We discuss an all-optical DPSK wavelength conversion scheme comprising a delay-interferometer demodulation stage followed by a Mach-Zehnder interferometer, the arms of which are formed by nonlinear waveguides. If operated properly, the configuration shows regenerative behaviour. This is true for nonlinear waveguides with a dominant cross-gain nonlinearity (e. g., for an electro-absorption amplitude modulator) as well as for the case of a dominant cross-phase nonlinearity (e. g., for Kerr effect based phase modulator). In addition, we show that nonlinear materials exhibiting cross-gain modulation properties can provide a binary phase response so far only known from the transfer functions of digital electronics.

© 2009 OSA

1. A. Gnauck, G. Raybon, S. Chandrasekhar, J. Leuthold, C. Doerr, L. Stulz, A. Agarwal, S. Banerjee, D. Grosz, S. Hunsche, A. Kung, A. Marhelyuk, D. Maywar, M. Movassghi, X. Liu, C. Xu, X. Wei, and D. M. Gill, “2.5 Tb/s (64×42.7 Gb/s) transmission over 40×100 km NZDSF using RZ-DPSK format and all-Raman-amplified spans,” in Technical Digest of OFC 2002, (Anaheim, USA, 2002), FC2.1–FC2.3.
2. V. S. Grigoryan, M. Shin, P. Devgan, J. Lasri, and P. Kumar, “SOA-based regenerative amplification of phase-noise-degraded DPSK signals: dynamic analysis and demonstration,” J. Lightwave Technol. 24(1), 135–142 (2006). [CrossRef]
3. I. Kang, C. Dorrer, L. Zhang, M. Rasras, L. Buhl, A. Bhardwaj, S. Cabot, M. Dinu, X. Liu, M. Cappuzzo, L. Gomez, A. Wong-Foy, Y. F. Chen, S. Patel, D. T. Neilson, J. Jaques, and C. R. Giles, “Regenerative all-optical wavelength conversion of 40 Gb/s DPSK signals using a SOA MZI,” in Proc. 31st European. Conf. Optical Communications (ECOC, Glasgow, UK, 2005), Th. 4.3.3.
4. P. Vorreau, A. Marculescu, J. Wang, G. Boettger, B. Sartorius, C. Bornholdt, J. Slovak, M. Schlak, Ch. Schmidt, S. Tsadka, W. Freude, and J. Leuthold, “Cascadability and regenerative properties of SOA all-optical DPSK wavelength converters,” IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett. 18(18), 1970–1972 (2006). [CrossRef]
5. P. Johannisson, G. Adolfsson, and M. Karlsson, “Suppression of phase error in differential phase-shift keying data by amplitude regeneration,” Opt. Lett. 31(10), 1385–1387 (2006). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
6. C. C. Wei and J. J. Chen, “Convergence of phase noise in DPSK transmission systems by novel phase noise averagers,” Opt. Express 14(21), 9584–9593 (2006). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
7. C. Koos, P. Vorreau, T. Vallaitis, P. Dumon, W. Bogaerts, R. Baets, B. Esembeson, I. Biaggio, T. Michinobu, F. Diederich, W. Freude, and J. Leuthold, “'All-optical high-speed signal processing with silicon–organic hybrid slot waveguides',” Nat. Photonics 3(4), 216–219 (2009). [CrossRef]
8. M. Matsumoto, “Regeneration of RZ-DPSK signals by fiber-based all-optical regenerators,” IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett. 17(5), 1055–1057 (2005). [CrossRef]
9. K. Croussore and G. Li, “Amplitude regeneration of RZ-DPSK signals based on four-wave mixing in fibre,” Electron. Lett. 43(3), 177–178 (2007). [CrossRef]
10. M. Matsumoto and H. Sakaguchi, “DPSK signal regeneration using a fiber-based amplitude regenerator,” Opt. Express 16(15), 11169–11175 (2008). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
11. K. Croussore and G. Li, “Phase and amplitude regeneration of differential phase-shift keyed signals using phase-sensitive amplification,” IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron. 14(3), 648–658 (2008). [CrossRef]
12. K. Croussore and G. Li, “Phase-regenerative wavelength conversion for BPSK and DPSK signals,” IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett. 21(2), 70–72 (2009). [CrossRef]
13. M. Suzuki, H. Tanaka, and Y. Matsushima, “InGaAsP electroabsorption modulator for high-bit-rate EDFA system,” IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett. 4(6), 586–588 (1992). [CrossRef]
14. C. H. Henry, “Theory of the linewidth of semiconductor lasers,” IEEE J. Quantum Electron. 18(2), 259–264 (1982). [CrossRef]
15. T. Otani, T. Miyazaki, and S. Yamamoto, “40-Gb/s optical 3R regenerator using electroabsorption modulators for optical networks,” J. Lightwave Technol. 20(2), 195–200 (2002). [CrossRef]
16. A. Bilenca, R. Alizon, V. Mikhelashvili, G. Eisenstein, R. Schwertberger, D. Gold, J. P. Reithmaier, and A. Forchel, “Broad-band wavelength conversion based on cross-gain modulation and four-wave mixing in InAs-InP quantum dash semiconductor optical amplifiers operating at 1550 nm,” IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett. 15(4), 563–565 (2003). [CrossRef]
17. T. Akiyama, M. Ekawa, M. Sugawara, K. Kawaguchi, H. Sudo, A. Kuramata, H. Ebe, and Y. Arakawa, “An ultrawide-band semiconductor optical amplifier having an extremely high penalty-free output power of 23 dBm achieved with quantum dots,” IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett. 17(8), 1614–1616 (2005). [CrossRef]
18. M. Laemmlin, G. Fiol, M. Kuntz, F. Hopfer, D. Bimberg, A. R. Kovsh, and N. N. Ledentsov, “Dynamical properties of quantum dot semiconductor optical amplifiers at 1.3 μm fiber-coupled to quantum dot mode-locked lasers,” in Conf. on Lasers and Electro-Optics (Long Beach, USA, 2006), CThGG2.
19. S. Schneider, P. Borri, W. Langbein, U. Woggon, R. L. Sellin, D. Ouyang, and D. Bimberg, “Linewidth enhancement factor in InGaAs quantum-dot amplifiers,” IEEE J. Quantum Electron. 40(10), 1423–1429 (2004). [CrossRef]
20. H. C. Wong, G. B. Ren, and J. M. Rorison, “Mode amplification in inhomogeneous QD semiconductor optical amplifiers,” Opt. Quantum Electron. 38(4-6), 395–409 (2006). [CrossRef]
21. T. Vallaitis, C. Koos, B.-A. Bolles, R. Bonk, W. Freude, M. Laemmlin, C. Meuer, D. Bimberg, and J. Leuthold, “Quantum dot semiconductor optical amplifier at 1.3μm for ultra-fast cross-gain modulation,” in Proc. 33rd European Conf. Opt. Commun. (ECOC, Berlin, Germany, 2007), We8.6.5.
22. R. Bonk, P. Vorreau, S. Sygletos, T. Vallaitis, J. Wang, W. Freude, J. Leuthold, and R. Brenot, G. H. Duan C. Meuer, S. Liebig, M. Laemmlin, D. Bimberg, “Performing cross-gain modulation with improved signal quality in an interferometric configuration,” in Proc. of OFC 2008 (San Diego, USA, 2008), JWA70.
23. R. Bonk, S. Sygletos, R. Brenot, T. Vallaitis, A. Marculescu, P. Vorreau, J. Li, W. Freude, F. Lelarge, G.-H. Duan, and J. Leuthold, “Optimum Filter for Wavelength Conversion with QD-SOA,”in Proc. of CLEO/IQEC (Baltimore, USA 2009), CMC6.
24. G. P. Agrawal, and N. K. Dutta, Semiconductor Lasers, (Reinhold, NewYork, 2nd Ed. 1993).
25. G. P. Agrawal, Nonlinear Fiber Optics, (Academic Press, San Diego, 3rd Ed. 2001).
26. V. G. Ta’eed, L. Fu, M. Pelusi, M. Rochette, I. C. Littler, D. J. Moss, and B. J. Eggleton, “Error free all optical wavelength conversion in highly nonlinear As-Se chalcogenide glass fiber,” Opt. Express 14(22), 10371–10376 (2006). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
27. J. Leuthold, B. Mikkelsen, G. Raybon, C. H. Joyner, J. L. Pleumeekers, B. I. Miller, K. Dreyer, and R. Behringer, “All-optical wavelength conversion between 10 and 100 Gb/s with SOA delayed-interference configuration,” Opt. Quantum Electron. 33(7/10), 939–952 (2001). [CrossRef]
28. J. Wang, A. Maitra, C. G. Poulton, W. Freude, and J. Leuthold, “Temporal dynamics of the alpha factor in semiconductor optical amplifiers,” J. Lightwave Technol. 25(3), 891–900 (2007). [CrossRef]
29. G. K. Grau, and W. Freude, Optische Nachrichtentechnik (Springer, Berlin, 1991).
30. K.-P. Ho, Phase-Modulated Optical Communication Systems (Springer, New York, 2005).

Electron. Lett.

• K. Croussore and G. Li, “Amplitude regeneration of RZ-DPSK signals based on four-wave mixing in fibre,” Electron. Lett. 43(3), 177–178 (2007). [CrossRef]

IEEE J. Quantum Electron.

• C. H. Henry, “Theory of the linewidth of semiconductor lasers,” IEEE J. Quantum Electron. 18(2), 259–264 (1982). [CrossRef]
• S. Schneider, P. Borri, W. Langbein, U. Woggon, R. L. Sellin, D. Ouyang, and D. Bimberg, “Linewidth enhancement factor in InGaAs quantum-dot amplifiers,” IEEE J. Quantum Electron. 40(10), 1423–1429 (2004). [CrossRef]

IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron.

• K. Croussore and G. Li, “Phase and amplitude regeneration of differential phase-shift keyed signals using phase-sensitive amplification,” IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron. 14(3), 648–658 (2008). [CrossRef]

IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett.

• K. Croussore and G. Li, “Phase-regenerative wavelength conversion for BPSK and DPSK signals,” IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett. 21(2), 70–72 (2009). [CrossRef]
• M. Suzuki, H. Tanaka, and Y. Matsushima, “InGaAsP electroabsorption modulator for high-bit-rate EDFA system,” IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett. 4(6), 586–588 (1992). [CrossRef]
• A. Bilenca, R. Alizon, V. Mikhelashvili, G. Eisenstein, R. Schwertberger, D. Gold, J. P. Reithmaier, and A. Forchel, “Broad-band wavelength conversion based on cross-gain modulation and four-wave mixing in InAs-InP quantum dash semiconductor optical amplifiers operating at 1550 nm,” IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett. 15(4), 563–565 (2003). [CrossRef]
• T. Akiyama, M. Ekawa, M. Sugawara, K. Kawaguchi, H. Sudo, A. Kuramata, H. Ebe, and Y. Arakawa, “An ultrawide-band semiconductor optical amplifier having an extremely high penalty-free output power of 23 dBm achieved with quantum dots,” IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett. 17(8), 1614–1616 (2005). [CrossRef]
• P. Vorreau, A. Marculescu, J. Wang, G. Boettger, B. Sartorius, C. Bornholdt, J. Slovak, M. Schlak, Ch. Schmidt, S. Tsadka, W. Freude, and J. Leuthold, “Cascadability and regenerative properties of SOA all-optical DPSK wavelength converters,” IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett. 18(18), 1970–1972 (2006). [CrossRef]
• M. Matsumoto, “Regeneration of RZ-DPSK signals by fiber-based all-optical regenerators,” IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett. 17(5), 1055–1057 (2005). [CrossRef]

J. Lightwave Technol.

• V. S. Grigoryan, M. Shin, P. Devgan, J. Lasri, and P. Kumar, “SOA-based regenerative amplification of phase-noise-degraded DPSK signals: dynamic analysis and demonstration,” J. Lightwave Technol. 24(1), 135–142 (2006). [CrossRef]
• T. Otani, T. Miyazaki, and S. Yamamoto, “40-Gb/s optical 3R regenerator using electroabsorption modulators for optical networks,” J. Lightwave Technol. 20(2), 195–200 (2002). [CrossRef]
• J. Wang, A. Maitra, C. G. Poulton, W. Freude, and J. Leuthold, “Temporal dynamics of the alpha factor in semiconductor optical amplifiers,” J. Lightwave Technol. 25(3), 891–900 (2007). [CrossRef]

Nat. Photonics

• C. Koos, P. Vorreau, T. Vallaitis, P. Dumon, W. Bogaerts, R. Baets, B. Esembeson, I. Biaggio, T. Michinobu, F. Diederich, W. Freude, and J. Leuthold, “'All-optical high-speed signal processing with silicon–organic hybrid slot waveguides',” Nat. Photonics 3(4), 216–219 (2009). [CrossRef]

Opt. Express

• C. C. Wei and J. J. Chen, “Convergence of phase noise in DPSK transmission systems by novel phase noise averagers,” Opt. Express 14(21), 9584–9593 (2006). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
• M. Matsumoto and H. Sakaguchi, “DPSK signal regeneration using a fiber-based amplitude regenerator,” Opt. Express 16(15), 11169–11175 (2008). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
• V. G. Ta’eed, L. Fu, M. Pelusi, M. Rochette, I. C. Littler, D. J. Moss, and B. J. Eggleton, “Error free all optical wavelength conversion in highly nonlinear As-Se chalcogenide glass fiber,” Opt. Express 14(22), 10371–10376 (2006). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

Opt. Lett.

• P. Johannisson, G. Adolfsson, and M. Karlsson, “Suppression of phase error in differential phase-shift keying data by amplitude regeneration,” Opt. Lett. 31(10), 1385–1387 (2006). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

Opt. Quantum Electron.

• J. Leuthold, B. Mikkelsen, G. Raybon, C. H. Joyner, J. L. Pleumeekers, B. I. Miller, K. Dreyer, and R. Behringer, “All-optical wavelength conversion between 10 and 100 Gb/s with SOA delayed-interference configuration,” Opt. Quantum Electron. 33(7/10), 939–952 (2001). [CrossRef]
• H. C. Wong, G. B. Ren, and J. M. Rorison, “Mode amplification in inhomogeneous QD semiconductor optical amplifiers,” Opt. Quantum Electron. 38(4-6), 395–409 (2006). [CrossRef]

Other

• T. Vallaitis, C. Koos, B.-A. Bolles, R. Bonk, W. Freude, M. Laemmlin, C. Meuer, D. Bimberg, and J. Leuthold, “Quantum dot semiconductor optical amplifier at 1.3μm for ultra-fast cross-gain modulation,” in Proc. 33rd European Conf. Opt. Commun. (ECOC, Berlin, Germany, 2007), We8.6.5.
• R. Bonk, P. Vorreau, S. Sygletos, T. Vallaitis, J. Wang, W. Freude, J. Leuthold, and R. Brenot, G. H. Duan C. Meuer, S. Liebig, M. Laemmlin, D. Bimberg, “Performing cross-gain modulation with improved signal quality in an interferometric configuration,” in Proc. of OFC 2008 (San Diego, USA, 2008), JWA70.
• R. Bonk, S. Sygletos, R. Brenot, T. Vallaitis, A. Marculescu, P. Vorreau, J. Li, W. Freude, F. Lelarge, G.-H. Duan, and J. Leuthold, “Optimum Filter for Wavelength Conversion with QD-SOA,”in Proc. of CLEO/IQEC (Baltimore, USA 2009), CMC6.
• G. P. Agrawal, and N. K. Dutta, Semiconductor Lasers, (Reinhold, NewYork, 2nd Ed. 1993).
• G. P. Agrawal, Nonlinear Fiber Optics, (Academic Press, San Diego, 3rd Ed. 2001).
• G. K. Grau, and W. Freude, Optische Nachrichtentechnik (Springer, Berlin, 1991).
• K.-P. Ho, Phase-Modulated Optical Communication Systems (Springer, New York, 2005).
• I. Kang, C. Dorrer, L. Zhang, M. Rasras, L. Buhl, A. Bhardwaj, S. Cabot, M. Dinu, X. Liu, M. Cappuzzo, L. Gomez, A. Wong-Foy, Y. F. Chen, S. Patel, D. T. Neilson, J. Jaques, and C. R. Giles, “Regenerative all-optical wavelength conversion of 40 Gb/s DPSK signals using a SOA MZI,” in Proc. 31st European. Conf. Optical Communications (ECOC, Glasgow, UK, 2005), Th. 4.3.3.
• A. Gnauck, G. Raybon, S. Chandrasekhar, J. Leuthold, C. Doerr, L. Stulz, A. Agarwal, S. Banerjee, D. Grosz, S. Hunsche, A. Kung, A. Marhelyuk, D. Maywar, M. Movassghi, X. Liu, C. Xu, X. Wei, and D. M. Gill, “2.5 Tb/s (64×42.7 Gb/s) transmission over 40×100 km NZDSF using RZ-DPSK format and all-Raman-amplified spans,” in Technical Digest of OFC 2002, (Anaheim, USA, 2002), FC2.1–FC2.3.
• M. Laemmlin, G. Fiol, M. Kuntz, F. Hopfer, D. Bimberg, A. R. Kovsh, and N. N. Ledentsov, “Dynamical properties of quantum dot semiconductor optical amplifiers at 1.3 μm fiber-coupled to quantum dot mode-locked lasers,” in Conf. on Lasers and Electro-Optics (Long Beach, USA, 2006), CThGG2.

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