In lens design, damped least-squares methods are typically used to find the nearest local minimum to a starting configuration in the merit function landscape. In this paper, we explore the use of such a method for a purpose that goes beyond local optimization. The merit function barrier, which separates an unsatisfactory solution from a neighboring one that is better, can be overcome by using low damping and by allowing the merit function to temporarily increase. However, such an algorithm displays chaos, chaotic transients and other types of complex behavior. A successful escape of the iteration trajectory from a poor local minimum to a better one is associated with a crisis phenomenon that transforms a chaotic attractor into a chaotic saddle. The present analysis also enables a better understanding of peculiarities encountered with damped least-squares algorithms in conventional local optimization tasks.

© 2009 Optical Society of America

1. G. W. Forbes and A. E. Jones, "Towards global optimization with adaptive simulated annealing," Proc. SPIE 1334, 144-153 (1991). [CrossRef]
2. T. G. Kuper and T. I. Harris, "Global optimization for lens design - an emerging technology," Proc. SPIE 1780,14-28 (1992).
3. M. Isshiki, H. Ono, K. Hiraga, J. Ishikawa, and S. Nakadate, "Lens design: Global optimization with Escape Function," Opt. Rev.  6, 463-470 (1995).
4. K. E. Moore, "Algorithm for global optimization of optical systems based on genetic competition," Proc. SPIE 3780, 40-47 (1999). [CrossRef]
5. L. W. Jones, S. H. Al-Sakran, and J. R. Koza, "Automated synthesis of both the topology and numerical parameters for seven patented optical lens systems using genetic programming," Proc. SPIE 5874, 587403 (2005). [CrossRef]
6. J. P. McGuire, Jr., "Designing easily manufactured lenses using a global method," Proc SPIE 6342, 63420O (2006). [CrossRef]
7. J. R. Rogers, "Using global synthesis to find tolerance-insensitive design forms," Proc SPIE 6342, 63420M (2006). [CrossRef]
8. O. Marinescu and F. Bociort, "Network search method in the design of EUV lithographic objectives," Appl. Opt. 46, 8385-8393 (2007). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
9. D. C. Sinclair, "Optical design software," in Handbook of Optics, Fundamentals, Techniques, and Design, M. Bass, E. W. Van Stryland, D. R. Williams, and Wolfe W. L., eds., 2nd ed., (McGraw-Hill, New York, 1995) Vol. 1, 34.1-34.26.
10. M. Laikin, The Method of Lens Design, Lens design, 4th ed. (CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 1996).
11. A. Serebriakov, F. Bociort, and J. Braat, "Finding new local minima by switching merit functions in optical system optimization," Opt. Eng. 44, 100,501 (2005). [CrossRef]
12. H. Gross, H. Zügge, M. Peschka, and F. Blechinger, Principles of optimization, in Handbook of Optical Systems, (Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, 2007) Vol. 3, 291-370.
13. D. Shafer, "How to optimize complex lens designs," Laser Focus World 29, 135-138 (1993).
14. D. Shafer, "Global optimization in optical design," Comput. Phys. 8, 188-195 (1994).
15. M. van Turnhout and F. Bociort, "Instabilities and fractal basins of attraction in optical system optimization," Opt. Express 17, 314-328 (2009). URL http://www.opticsinfobase.org/oe/abstract.cfm?URI=oe-17-1-314. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
16. C. L. Lawson and R. J. Hanson, Solving Least Squares Problems (Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ, 1974).
17. E. Ott, Chaos in dynamical systems, 2nd ed. (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2002).
18. H. E. Nusse and J. A. Yorke, "Basins of attraction," Science 271, 1376-1380 (1996). [CrossRef]
19. S. N. Rasband, Chaotic dynamics of nonlinear systems (Wiley, New York, 1990).
20. I. Castillo and E. R. Barnes, "Chaotic behavior of the affine scaling algorithm for linear programming," SIAM J. Optim. 11, 781-795 (2000). [CrossRef]
21. B. Davies, "Period Doubling," in Encyclopedia of Nonlinear Science, A. Scott, ed., (Routledge, New York, 2004).
22. C. Grebogi, E. Ott, and J. A. Yorke, "Chaos, strange attractors, and fractal basin boundaries in non-linear dynamics," Science 238, 632-638 (1987). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
23. Y.-C. Lai and C. Grebogi, "Converting transient chaos into sustained chaos by feedback control," Phys. Rev. E 49, 1094-1098 (1994). [CrossRef]

Appl. Opt.

• O. Marinescu and F. Bociort, "Network search method in the design of EUV lithographic objectives," Appl. Opt. 46, 8385-8393 (2007). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

Comput. Phys.

• D. Shafer, "Global optimization in optical design," Comput. Phys. 8, 188-195 (1994).

Laser Focus World

• D. Shafer, "How to optimize complex lens designs," Laser Focus World 29, 135-138 (1993).

Opt. Eng.

• A. Serebriakov, F. Bociort, and J. Braat, "Finding new local minima by switching merit functions in optical system optimization," Opt. Eng. 44, 100,501 (2005). [CrossRef]

Opt. Rev.

• M. Isshiki, H. Ono, K. Hiraga, J. Ishikawa, and S. Nakadate, "Lens design: Global optimization with Escape Function," Opt. Rev.  6, 463-470 (1995).

Phys. Rev. E

• Y.-C. Lai and C. Grebogi, "Converting transient chaos into sustained chaos by feedback control," Phys. Rev. E 49, 1094-1098 (1994). [CrossRef]

Proc SPIE

• J. P. McGuire, Jr., "Designing easily manufactured lenses using a global method," Proc SPIE 6342, 63420O (2006). [CrossRef]
• J. R. Rogers, "Using global synthesis to find tolerance-insensitive design forms," Proc SPIE 6342, 63420M (2006). [CrossRef]

Proc. SPIE

• K. E. Moore, "Algorithm for global optimization of optical systems based on genetic competition," Proc. SPIE 3780, 40-47 (1999). [CrossRef]
• L. W. Jones, S. H. Al-Sakran, and J. R. Koza, "Automated synthesis of both the topology and numerical parameters for seven patented optical lens systems using genetic programming," Proc. SPIE 5874, 587403 (2005). [CrossRef]
• G. W. Forbes and A. E. Jones, "Towards global optimization with adaptive simulated annealing," Proc. SPIE 1334, 144-153 (1991). [CrossRef]
• T. G. Kuper and T. I. Harris, "Global optimization for lens design - an emerging technology," Proc. SPIE 1780,14-28 (1992).

Science

• H. E. Nusse and J. A. Yorke, "Basins of attraction," Science 271, 1376-1380 (1996). [CrossRef]
• C. Grebogi, E. Ott, and J. A. Yorke, "Chaos, strange attractors, and fractal basin boundaries in non-linear dynamics," Science 238, 632-638 (1987). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

SIAM J. Optim.

• I. Castillo and E. R. Barnes, "Chaotic behavior of the affine scaling algorithm for linear programming," SIAM J. Optim. 11, 781-795 (2000). [CrossRef]

Other

• B. Davies, "Period Doubling," in Encyclopedia of Nonlinear Science, A. Scott, ed., (Routledge, New York, 2004).
• S. N. Rasband, Chaotic dynamics of nonlinear systems (Wiley, New York, 1990).
• H. Gross, H. Zügge, M. Peschka, and F. Blechinger, Principles of optimization, in Handbook of Optical Systems, (Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, 2007) Vol. 3, 291-370.
• M. van Turnhout and F. Bociort, "Instabilities and fractal basins of attraction in optical system optimization," Opt. Express 17, 314-328 (2009). URL http://www.opticsinfobase.org/oe/abstract.cfm?URI=oe-17-1-314. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
• C. L. Lawson and R. J. Hanson, Solving Least Squares Problems (Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ, 1974).
• E. Ott, Chaos in dynamical systems, 2nd ed. (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2002).
• D. C. Sinclair, "Optical design software," in Handbook of Optics, Fundamentals, Techniques, and Design, M. Bass, E. W. Van Stryland, D. R. Williams, and Wolfe W. L., eds., 2nd ed., (McGraw-Hill, New York, 1995) Vol. 1, 34.1-34.26.
• M. Laikin, The Method of Lens Design, Lens design, 4th ed. (CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 1996).

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