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Silicon-waveguide-coupled high-Q chalcogenide microspheres
Daniel H. Broaddus, Mark A. Foster, Imad H. Agha, Jacob T. Robinson, Michal Lipson, and Alexander L. Gaeta »View Author Affiliations
1School of Applied and Engineering Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
2Currently with the Laboratorie de Charles Fabry de l’Institut de Optique, CNRS, Université Paris-sud, Campus Polytechnique, RD 128, 91127 Palaiseau cedex, France
3School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
*Corresponding author: dhb29@cornell.edu
Optics Express, Vol. 17, Issue 8, pp. 5998-6003 (2009)
http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/OE.17.005998
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Abstract
We fabricate high-Q arsenic triselenide glass microspheres through a three-step resistive heating process. We demonstrate quality factors greater than 2×106 at 1550 nm and achieve efficient coupling via a novel scheme utilizing index-engineered unclad silicon nanowires. We find that at powers above 1 mW the microspheres exhibit high thermal instability, which limits their application for resonator-enhanced nonlinear optical processes.
© 2009 Optical Society of America
OCIS Codes
(160.2750) Materials : Glass and other amorphous materials
(220.4000) Optical design and fabrication : Microstructure fabrication
(230.5750) Optical devices : Resonators
ToC Category:
Optical Design and Fabrication
History
Original Manuscript: February 11, 2009
Revised Manuscript: March 23, 2009
Manuscript Accepted: March 25, 2009
Published: March 30, 2009
Citation
Daniel H. Broaddus, Mark A. Foster, Imad H. Agha, Jacob T. Robinson, Michal Lipson, and Alexander L. Gaeta, "Silicon-waveguide-coupled high-Q chalcogenide microspheres," Opt. Express 17, 5998-6003 (2009)
http://www.opticsinfobase.org/oe/abstract.cfm?URI=oe-17-8-5998
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References
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- J. S. Sanghera, L. B. Shaw, L. E. Busse, V. Q. Nguyen, P. C. Pureza, B. C. Cole, B. B. Harrison, I. D. Aggarwal, R. Mossadegh, F. Kung, D. Talley, D. Roselle, and R. Miklos, "Development and infrared applications of chalcogenide glass optical fibers," Fiber Integr. Opt. 19, 251-274 (2000). [CrossRef]
- I. H. Agha, Y. Okawachi, M. A. Foster, J. E. Sharping, and A. L. Gaeta, "Four-wave-mixing parametric oscillations in dispersion-compensated high-Q silica microspheres," Phys. Rev. A 76, 043837-4 (2007). [CrossRef]
- I. H. Agha, J. E. Sharping, M. A. Foster, and A. L. Gaeta, "Optimal sizes of silica microspheres for linear and nonlinear optical interactions," Appl. Phys. B 83, 303-309 (2006). [CrossRef]
- O. Kulkarni, C. Xia, D. Lee, M. Kumar, A. Kuditcher, M. Islam, F. Terry, M. Freeman, B. Aitken, S. Currie, J. McCarthy, M. Powley, and D. Nolan, "Third order cascaded Raman wavelength shifting in chalcogenide fibers and determination of Raman gain coefficient," Opt. Express 14, 7924-7930 (2006). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
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- M. Asobe, H. Itoh, T. Miyazawa, and T. Kanamori, "Efficient and ultrafast all-optical switching using high ?n, small core chalcogenide glass fibre," Electron. Lett. 29, 1966-1968 (1993). [CrossRef]
- V. Almeida, C. Barrios, R. Panepucci, and M. Lipson, "All-optical control of light on a silicon chip," Nature 431, 1081-1084 (2004). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- C. Grillet, S. Bian, E. Magi, and B. Eggleton, "Fiber taper coupling to chalcogenide microsphere modes," Appl. Phys. Lett. 92, 171109 (2008). [CrossRef]
- E. D. Black, "An introduction to Pound-Drever-Hall laser frequency stabilization," Am. J. Phys. 69, 79-87 (2001). [CrossRef]
- G. Boudebs, S. Cherukulappurath, M. Guignard, J. Troles, F. Smektala, and F. Sanchez, "Linear optical characterization of chalcogenide glasses," Opt. Commun. 230, 331-336 (2004). [CrossRef]
- J. S. Sanghera, L. B. Shaw, L. E. Busse, V. Q. Nguyen, P. C. Pureza, B. C. Cole, B. B. Harrison, I. D. Aggarwal, R. Mossadegh, F. Kung, D. Talley, D. Roselle, and R. Miklos, "Development and infrared applications of chalcogenide glass optical fibers," Fiber Integr. Opt. 19, 251-274 (2000). [CrossRef]
- M. Cai, O. Painter, and K. J. Vahala, "Observation of critical coupling in a fiber taper to a silica-microsphere whispering-gallery mode system," Phys. Rev. Lett. 85, 74-77 (2000). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- J. Hu, N. Carlie, N. Feng, L. Petit, A. Agarwal, K. Richardson, and L. Kimerling, "Planar waveguide-coupled, high-index-contrast, high-Q resonators in chalcogenide glass for sensing," Opt. Lett. 33, 2500-2502 (2008). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
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- G. Boudebs, S. Cherukulappurath, M. Guignard, J. Troles, F. Smektala, and F. Sanchez, "Linear optical characterization of chalcogenide glasses," Opt. Commun. 230, 331-336 (2004). [CrossRef]
- J. S. Sanghera, L. B. Shaw, L. E. Busse, V. Q. Nguyen, P. C. Pureza, B. C. Cole, B. B. Harrison, I. D. Aggarwal, R. Mossadegh, F. Kung, D. Talley, D. Roselle, and R. Miklos, "Development and infrared applications of chalcogenide glass optical fibers," Fiber Integr. Opt. 19, 251-274 (2000). [CrossRef]
- O. Kulkarni, C. Xia, D. Lee, M. Kumar, A. Kuditcher, M. Islam, F. Terry, M. Freeman, B. Aitken, S. Currie, J. McCarthy, M. Powley, and D. Nolan, "Third order cascaded Raman wavelength shifting in chalcogenide fibers and determination of Raman gain coefficient," Opt. Express 14, 7924-7930 (2006). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- P. Del'Haye, A. Schliesser, O. Arcizet, T. Wilken, R. Holzwarth, and T. J. Kippenberg, "Optical frequency comb generation from a monolithic microresonator," Nature 450, 1214-1217 (2007). [CrossRef]
- C. Grillet, S. Bian, E. Magi, and B. Eggleton, "Fiber taper coupling to chalcogenide microsphere modes," Appl. Phys. Lett. 92, 171109 (2008). [CrossRef]
- V. Ta'eed, N. Baker, L. Fu, K. Finsterbusch, M. Lamont, D. Moss, H. Nguyen, B. Eggleton, D. Choi, S. Madden, and B. Luther-Davies, "Ultrafast all-optical chalcogenide glass photonic circuits," Opt. Express 15, 9205-9221 (2007). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- V. Ta'eed, L. Fu, M. Pelusi, M. Rochette, I. Littler, D. Moss, and B. Eggleton, "Error free all optical wavelength conversion in highly nonlinear As-Se chalcogenide glass fiber," Opt. Express 14, 10371-10376 (2006). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- L. Fu, A. Fuerbach, I. Littler, and B. Eggleton, "Efficient optical pulse compression using chalcogenide single-mode fibers," Appl. Phys. Lett. 88, (2006). [CrossRef]
- V. Ta'eed, M. Shokooh-Saremi, L. Fu, D. Moss, M. Rochette, I. Littler, B. Eggleton, Y. Ruan, and B. Luther-Davies, "Integrated all-optical pulse regenerator in chalcogenide waveguides," Opt. Lett. 30, 2900-2902 (2005). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- L. Fu, M. Rochette, V. Ta'eed, D. Moss, and B. Eggleton, "Investigation of self-phase modulation based optical regeneration in single mode As2Se3 chalcogenide glass fiber," Opt. Express 13, 7637-7644 (2005). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- D. Yoem, E. Magi, M. Lamont, M. Roelens, L. Fu, and B. J. Eggleton, "Low-threshold supercontinuum generation in highly nonlinear chalcogenide nanowires," Opt. Lett. 33, 660-662 (2008). [CrossRef]
- E. C. Magi, L. B. Fu, H. C. Nguyen, M. R. Lamont, D. I. Yeom, and B. J. Eggleton, "Enhanced kerr nonlinearity in sub-wavelength diameter As2Se3 chalcogenide fiber tapers," Opt. Express 15, 10324-10329 (2007). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- B. J. Eggleton, V. G. Ta'eed, and B. Luther-Davies, "Chalcogenide glass advanced for all-optical processing," Photonics Spectra 41, (2007). http://www.photonics.com/content/spectra/2007/September/features/88885.aspx.
- I. H. Agha, Y. Okawachi, M. A. Foster, J. E. Sharping, and A. L. Gaeta, "Four-wave-mixing parametric oscillations in dispersion-compensated high-Q silica microspheres," Phys. Rev. A 76, 043837-4 (2007). [CrossRef]
- I. H. Agha, J. E. Sharping, M. A. Foster, and A. L. Gaeta, "Optimal sizes of silica microspheres for linear and nonlinear optical interactions," Appl. Phys. B 83, 303-309 (2006). [CrossRef]
- O. Kulkarni, C. Xia, D. Lee, M. Kumar, A. Kuditcher, M. Islam, F. Terry, M. Freeman, B. Aitken, S. Currie, J. McCarthy, M. Powley, and D. Nolan, "Third order cascaded Raman wavelength shifting in chalcogenide fibers and determination of Raman gain coefficient," Opt. Express 14, 7924-7930 (2006). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- D. Yoem, E. Magi, M. Lamont, M. Roelens, L. Fu, and B. J. Eggleton, "Low-threshold supercontinuum generation in highly nonlinear chalcogenide nanowires," Opt. Lett. 33, 660-662 (2008). [CrossRef]
- V. Ta'eed, N. Baker, L. Fu, K. Finsterbusch, M. Lamont, D. Moss, H. Nguyen, B. Eggleton, D. Choi, S. Madden, and B. Luther-Davies, "Ultrafast all-optical chalcogenide glass photonic circuits," Opt. Express 15, 9205-9221 (2007). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- L. Fu, A. Fuerbach, I. Littler, and B. Eggleton, "Efficient optical pulse compression using chalcogenide single-mode fibers," Appl. Phys. Lett. 88, (2006). [CrossRef]
- V. Ta'eed, L. Fu, M. Pelusi, M. Rochette, I. Littler, D. Moss, and B. Eggleton, "Error free all optical wavelength conversion in highly nonlinear As-Se chalcogenide glass fiber," Opt. Express 14, 10371-10376 (2006). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- L. Fu, M. Rochette, V. Ta'eed, D. Moss, and B. Eggleton, "Investigation of self-phase modulation based optical regeneration in single mode As2Se3 chalcogenide glass fiber," Opt. Express 13, 7637-7644 (2005). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- V. Ta'eed, M. Shokooh-Saremi, L. Fu, D. Moss, M. Rochette, I. Littler, B. Eggleton, Y. Ruan, and B. Luther-Davies, "Integrated all-optical pulse regenerator in chalcogenide waveguides," Opt. Lett. 30, 2900-2902 (2005). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- L. Fu, A. Fuerbach, I. Littler, and B. Eggleton, "Efficient optical pulse compression using chalcogenide single-mode fibers," Appl. Phys. Lett. 88, (2006). [CrossRef]
- I. H. Agha, Y. Okawachi, M. A. Foster, J. E. Sharping, and A. L. Gaeta, "Four-wave-mixing parametric oscillations in dispersion-compensated high-Q silica microspheres," Phys. Rev. A 76, 043837-4 (2007). [CrossRef]
- I. H. Agha, J. E. Sharping, M. A. Foster, and A. L. Gaeta, "Optimal sizes of silica microspheres for linear and nonlinear optical interactions," Appl. Phys. B 83, 303-309 (2006). [CrossRef]
- C. Grillet, S. Bian, E. Magi, and B. Eggleton, "Fiber taper coupling to chalcogenide microsphere modes," Appl. Phys. Lett. 92, 171109 (2008). [CrossRef]
- G. Boudebs, S. Cherukulappurath, M. Guignard, J. Troles, F. Smektala, and F. Sanchez, "Linear optical characterization of chalcogenide glasses," Opt. Commun. 230, 331-336 (2004). [CrossRef]
- J. S. Sanghera, L. B. Shaw, L. E. Busse, V. Q. Nguyen, P. C. Pureza, B. C. Cole, B. B. Harrison, I. D. Aggarwal, R. Mossadegh, F. Kung, D. Talley, D. Roselle, and R. Miklos, "Development and infrared applications of chalcogenide glass optical fibers," Fiber Integr. Opt. 19, 251-274 (2000). [CrossRef]
- A. Husakou and J. Herrmann, "Supercontinuum generation in photonic crystal fibers made from highly nonlinear glasses," Appl. Phys. B 77, 227-234 (2003). [CrossRef]
- A. Hilton, "Optical properties of chalcogenide glass," J. Non-Cryst. Solids 2, 28-39 (1970). [CrossRef]
- P. Del'Haye, A. Schliesser, O. Arcizet, T. Wilken, R. Holzwarth, and T. J. Kippenberg, "Optical frequency comb generation from a monolithic microresonator," Nature 450, 1214-1217 (2007). [CrossRef]
- J. Hu, N. Carlie, N. Feng, L. Petit, A. Agarwal, K. Richardson, and L. Kimerling, "Planar waveguide-coupled, high-index-contrast, high-Q resonators in chalcogenide glass for sensing," Opt. Lett. 33, 2500-2502 (2008). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- J. Hu, N. Carlie, L. Petit, A. Agarwal, K. Richardson, and L. Kimerling, "Demonstration of chalcogenide glass racetrack micro-resonators," Opt. Lett. 33, 761-763 (2008). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- A. Husakou and J. Herrmann, "Supercontinuum generation in photonic crystal fibers made from highly nonlinear glasses," Appl. Phys. B 77, 227-234 (2003). [CrossRef]
- M. Gorodetsky and V. Ilchenko, "Optical microsphere resonators: Optimal coupling to high-Q whispering-gallery modes," J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 16, 147-154 (1999). [CrossRef]
- D. Vernooy, V. Ilchenko, H. Mabuchi, E. Streed, and H. Kimble, "High-Q measurements of fused-silica microspheres in the near infrared," Opt. Lett. 23, 247-249 (1998). [CrossRef]
- O. Kulkarni, C. Xia, D. Lee, M. Kumar, A. Kuditcher, M. Islam, F. Terry, M. Freeman, B. Aitken, S. Currie, J. McCarthy, M. Powley, and D. Nolan, "Third order cascaded Raman wavelength shifting in chalcogenide fibers and determination of Raman gain coefficient," Opt. Express 14, 7924-7930 (2006). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- M. Asobe, H. Itoh, T. Miyazawa, and T. Kanamori, "Efficient and ultrafast all-optical switching using high ?n, small core chalcogenide glass fibre," Electron. Lett. 29, 1966-1968 (1993). [CrossRef]
- M. Asobe, H. Itoh, T. Miyazawa, and T. Kanamori, "Efficient and ultrafast all-optical switching using high ?n, small core chalcogenide glass fibre," Electron. Lett. 29, 1966-1968 (1993). [CrossRef]
- Y. Ruan, M. Kim, Y. Lee, B. Luther-Davies, and A. Rode, "Fabrication of high-Q chalcogenide photonic crystal resonators by e-beam lithography," Appl. Phys. Lett. 90, 071102-3 (2007). [CrossRef]
- J. Hu, N. Carlie, L. Petit, A. Agarwal, K. Richardson, and L. Kimerling, "Demonstration of chalcogenide glass racetrack micro-resonators," Opt. Lett. 33, 761-763 (2008). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- J. Hu, N. Carlie, N. Feng, L. Petit, A. Agarwal, K. Richardson, and L. Kimerling, "Planar waveguide-coupled, high-index-contrast, high-Q resonators in chalcogenide glass for sensing," Opt. Lett. 33, 2500-2502 (2008). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- P. Del'Haye, A. Schliesser, O. Arcizet, T. Wilken, R. Holzwarth, and T. J. Kippenberg, "Optical frequency comb generation from a monolithic microresonator," Nature 450, 1214-1217 (2007). [CrossRef]
- T. J. Kippenberg, S. M. Spillane, and K. J. Vahala, "Kerr-nonlinearity optical parametric oscillation in an ultrahigh-Q toroid microcavity," Phys. Rev. Lett. 93, 083904 (2004). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
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