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Ultrafast carrier kinetics in exfoliated graphene and thin graphite films
Ryan W. Newson, Jesse Dean, Ben Schmidt, and Henry M. van Driel »View Author Affiliations
Ryan W. Newson,*
Jesse Dean,
Ben Schmidt,
and Henry M. van Driel
Department of Physics and Institute for Optical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada, M5S 1A7
*Corresponding author: rnewson@physics.utoronto.ca
Optics Express, Vol. 17, Issue 4, pp. 2326-2333 (2009)
http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/OE.17.002326
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Abstract
Time-resolved transmissivity and reflectivity of exfoliated graphene and thin graphite films on a 295 K SiO2/Si substrate are measured at 1300 nm following excitation by 150 fs, 800 nm pump pulses. From the extracted transient optical conductivity we identify a fast recovery time constant which increases from ~200 to 300 fs and a longer one which increases from 2.5 to 5 ps as the number of atomic layers increases from 1 to ~260. We attribute the temporal recovery to carrier cooling and recombination with the layer dependence related to substrate coupling. Results are compared with related measurements for epitaxial, multilayer graphene.
© 2009 Optical Society of America
OCIS Codes
(320.7130) Ultrafast optics : Ultrafast processes in condensed matter, including semiconductors
(160.4236) Materials : Nanomaterials
ToC Category:
Ultrafast Optics
History
Original Manuscript: December 15, 2008
Revised Manuscript: January 30, 2009
Manuscript Accepted: February 3, 2009
Published: February 5, 2009
Citation
Ryan W. Newson, Jesse Dean, Ben Schmidt, and Henry M. van Driel, "Ultrafast carrier kinetics in exfoliated graphene and thin graphite films," Opt. Express 17, 2326-2333 (2009)
http://www.opticsinfobase.org/oe/abstract.cfm?URI=oe-17-4-2326
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- K. Seibert, G. C. Cho, W. Kütt, H. Kurz, D. H. Reitze, J. I. Dadap, H. Ahn, and M. C. Downer, "Femtosecond carrier dynamics in graphite," Phys. Rev. B, 42, 2842-2851 (1990). [CrossRef]
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- D. S. L. Abergel, A. Russell, and V. I. Fal'ko, "Visibility of graphene flakes on a dielectric susbstrate," Appl. Phys. Lett. 91, 063125 (2007). [CrossRef]
- J. Hass, R. Feng, J. E. Millán-Otoya, X. Li, M. Sprinkle, P. N. First, W. A. de Heer, E. H. Conrad, and C. Berger, "Structural properties of the multilayer graphene/4H-SiC(0001 ) system as determined by surface x-ray diffraction," Phys. Rev. B 75, 214109 (2007). [CrossRef]
- C. Berger, Z. M. Song, T. B. Li, A. Y. Ogbazghi, R. Feng, Z. T. Dai, A. N. Marchenkov, E. H. Conrad, P. N. First, and W. A. de Heer, "Ultrathin epitaxial graphite: 2D electronic gas properties and a route toward graphene-based nanoelectronics," J. Phys. Chem. B 108, 19912-19916 (2004). [CrossRef]
- A. C. Ferrari, J. C. Meyer, V. Scardaci, C. Casiraghi, M. Lazzeri, F. Mauri, S. Piscanec, D. Jiang, K. S. Novoselov, S. Roth, and A. K. Geim, "Raman spectrum of graphene and graphene layers," Phys. Rev. Lett. 97, 187401 (2006). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- K. S. Novoselov, A. K. Geim, S. V. Morozov, D. Jiang, Y. Zhang, S. V. Dubonos, I. V. Grigorieva, and A. A. Firsov, "Electric field effect in atomically thin carbon films," Science 306, 666-669 (2004). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- J. Hass, F. Varchon, J. E. Millán-Otoya, M. Sprinkle, N. Sharma, W. A. de Heer, C. Berger, P. N. First, L. Magaud, and E. H. Conrad, "Why multilayer graphene on 4H-SiC(0001 ) behaves like a single sheet of graphene," Phys. Rev. Lett. 100, 125504 (2008). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- D. Sun, Z.-K. Wu, C. Divin, X. B. Li, C. Berger, W. A. de Heer, P. N. First, and T. B. Norris, "Ultrafast relaxation of excited Dirac fermions in epitaxial graphene using optical differential transmission spectroscopy," Phys. Rev. Lett. 101, 157402 (2008). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- W. A. de Heer, C. Berger, X. S. Wu, P. N. First, E. H. Conrad, X. B. Li, T. B. Li, M. Sprinkle, J. Hass, M. L. Sadowski, M. Potemski, and G. Martinez, "Epitaxial graphene," Solid State Commun. 143, 92-100 (2007). [CrossRef]
- J. Hass, R. Feng, J. E. Millán-Otoya, X. Li, M. Sprinkle, P. N. First, W. A. de Heer, E. H. Conrad, and C. Berger, "Structural properties of the multilayer graphene/4H-SiC(0001 ) system as determined by surface x-ray diffraction," Phys. Rev. B 75, 214109 (2007). [CrossRef]
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- K. S. Novoselov, A. K. Geim, S. V. Morozov, D. Jiang, Y. Zhang, S. V. Dubonos, I. V. Grigorieva, and A. A. Firsov, "Electric field effect in atomically thin carbon films," Science 306, 666-669 (2004). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Y. B. Zhang, Y.-W. Tan, H. L. Stormer, and P. Kim, "Experimental observation of the quantum Hall effect and Berry’s phase in graphene," Nature 438, 201-204 (2005). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Appl. Opt.
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IEEE Trans. Nanotechnol.
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J. Phys. Chem. B
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Nat. Mater.
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Nature
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Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys.
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Phys. Rev. B
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Phys. Rev. Lett.
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- K. F. Mak, M. Y. Sfeir, Y. Wu, C. H. Lui, J. A. Misewich, and T. F. Heinz, "Measurement of the Optical Conductivity of Graphene," Phys. Rev. Lett. 101, 196405 (2008). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- M. L. Sadowski, G. Martinez, M. Potemski, C. Berger, and W. A. de Heer, "Landau level spectroscopy of ultrathin graphite layers," Phys. Rev. Lett. 97, 266405 (2006). [CrossRef]
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Phys. Rev. B
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Science
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- K. S. Novoselov, Z. Jiang, Y. Zhang, S. V. Morozov, H. L. Stormer, U. Zeitler, J. C. Maan, G. S. Boebinger, P. Kim, and A. K. Geim, "Room temperature quantum hall effect in graphene," Science 315, 1379 (2007). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Solid State Commun.
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Other
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2008, Hass, Phys. Rev. Lett.
- J. Hass, F. Varchon, J. E. Millán-Otoya, M. Sprinkle, N. Sharma, W. A. de Heer, C. Berger, P. N. First, L. Magaud, and E. H. Conrad, "Why multilayer graphene on 4H-SiC(0001 ) behaves like a single sheet of graphene," Phys. Rev. Lett. 100, 125504 (2008). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- J. M. Dawlaty, S. Shivaraman, M. Chandrasekhar, F. Rana, and M. G. Spencer, "Measurement of ultrafast carrier dynamics in epitaxial graphene," Appl. Phys. Lett. 92, 042116 (2008). [CrossRef]
- D. Sun, Z.-K. Wu, C. Divin, X. B. Li, C. Berger, W. A. de Heer, P. N. First, and T. B. Norris, "Ultrafast relaxation of excited Dirac fermions in epitaxial graphene using optical differential transmission spectroscopy," Phys. Rev. Lett. 101, 157402 (2008). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- F. Rana, "Graphene terahertz plasmon oscillators," IEEE Trans. Nanotechnol. 7, 91-99 (2008). [CrossRef]
- K. F. Mak, M. Y. Sfeir, Y. Wu, C. H. Lui, J. A. Misewich, and T. F. Heinz, "Measurement of the Optical Conductivity of Graphene," Phys. Rev. Lett. 101, 196405 (2008). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- J. Hass, R. Feng, J. E. Millán-Otoya, X. Li, M. Sprinkle, P. N. First, W. A. de Heer, E. H. Conrad, and C. Berger, "Structural properties of the multilayer graphene/4H-SiC(0001 ) system as determined by surface x-ray diffraction," Phys. Rev. B 75, 214109 (2007). [CrossRef]
- W. A. de Heer, C. Berger, X. S. Wu, P. N. First, E. H. Conrad, X. B. Li, T. B. Li, M. Sprinkle, J. Hass, M. L. Sadowski, M. Potemski, and G. Martinez, "Epitaxial graphene," Solid State Commun. 143, 92-100 (2007). [CrossRef]
- M. A. Pimenta, G. Dresselhaus, M. S. Dresselhaus, L. G. Cançado, A. Jorio, and R. Saito, "Studying disorder in graphite-based systems by Raman spectroscopy," Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 91276-1291 (2007). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- P. Blake, E. W. Hill, A. H. C. Neto, K. S. Novoselov, D. Jiang, R. Yang, T. J. Booth, and A. K. Geim, "Making graphene visible," Appl. Phys. Lett. 91, 063124 (2007). [CrossRef]
- D. S. L. Abergel, A. Russell, and V. I. Fal'ko, "Visibility of graphene flakes on a dielectric susbstrate," Appl. Phys. Lett. 91, 063125 (2007). [CrossRef]
- A. K. Geim and K. S. Novoselov, "The rise of graphene," Nat. Mater. 6, 183-191 (2007). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- K. S. Novoselov, Z. Jiang, Y. Zhang, S. V. Morozov, H. L. Stormer, U. Zeitler, J. C. Maan, G. S. Boebinger, P. Kim, and A. K. Geim, "Room temperature quantum hall effect in graphene," Science 315, 1379 (2007). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- B. Partoens and F. M. Peeters, "From graphene to graphite: Electronic structure around the K point," Phys. Rev. B 74, 075404 (2006). [CrossRef]
- C. Berger, Z. M. Song, X. B. Li, X. S. Wu, N. Brown, C. Naud, D. Mayou, T. B. Li, J. Haas, A. N. Marchenkov, E. H. Conrad, P. N. First, and W. A. de Heer, "Electronic confinement and coherence in patterned expitaxial graphene," Science 312, 1191-1196 (2006). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- A. C. Ferrari, J. C. Meyer, V. Scardaci, C. Casiraghi, M. Lazzeri, F. Mauri, S. Piscanec, D. Jiang, K. S. Novoselov, S. Roth, and A. K. Geim, "Raman spectrum of graphene and graphene layers," Phys. Rev. Lett. 97, 187401 (2006). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- M. L. Sadowski, G. Martinez, M. Potemski, C. Berger, and W. A. de Heer, "Landau level spectroscopy of ultrathin graphite layers," Phys. Rev. Lett. 97, 266405 (2006). [CrossRef]
- T. Kampfrath, L. Perfetti, F. Schapper, C. Frischkorn, and M. Wolf, "Strongly coupled optical phonons in the ultrafast dynamics of the electronic energy and current relaxation in graphite," Phys. Rev. Lett. 95, 187403 (2005). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Y. B. Zhang, Y.-W. Tan, H. L. Stormer, and P. Kim, "Experimental observation of the quantum Hall effect and Berry’s phase in graphene," Nature 438, 201-204 (2005). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- C. Berger, Z. M. Song, T. B. Li, A. Y. Ogbazghi, R. Feng, Z. T. Dai, A. N. Marchenkov, E. H. Conrad, P. N. First, and W. A. de Heer, "Ultrathin epitaxial graphite: 2D electronic gas properties and a route toward graphene-based nanoelectronics," J. Phys. Chem. B 108, 19912-19916 (2004). [CrossRef]
- K. S. Novoselov, A. K. Geim, S. V. Morozov, D. Jiang, Y. Zhang, S. V. Dubonos, I. V. Grigorieva, and A. A. Firsov, "Electric field effect in atomically thin carbon films," Science 306, 666-669 (2004). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- A. J. Sabbah and D. M. Riffe, "Femtosecond pump-probe study of silicon carrier dynamics," Phys. Rev. B 66, 165217 (2002). [CrossRef]
- K. Seibert, G. C. Cho, W. Kütt, H. Kurz, D. H. Reitze, J. I. Dadap, H. Ahn, and M. C. Downer, "Femtosecond carrier dynamics in graphite," Phys. Rev. B, 42, 2842-2851 (1990). [CrossRef]
- G. W. Semenoff, "Condensed-matter simulation of a 3-dimensional anomaly," Phys. Rev. Lett. 53, 2449-2452 (1984). [CrossRef]
- P. R. Wallace, "The band theory of graphite," Phys. Rev. 71, 622-634 (1947). [CrossRef]
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