scattering for depopulation," Appl. Phys. Lett. 82, 1015-1017 (2003). [CrossRef]
- G. Fasching, A. Benz, K. Unterrainer, R. Zobl, A. M. Andrews, T. Roch,W. Schrenk, and G. Strasser, "Terahertz microcavity quantum-cascade lasers," Appl. Phys. Lett. 87, 211112 (2005). [CrossRef]
- E. Mujagic, Ch. Deutsch, H. Detz, P. Klang, M. Nobile, A. M. Andrews, W. Schrenk, K. Unterrainer, and G. Strasser, "Vertically emitting terahertz quantum cascade ring lasers," Appl. Phys. Lett. 95, 011120 (2009). [CrossRef]
IEEE J. Quantum Electron.
- C. Sirtori, F. Capasso, J. Faist, A. L. Hutchinson, D. L. Sivco, and A. Y. Cho, "Resonant Tunneling in Quantum Cascade Lasers," IEEE J. Quantum Electron. 34, 1722-1729 (1998). [CrossRef]
Nature
- J. Kröll, J. Darmo, S. S. Dhillon, X. Marcadet, M. Calligaro, C. Sirtori, and Karl Unterrainer, "Phase-resolved measurements of stimulated emission in a laser," Nature 449, 698-701 (2007). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Y. Chassagneux, R. Colombelli,W. Maineult, S. Barbieri, H. E. Beere, D. A. Ritchie, S. P. Khanna, E. H. Linfield, and A. G. Davies, "Electrically pumped photonic-crystal terahertz lasers controlled by boundary conditions," Nature 457, 174-178 (2009). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- R. Köhler, A. Tredicucci, F. Beltram, H. E. Beere, E. H. Linfield, A. G. Davies, D. A. Ritchie, R. C. Iotti, and F. Rossi, "Terahertz semiconductor heterostructure laser," Nature 417, 156-159 (2002). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Nature Photon.
- L. Mahler, A. Tredicucci, F. Beltram, Ch. Walther, J. Faist, B. Witzigmann, H. E. Beere, and D. A. Ritchie, "Vertically emitting microdisk lasers," Nature Photon. 3, 46-49 (2009). [CrossRef]
- H. Park, C. J. Barrelet, Y. Wu, B. Tian, F. Qian, and Ch. M. Lieber, "A wavelength-selective photonic-crystal waveguide coupled to a nanowire light source," Nature Photon. 2, 622-626 (2008). [CrossRef]
Opt. Express
- A. Benz, Ch. Deutsch, G. Fasching, K. Unterrainer, A. M. Andrews, P. Klang, W. Schrenk, and G. Strasser, "Active photonic crystal terahertz laser," Opt. Express 17, 941-946 (2009). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- H. Zhang, L. A. Dunbar, G. Scalari, R. Houdre, and J. Faist, "Terahertz photonic crystal quantum cascade lasers," Opt. Express 15, 16818-16827 (2007). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- A. Yariv, and X. Sun, "Supermode Si/III-V hybrid lasers, optical amplifiers and modulators: A proposal and analysis," Opt. Express 15, 9147-9151 (2007). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Phys. Rev. A
- Y. P. Rakovich, J. F. Donegan, M. Gerlach, A. L. Bradley, T. M. Connolly, J. J. Boland, N. Gaponik, and A. Rogach, "Fine structure of coupled optical modes in photonic molecules," Phys. Rev. A 70, 051801 (2004). [CrossRef]
Phys. Rev. Lett.
- M. Bayer, T. Gutbrod, J. P. Reithmaier, A. Forchel, T. L. Reinecke, P. A. Knipp, A. A. Dremin, and V. D. Kulakovskii, "Optical Modes in Photonic Molecules," Phys. Rev. Lett. 81, 2582-2585 (1998). [CrossRef]
- T. Mukaiyama, K. Takeda, H. Miyazaki, Y. Jimba, and M. Kuwata-Gonokami, "Tight-Binding Photonic Molecule Modes of Resonant Bispheres," Phys. Rev. Lett. 82, 4623-4626 (1999). [CrossRef]
Science
- J. Faist, F. Capasso, D. L. Sivco, C. Sirtori, A. L. Hutchinson, and A. Y. Cho, "Quantum Cascade Laser," Science 264, 553-556 (1994). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- E. Ozbay, "Plasmonics: Merging Photonics and Electronics at Nanoscale Dimensions," Science 311, 189-193 (2006). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- C. Gmachl, F. Capasso, E. E. Narimanov, J. U. Nöckel, A. D. Stone, J. Faist, D. L. Sivco, and A. Y. Cho, "High- Power Directional Emission from Microlasers with Chaotic Resonators," Science 280, 1556-1564 (1998). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Other
- Le Nguyen Binh, Photonic Signal Processing: Techniques and Applications (CRC Press, FL, USA, 2007). [CrossRef]
- The Yee cell size was set to 1.4 mm and the average relative dielectric constant of the heterostructure was set to 11.75 based on the better fitting of the spectra with earlier single cavity simulations. The material small signal gain maximum for the active devices and the small signal loss maximum for the absorbing devices were set to 10.7 cm-1 and 107 cm-1 at 2.63 THz, respectively.
2009, Mahler, Nature Photon.
- L. Mahler, A. Tredicucci, F. Beltram, Ch. Walther, J. Faist, B. Witzigmann, H. E. Beere, and D. A. Ritchie, "Vertically emitting microdisk lasers," Nature Photon. 3, 46-49 (2009). [CrossRef]
- E. Mujagic, Ch. Deutsch, H. Detz, P. Klang, M. Nobile, A. M. Andrews, W. Schrenk, K. Unterrainer, and G. Strasser, "Vertically emitting terahertz quantum cascade ring lasers," Appl. Phys. Lett. 95, 011120 (2009). [CrossRef]
- Y. Chassagneux, R. Colombelli,W. Maineult, S. Barbieri, H. E. Beere, D. A. Ritchie, S. P. Khanna, E. H. Linfield, and A. G. Davies, "Electrically pumped photonic-crystal terahertz lasers controlled by boundary conditions," Nature 457, 174-178 (2009). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- H. Park, C. J. Barrelet, Y. Wu, B. Tian, F. Qian, and Ch. M. Lieber, "A wavelength-selective photonic-crystal waveguide coupled to a nanowire light source," Nature Photon. 2, 622-626 (2008). [CrossRef]
- J. Kröll, J. Darmo, S. S. Dhillon, X. Marcadet, M. Calligaro, C. Sirtori, and Karl Unterrainer, "Phase-resolved measurements of stimulated emission in a laser," Nature 449, 698-701 (2007). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- E. Ozbay, "Plasmonics: Merging Photonics and Electronics at Nanoscale Dimensions," Science 311, 189-193 (2006). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- G. Fasching, A. Benz, K. Unterrainer, R. Zobl, A. M. Andrews, T. Roch,W. Schrenk, and G. Strasser, "Terahertz microcavity quantum-cascade lasers," Appl. Phys. Lett. 87, 211112 (2005). [CrossRef]
- A. Nakagawa, S. Ishii, and T. Baba, "Photonic molecule laser composed of GaInAsP microdisks," Appl. Phys. Lett. 86, 041112 (2005). [CrossRef]
- V. Tamošiūnas, Z. Kancleris, M. Dagysa, R. Simniskisa, M. Tamosiunienea, G. Valusisa, G. Strasser, and K. Unterrainer, "Finite-Difference Time-Domain Simulation of Mid- and Far-Infrared Quantum Cascade Lasers," Act. Phys. Pol. A 107, 179-183 (2005).
- Y. P. Rakovich, J. F. Donegan, M. Gerlach, A. L. Bradley, T. M. Connolly, J. J. Boland, N. Gaponik, and A. Rogach, "Fine structure of coupled optical modes in photonic molecules," Phys. Rev. A 70, 051801 (2004). [CrossRef]
- B. S. Williams, H. Callebaut, S. Kumar, Q. Hu, and J. L. Reno, "3.4-THz quantum cascade laser based on longitudinal-optical-phonon scattering for depopulation," Appl. Phys. Lett. 82, 1015-1017 (2003). [CrossRef]
- R. Köhler, A. Tredicucci, F. Beltram, H. E. Beere, E. H. Linfield, A. G. Davies, D. A. Ritchie, R. C. Iotti, and F. Rossi, "Terahertz semiconductor heterostructure laser," Nature 417, 156-159 (2002). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- T. Mukaiyama, K. Takeda, H. Miyazaki, Y. Jimba, and M. Kuwata-Gonokami, "Tight-Binding Photonic Molecule Modes of Resonant Bispheres," Phys. Rev. Lett. 82, 4623-4626 (1999). [CrossRef]
- M. Bayer, T. Gutbrod, J. P. Reithmaier, A. Forchel, T. L. Reinecke, P. A. Knipp, A. A. Dremin, and V. D. Kulakovskii, "Optical Modes in Photonic Molecules," Phys. Rev. Lett. 81, 2582-2585 (1998). [CrossRef]
- C. Sirtori, F. Capasso, J. Faist, A. L. Hutchinson, D. L. Sivco, and A. Y. Cho, "Resonant Tunneling in Quantum Cascade Lasers," IEEE J. Quantum Electron. 34, 1722-1729 (1998). [CrossRef]
- C. Gmachl, F. Capasso, E. E. Narimanov, J. U. Nöckel, A. D. Stone, J. Faist, D. L. Sivco, and A. Y. Cho, "High- Power Directional Emission from Microlasers with Chaotic Resonators," Science 280, 1556-1564 (1998). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- J. Faist, F. Capasso, D. L. Sivco, C. Sirtori, A. L. Hutchinson, and A. Y. Cho, "Quantum Cascade Laser," Science 264, 553-556 (1994). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
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