Thermal lens study in diode pumped Ng- and Np-cut Nd:KGd(WO<sub>4</sub>)<sub>2</sub> laser crystals

doi:10.1364/OE.17.023536

Thermal lens study in diode pumped Ng- and Np-cut Nd:KGd(WO₄)₂ laser crystals

P. A. Loiko, K. V. Yumashev, N. V. Kuleshov, V. G. Savitski, S. Calvez, D. Burns, and A. A. Pavlyuk »View Author Affiliations

Optics Express, Vol. 17, Issue 26, pp. 23536-23543 (2009)
http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/OE.17.023536

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Abstract

A comparative study of thermal lensing effect in diode laser pumped N_g - and N_p -cut Nd:KGd(WO₄)₂ (KGW) laser crystals was performed for laser emission polarized along the principle refractive axis, N_m . The thermal lens in the N_g -cut Nd: KGW was found to be weakly astigmatic with a positive refractive power for both the N_m - and N_p -directions. For N_p -cut Nd:KGW, strong astigmatism was observed and the refractive powers in the N_g - and N_m -directions had opposing signs. The degree of astigmatism was found to be considerably weaker for the N_g -cut Nd:KGW in comparison with the N_p -cut one: 0.35 dptr/(W/cm²) and 2.85 dptr/(W/cm²), respectively. The ratio of the thermal lens refractive powers in the planes parallel and perpendicular to the laser emission polarisation were measured as + 1.4 and −0.425 for N_g - and N_p -cut Nd:KGW respectively.

OCIS Codes
(140.3480) Lasers and laser optics : Lasers, diode-pumped
(140.3530) Lasers and laser optics : Lasers, neodymium
(140.6810) Lasers and laser optics : Thermal effects

ToC Category:
Lasers and Laser Optics

History
Original Manuscript: October 12, 2009
Revised Manuscript: November 12, 2009
Manuscript Accepted: November 12, 2009
Published: December 8, 2009

Citation
P. A. Loiko, K. V. Yumashev, N. V. Kuleshov, V. G. Savitski, S. Calvez, D. Burns, and A. A. Pavlyuk, "Thermal lens study in diode pumped Ng- and Np-cut Nd:KGd(WO₄)₂ laser crystals," Opt. Express 17, 23536-23543 (2009)
http://www.opticsinfobase.org/oe/abstract.cfm?URI=oe-17-26-23536

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References

A. A. Kaminskii, A. A. Pavlyuk, P. V. Klevtsov, I. F. Balashov, V. A. Berenberg, S. E. Sarldsov, and V. A. Fedorov, “M. V. Petrov and V. V. Lyubchenko, “Stimulated radiation of monoclinic crystals of KY(WO4)2 and KGd(WO4)2 with Ln3+ ions,” Izv. Akad. Nauk SSSR,” Ser. Neorgan. Mater. 13, 582 (1977).
A. A. Kaminskiĭ, A. I. Bodretsova, A. G. Petrosyan, and A. A. Pavlyuk, “New quasi-cw pyrotechnically pumped crystal lasers,” Sov. J. Quantum Electron. 13(7), 975–976 (1983). [CrossRef]
A. A. Kaminskiĭ, H. R. Verdún, W. Koechner, F. A. Kuznetsov, and A. A. Pavlyuk, “Efficient single-mode cw lasers based on monoclinic double potassium-(rare earth) tungstenate crystals containing Nd3+ ions with semiconductor-laser pumping,” Sov,” J Quantum Electron. 22(10), 875–877 (1992). [CrossRef]
J. Findeisen, H. J. Eichler, and A. A. Kaminskii, “Efficient Picosecond Pb(WO4)2 and Two-Wavelength KGd(WO4)2 Raman Lasers in the IR and Visible,” IEEE J. Quantum Electron. 35(2), 173–178 (1999). [CrossRef]
A. A. Kaminskii, J. B. Gruber, S. N. Bagaev, K. Ueda, U. Hommerich, J. T. Seo, D. Temple, B. Zandi, A. A. Kornienko, E. B. Dunina, A. A. Pavlyuk, R. F. Klevtsova, and F. A. Kuznetsov, “Optical spectroscopy and visible stimulated emission of Dy3+ ions in monoclinic α-KY(WO4)2 and α-KGd(WO4)2 crystals,” Phys. Rev. B 65(12), 125108 (2002). [CrossRef]
O. Musset and J. P. Boquillon, “Comparative laser study of Nd:KGW and Nd:YAG near 1.3 μm,” Appl. Phys. B 64(4), 503–506 (1997). [CrossRef]
N. S. Ustimenko and A. V. Gulin, “New self-frequency converted Nd3+:KGd(WO4)2 Raman lasers,” Quantum Electron. 32(3), 229–231 (2002) (REMOVED HYPERLINK FIELD). [CrossRef]
H. Jianhong, L. Jipeng, S. Rongbing, L. Jinghui, Z. Hui, X. Canhua, S. Fei, L. Zongzhi, Z. Jian, Z. Wenrong, and L. Wenxiong, “Short pulse eye-safe laser with a stimulated Raman scattering self-conversion based on a Nd:KGW crystal,” Opt. Lett. 32(9), 1096–1098 (2007). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
T. T. Basiev, “New crystals for Raman lasers,” Phys. Solid State 47(8), 1400–1405 (2005). [CrossRef]
D. Sakaizawa, C. Nagasawa, T. Nagai, M. Abo, Y. Shibata, and M. Nakazato, “Stimulated Raman Scattering Laser Oscillation around 1.6μm Carbon Dioxide Absorption Line,” Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 47(3), 1612–1614 (2008). [CrossRef]
A. A. Demidovich, A. P. Shkadarevich, M. B. Danailov, P. Apai, T. Gasmi, V. P. Gribkovskii, A. N. Kuzmin, G. I. Ryabtsev, and L. E. Batay, “Comparison of cw laser performance of Nd:KGW, Nd:YAG, Nd:BEL, and Nd:YVO4 under laser diode pumping,” Appl. Phys. B 67(1), 11–15 (1998). [CrossRef]
W. Lubeigt, M. Griffith, L. Laycock, and D. Burns, “Reduction of the time-to-full-brightness in solid-state lasers using intra-cavity adaptive optics,” Opt. Express 17(14), 12057–12069 (2009). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
I. V. Mochalov, “Laser and nonlinear properties of the potassium gadolinium tungstate laser crystal KGd(WO4)2:Nd3+-(KGW:Nd),” Opt. Eng. 36(6), 1660–1669 (1997). [CrossRef]
V. V. Filippov, N. V. Kuleshov, and I. T. Bodnar, “Negative thermo-optical coefficients and athermal directions in monoclinic KGd(WO4)2 and KY(WO4)2 laser host crystals in the visible region,” Appl. Phys. B 87(4), 611–614 (2007). [CrossRef]
S. Biswal, S. P. O’Connor, and S. R. Bowman, “Thermo-optical parameters measured in ytterbium-doped potassium gadolinium tungstate,” Appl. Opt. 44(15), 3093–3097 (2005). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
K. V. Yumashev, V. G. Savitski, N. V. Kuleshov, A. A. Pavlyuk, D. D. Molotkov, and A. L. Protasenya, “Laser performance of Ng-cut flash-lamp pumped Nd:KGW at high repetition rates,” Appl. Phys. B 89(1), 39–43 (2007). [CrossRef]
F. Hoos, S. Li, T. P. Meyrath, B. Braun, and H. Giessen, “Thermal lensing in an end-pumped Yb:KGW slab laser with high power single emitter diodes,” Opt. Express 16(9), 6041–6049 (2008). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
W. Koechner, Solid-state laser engineering (Springer, New York 2006).
S. Agarwal, D. J. Apple, L. Buratto, J. L. Alio, S. K. Pandey, and A. Agarwal, Textbook of Ophthalmology, vol.1 (Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers (P) Ltd, New Delhi, 2002).
A. A. Pavlyuk, Y. V. Vasiliev, L. Y. Kharchenko, and F. A. Kuznetsov, Proceedings of the APSAM-92, Asia Pacific Society for Advanced Materials, Shanghai, 26–29 April 1992 (1993), pp. 164–171.
M. C. Pujol, M. Sol’e, J. Massons, J. Gavaldà, X. Solans, C. Zaldo, F. Díaz, M. Aguiló, J. Gavaldà, X. Solans, C. Zaldo, F. D’ıaz, and M. Aguil’o, “Structural study of monoclinic KGd(WO4)2 and effects of lanthanide substitution,” J. Appl. Cryst. 34(1), 1–6 (2001). [CrossRef]
N. Hodgson, and H. Weber, Optical resonators: fundamentals, advanced concepts and applications (Springer, London 1997).
J. E. Hellström, S. Bjurshagen, V. Pasiskevicius, J. Liu, V. Petrov, and U. Griebner, “Efficient Yb:KGW lasers end-pumped by high-power diode bars,” Appl. Phys. B 83(2), 235–239 (2006). [CrossRef]
M. Shimosegawa, T. Omatsu, A. Hasegawa, M. Tateta, and I. Ogura, “Transient thermal lensing measurement in a laser diode pumped NdxY1−xAl3(BO3)4 laser using a holographic shearing interferometer,” Opt. Commun. 140(4-6), 237–241 (1997). [CrossRef]
M. C. Pujol, M. Rico, C. Zaldo, M. Sol’e, V. Nikolov, X. Solans, F. M. Aguil’o, and F. Díaz, “D’ıaz, “Crystalline structure and optical spectroscopy of Er3+-doped KGd(WO4)2 single crystals,” Appl. Phys. B 68(2), 187–197 (1999). [CrossRef]

Abo, M.
Aguil’o, F. M.
Aguil’o, M.
Aguiló, M.
Apai, P.
Bagaev, S. N.
Balashov, I. F.
Basiev, T. T.
Batay, L. E.
Berenberg, V. A.
Biswal, S.
Bjurshagen, S.
Bodnar, I. T.
Bodretsova, A. I.
Boquillon, J. P.
Bowman, S. R.
Braun, B.
Burns, D.
Canhua, X.
D’iaz, F.
Danailov, M. B.
Demidovich, A. A.
Díaz, F.
Dunina, E. B.
Eichler, H. J.
Fedorov, V. A.
Fei, S.
Filippov, V. V.
Findeisen, J.
Gasmi, T.
Gavaldà, J.
Giessen, H.
Gribkovskii, V. P.
Griebner, U.
Griffith, M.
Gruber, J. B.
Gulin, A. V.
Hasegawa, A.
Hellström, J. E.
Hommerich, U.
Hoos, F.
Hui, Z.
Jian, Z.
Jianhong, H.
Jinghui, L.
Jipeng, L.
Kaminskii, A. A.
Klevtsov, P. V.
Klevtsova, R. F.
Koechner, W.
Kornienko, A. A.
Kuleshov, N. V.
Kuzmin, A. N.
Kuznetsov, F. A.
Laycock, L.
Li, S.
Liu, J.
Lubeigt, W.
Massons, J.
Meyrath, T. P.
Mochalov, I. V.
Molotkov, D. D.
Musset, O.
Nagai, T.
Nagasawa, C.
Nakazato, M.
Nikolov, V.
O’Connor, S. P.
Ogura, I.
Omatsu, T.
Pasiskevicius, V.
Pavlyuk, A. A.
Petrosyan, A. G.
Petrov, V.
Protasenya, A. L.
Pujol, M. C.
Rico, M.
Rongbing, S.
Ryabtsev, G. I.
Sakaizawa, D.
Sarldsov, S. E.
Savitski, V. G.
Seo, J. T.
Shibata, Y.
Shimosegawa, M.
Shkadarevich, A. P.
Sol’e, M.
Solans, X.
Tateta, M.
Temple, D.
Ueda, K.
Ustimenko, N. S.
Verdún, H. R.
Wenrong, Z.
Wenxiong, L.
Yumashev, K. V.
Zaldo, C.
Zandi, B.
Zongzhi, L.

Appl. Opt.

S. Biswal, S. P. O’Connor, and S. R. Bowman, “Thermo-optical parameters measured in ytterbium-doped potassium gadolinium tungstate,” Appl. Opt. 44(15), 3093–3097 (2005). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

Appl. Phys. B

K. V. Yumashev, V. G. Savitski, N. V. Kuleshov, A. A. Pavlyuk, D. D. Molotkov, and A. L. Protasenya, “Laser performance of Ng-cut flash-lamp pumped Nd:KGW at high repetition rates,” Appl. Phys. B 89(1), 39–43 (2007). [CrossRef]
A. A. Demidovich, A. P. Shkadarevich, M. B. Danailov, P. Apai, T. Gasmi, V. P. Gribkovskii, A. N. Kuzmin, G. I. Ryabtsev, and L. E. Batay, “Comparison of cw laser performance of Nd:KGW, Nd:YAG, Nd:BEL, and Nd:YVO4 under laser diode pumping,” Appl. Phys. B 67(1), 11–15 (1998). [CrossRef]
O. Musset and J. P. Boquillon, “Comparative laser study of Nd:KGW and Nd:YAG near 1.3 μm,” Appl. Phys. B 64(4), 503–506 (1997). [CrossRef]
V. V. Filippov, N. V. Kuleshov, and I. T. Bodnar, “Negative thermo-optical coefficients and athermal directions in monoclinic KGd(WO4)2 and KY(WO4)2 laser host crystals in the visible region,” Appl. Phys. B 87(4), 611–614 (2007). [CrossRef]
J. E. Hellström, S. Bjurshagen, V. Pasiskevicius, J. Liu, V. Petrov, and U. Griebner, “Efficient Yb:KGW lasers end-pumped by high-power diode bars,” Appl. Phys. B 83(2), 235–239 (2006). [CrossRef]
M. C. Pujol, M. Rico, C. Zaldo, M. Sol’e, V. Nikolov, X. Solans, F. M. Aguil’o, and F. Díaz, “D’ıaz, “Crystalline structure and optical spectroscopy of Er3+-doped KGd(WO4)2 single crystals,” Appl. Phys. B 68(2), 187–197 (1999). [CrossRef]

IEEE J. Quantum Electron.

J. Findeisen, H. J. Eichler, and A. A. Kaminskii, “Efficient Picosecond Pb(WO4)2 and Two-Wavelength KGd(WO4)2 Raman Lasers in the IR and Visible,” IEEE J. Quantum Electron. 35(2), 173–178 (1999). [CrossRef]

J Quantum Electron.

A. A. Kaminskiĭ, H. R. Verdún, W. Koechner, F. A. Kuznetsov, and A. A. Pavlyuk, “Efficient single-mode cw lasers based on monoclinic double potassium-(rare earth) tungstenate crystals containing Nd3+ ions with semiconductor-laser pumping,” Sov,” J Quantum Electron. 22(10), 875–877 (1992). [CrossRef]

J. Appl. Cryst.

M. C. Pujol, M. Sol’e, J. Massons, J. Gavaldà, X. Solans, C. Zaldo, F. Díaz, M. Aguiló, J. Gavaldà, X. Solans, C. Zaldo, F. D’ıaz, and M. Aguil’o, “Structural study of monoclinic KGd(WO4)2 and effects of lanthanide substitution,” J. Appl. Cryst. 34(1), 1–6 (2001). [CrossRef]

Jpn. J. Appl. Phys.

D. Sakaizawa, C. Nagasawa, T. Nagai, M. Abo, Y. Shibata, and M. Nakazato, “Stimulated Raman Scattering Laser Oscillation around 1.6μm Carbon Dioxide Absorption Line,” Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 47(3), 1612–1614 (2008). [CrossRef]

Opt. Commun.

M. Shimosegawa, T. Omatsu, A. Hasegawa, M. Tateta, and I. Ogura, “Transient thermal lensing measurement in a laser diode pumped NdxY1−xAl3(BO3)4 laser using a holographic shearing interferometer,” Opt. Commun. 140(4-6), 237–241 (1997). [CrossRef]

Opt. Eng.

I. V. Mochalov, “Laser and nonlinear properties of the potassium gadolinium tungstate laser crystal KGd(WO4)2:Nd3+-(KGW:Nd),” Opt. Eng. 36(6), 1660–1669 (1997). [CrossRef]

Opt. Express

Opt. Lett.

H. Jianhong, L. Jipeng, S. Rongbing, L. Jinghui, Z. Hui, X. Canhua, S. Fei, L. Zongzhi, Z. Jian, Z. Wenrong, and L. Wenxiong, “Short pulse eye-safe laser with a stimulated Raman scattering self-conversion based on a Nd:KGW crystal,” Opt. Lett. 32(9), 1096–1098 (2007). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

Phys. Rev. B

A. A. Kaminskii, J. B. Gruber, S. N. Bagaev, K. Ueda, U. Hommerich, J. T. Seo, D. Temple, B. Zandi, A. A. Kornienko, E. B. Dunina, A. A. Pavlyuk, R. F. Klevtsova, and F. A. Kuznetsov, “Optical spectroscopy and visible stimulated emission of Dy3+ ions in monoclinic α-KY(WO4)2 and α-KGd(WO4)2 crystals,” Phys. Rev. B 65(12), 125108 (2002). [CrossRef]

Phys. Solid State

T. T. Basiev, “New crystals for Raman lasers,” Phys. Solid State 47(8), 1400–1405 (2005). [CrossRef]

Quantum Electron.

N. S. Ustimenko and A. V. Gulin, “New self-frequency converted Nd3+:KGd(WO4)2 Raman lasers,” Quantum Electron. 32(3), 229–231 (2002) (REMOVED HYPERLINK FIELD). [CrossRef]

Ser. Neorgan. Mater.

A. A. Kaminskii, A. A. Pavlyuk, P. V. Klevtsov, I. F. Balashov, V. A. Berenberg, S. E. Sarldsov, and V. A. Fedorov, “M. V. Petrov and V. V. Lyubchenko, “Stimulated radiation of monoclinic crystals of KY(WO4)2 and KGd(WO4)2 with Ln3+ ions,” Izv. Akad. Nauk SSSR,” Ser. Neorgan. Mater. 13, 582 (1977).

Sov. J. Quantum Electron.

A. A. Kaminskiĭ, A. I. Bodretsova, A. G. Petrosyan, and A. A. Pavlyuk, “New quasi-cw pyrotechnically pumped crystal lasers,” Sov. J. Quantum Electron. 13(7), 975–976 (1983). [CrossRef]

Other

W. Koechner, Solid-state laser engineering (Springer, New York 2006).
S. Agarwal, D. J. Apple, L. Buratto, J. L. Alio, S. K. Pandey, and A. Agarwal, Textbook of Ophthalmology, vol.1 (Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers (P) Ltd, New Delhi, 2002).
A. A. Pavlyuk, Y. V. Vasiliev, L. Y. Kharchenko, and F. A. Kuznetsov, Proceedings of the APSAM-92, Asia Pacific Society for Advanced Materials, Shanghai, 26–29 April 1992 (1993), pp. 164–171.
N. Hodgson, and H. Weber, Optical resonators: fundamentals, advanced concepts and applications (Springer, London 1997).

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[1] A. A. Kaminskii, A. A. Pavlyuk, P. V. Klevtsov, I. F. Balashov, V. A. Berenberg, S. E. Sarldsov, and V. A. Fedorov, “M. V. Petrov and V. V. Lyubchenko, “Stimulated radiation of monoclinic crystals of KY(WO4)2 and KGd(WO4)2 with Ln3+ ions,” Izv. Akad. Nauk SSSR,” Ser. Neorgan. Mater. 13, 582 (1977).

[2] A. A. Kaminskiĭ, A. I. Bodretsova, A. G. Petrosyan, and A. A. Pavlyuk, “New quasi-cw pyrotechnically pumped crystal lasers,” Sov. J. Quantum Electron. 13(7), 975–976 (1983). [CrossRef]

[3] A. A. Kaminskiĭ, H. R. Verdún, W. Koechner, F. A. Kuznetsov, and A. A. Pavlyuk, “Efficient single-mode cw lasers based on monoclinic double potassium-(rare earth) tungstenate crystals containing Nd3+ ions with semiconductor-laser pumping,” Sov,” J Quantum Electron. 22(10), 875–877 (1992). [CrossRef]

[4] J. Findeisen, H. J. Eichler, and A. A. Kaminskii, “Efficient Picosecond Pb(WO4)2 and Two-Wavelength KGd(WO4)2 Raman Lasers in the IR and Visible,” IEEE J. Quantum Electron. 35(2), 173–178 (1999). [CrossRef]

[5] A. A. Kaminskii, J. B. Gruber, S. N. Bagaev, K. Ueda, U. Hommerich, J. T. Seo, D. Temple, B. Zandi, A. A. Kornienko, E. B. Dunina, A. A. Pavlyuk, R. F. Klevtsova, and F. A. Kuznetsov, “Optical spectroscopy and visible stimulated emission of Dy3+ ions in monoclinic α-KY(WO4)2 and α-KGd(WO4)2 crystals,” Phys. Rev. B 65(12), 125108 (2002). [CrossRef]

[6] O. Musset and J. P. Boquillon, “Comparative laser study of Nd:KGW and Nd:YAG near 1.3 μm,” Appl. Phys. B 64(4), 503–506 (1997). [CrossRef]

[7] N. S. Ustimenko and A. V. Gulin, “New self-frequency converted Nd3+:KGd(WO4)2 Raman lasers,” Quantum Electron. 32(3), 229–231 (2002) (REMOVED HYPERLINK FIELD). [CrossRef]

[8] H. Jianhong, L. Jipeng, S. Rongbing, L. Jinghui, Z. Hui, X. Canhua, S. Fei, L. Zongzhi, Z. Jian, Z. Wenrong, and L. Wenxiong, “Short pulse eye-safe laser with a stimulated Raman scattering self-conversion based on a Nd:KGW crystal,” Opt. Lett. 32(9), 1096–1098 (2007). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

[9] T. T. Basiev, “New crystals for Raman lasers,” Phys. Solid State 47(8), 1400–1405 (2005). [CrossRef]

[10] D. Sakaizawa, C. Nagasawa, T. Nagai, M. Abo, Y. Shibata, and M. Nakazato, “Stimulated Raman Scattering Laser Oscillation around 1.6μm Carbon Dioxide Absorption Line,” Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 47(3), 1612–1614 (2008). [CrossRef]

[11] A. A. Demidovich, A. P. Shkadarevich, M. B. Danailov, P. Apai, T. Gasmi, V. P. Gribkovskii, A. N. Kuzmin, G. I. Ryabtsev, and L. E. Batay, “Comparison of cw laser performance of Nd:KGW, Nd:YAG, Nd:BEL, and Nd:YVO4 under laser diode pumping,” Appl. Phys. B 67(1), 11–15 (1998). [CrossRef]

[12] W. Lubeigt, M. Griffith, L. Laycock, and D. Burns, “Reduction of the time-to-full-brightness in solid-state lasers using intra-cavity adaptive optics,” Opt. Express 17(14), 12057–12069 (2009). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

[13] I. V. Mochalov, “Laser and nonlinear properties of the potassium gadolinium tungstate laser crystal KGd(WO4)2:Nd3+-(KGW:Nd),” Opt. Eng. 36(6), 1660–1669 (1997). [CrossRef]

[14] V. V. Filippov, N. V. Kuleshov, and I. T. Bodnar, “Negative thermo-optical coefficients and athermal directions in monoclinic KGd(WO4)2 and KY(WO4)2 laser host crystals in the visible region,” Appl. Phys. B 87(4), 611–614 (2007). [CrossRef]

[15] S. Biswal, S. P. O’Connor, and S. R. Bowman, “Thermo-optical parameters measured in ytterbium-doped potassium gadolinium tungstate,” Appl. Opt. 44(15), 3093–3097 (2005). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

[16] K. V. Yumashev, V. G. Savitski, N. V. Kuleshov, A. A. Pavlyuk, D. D. Molotkov, and A. L. Protasenya, “Laser performance of Ng-cut flash-lamp pumped Nd:KGW at high repetition rates,” Appl. Phys. B 89(1), 39–43 (2007). [CrossRef]

[17] F. Hoos, S. Li, T. P. Meyrath, B. Braun, and H. Giessen, “Thermal lensing in an end-pumped Yb:KGW slab laser with high power single emitter diodes,” Opt. Express 16(9), 6041–6049 (2008). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

[18] W. Koechner, Solid-state laser engineering (Springer, New York 2006).

[19] S. Agarwal, D. J. Apple, L. Buratto, J. L. Alio, S. K. Pandey, and A. Agarwal, Textbook of Ophthalmology, vol.1 (Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers (P) Ltd, New Delhi, 2002).

[20] A. A. Pavlyuk, Y. V. Vasiliev, L. Y. Kharchenko, and F. A. Kuznetsov, Proceedings of the APSAM-92, Asia Pacific Society for Advanced Materials, Shanghai, 26–29 April 1992 (1993), pp. 164–171.

[21] M. C. Pujol, M. Sol’e, J. Massons, J. Gavaldà, X. Solans, C. Zaldo, F. Díaz, M. Aguiló, J. Gavaldà, X. Solans, C. Zaldo, F. D’ıaz, and M. Aguil’o, “Structural study of monoclinic KGd(WO4)2 and effects of lanthanide substitution,” J. Appl. Cryst. 34(1), 1–6 (2001). [CrossRef]

[22] N. Hodgson, and H. Weber, Optical resonators: fundamentals, advanced concepts and applications (Springer, London 1997).

[23] J. E. Hellström, S. Bjurshagen, V. Pasiskevicius, J. Liu, V. Petrov, and U. Griebner, “Efficient Yb:KGW lasers end-pumped by high-power diode bars,” Appl. Phys. B 83(2), 235–239 (2006). [CrossRef]

[24] M. Shimosegawa, T. Omatsu, A. Hasegawa, M. Tateta, and I. Ogura, “Transient thermal lensing measurement in a laser diode pumped NdxY1−xAl3(BO3)4 laser using a holographic shearing interferometer,” Opt. Commun. 140(4-6), 237–241 (1997). [CrossRef]

[25] M. C. Pujol, M. Rico, C. Zaldo, M. Sol’e, V. Nikolov, X. Solans, F. M. Aguil’o, and F. Díaz, “D’ıaz, “Crystalline structure and optical spectroscopy of Er3+-doped KGd(WO4)2 single crystals,” Appl. Phys. B 68(2), 187–197 (1999). [CrossRef]

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Thermal lens study in diode pumped Ng- and Np-cut Nd:KGd(WO4)2 laser crystals