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Frequency stabilization of a single mode terahertz quantum cascade laser to the kilohertz level
Andriy A. Danylov, Thomas M. Goyette, Jerry Waldman, Michael J. Coulombe, Andrew J. Gatesman, Robert H. Giles, William D. Goodhue, Xifeng Qian, and William E. Nixon »View Author Affiliations
1Submillimeter-Wave Technology Laboratory, Dept. of Physics and Applied Physics, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, Massachusetts, 01854, USA
2Photonics Center, Dept. of Physics and Applied Physics, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, Massachusetts, 01854, USA
3U.S. Army National Ground Intelligence Center, Charlottesville, Virginia 22911, USA
*Corresponding author: Andriy_Danylov@student.uml.edu
Optics Express, Vol. 17, Issue 9, pp. 7525-7532 (2009)
http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/OE.17.007525
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Abstract
A simple analog locking circuit was shown to stabilize the beat signal between a 2.408 THz quantum cascade laser and a CH2DOH THz CO2 optically pumped molecular laser to 3–4 kHz (FWHM). This is approximately a tenth of the observed long-term (t ~ sec) linewidth of the optically pumped laser showing that the feedback loop corrects for much of the mechanical and acoustic-induced frequency jitter of the gas laser. The achieved stability should be sufficient to enable the use of THz quantum cascade lasers as transmitters in short-range coherent transceivers.
© 2009 Optical Society of America
OCIS Codes
(040.2840) Detectors : Heterodyne
(300.3700) Spectroscopy : Linewidth
(140.3425) Lasers and laser optics : Laser stabilization
(140.5965) Lasers and laser optics : Semiconductor lasers, quantum cascade
ToC Category:
Lasers and Laser Optics
History
Original Manuscript: March 4, 2009
Revised Manuscript: April 15, 2009
Manuscript Accepted: April 19, 2009
Published: April 22, 2009
Citation
Andriy A. Danylov, Thomas M. Goyette, Jerry Waldman, Michael J. Coulombe, Andrew J. Gatesman, Robert H. Giles, William D. Goodhue, Xifeng Qian, and William E. Nixon, "Frequency stabilization of a single mode terahertz quantum cascade laser to the kilohertz level," Opt. Express 17, 7525-7532 (2009)
http://www.opticsinfobase.org/oe/abstract.cfm?URI=oe-17-9-7525
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References
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- R. Köhler, A. Tredicucci, F. Beltram, H. E. Beere, E. H. Linfield, A. G. Davies, D. A. Ritchie, R. C. Iotti, and F. Rossi, "Terahertz semiconductor-heterostructure laser," Nature 417, 156-159 (2002). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
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- T. M. Goyette, J. C. Dickinson, J. Waldman, W. E. Nixon, and S. Carter, "Fully Polarimetric W-Band ISAR Imagery of Scale-Model Tactical Targets Using a 1.56 THz Compact Range," Proc. SPIE 4382, 229-240, (2001). [CrossRef]
- D. Rabanus, U. U. Graf, M. Philipp, O. Ricken, J. Stutzki, B. Vowinkel, M. C. Wiedner, C. Walther, M. Fischer, and J. Faist, "Phase locking of a 1.5 Terahertz quantum cascade laser and use as a local oscillator in a heterodyne HEB receiver," Opt. Express 17, 1159-1168 (2009). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- C. Walther, M. Fischer, G. Scalari, R. Terazzi, N. Hoyler, and J. Faist, "Quantum cascade lasers operating from 1.2 to 1.6 THz," Appl. Phys. Lett. 91, 131122 (2007). [CrossRef]
- D. Rabanus, U. U. Graf, M. Philipp, O. Ricken, J. Stutzki, B. Vowinkel, M. C. Wiedner, C. Walther, M. Fischer, and J. Faist, "Phase locking of a 1.5 Terahertz quantum cascade laser and use as a local oscillator in a heterodyne HEB receiver," Opt. Express 17, 1159-1168 (2009). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- C. Walther, M. Fischer, G. Scalari, R. Terazzi, N. Hoyler, and J. Faist, "Quantum cascade lasers operating from 1.2 to 1.6 THz," Appl. Phys. Lett. 91, 131122 (2007). [CrossRef]
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- A. A. Danylov, J. Waldman, T. M. Goyette, A. J. Gatesman, R. H. Giles, J. Li, W. D. Goodhue, K. J. Linden, and W. E. Nixon, "Terahertz sideband-tuned quantum cascade laser radiation," Opt. Express 16, 5171-5180 (2008). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- A. A. Danylov, J. Waldman, T. M. Goyette, A. J. Gatesman, R. H. Giles, K. J. Linden, W. R. Neal, W. E. Nixon, M. C. Wanke, and J. L. Reno, "Transformation of the multimode terahertz quantum cascade laser beam into a Gaussian, using a hollow dielectric waveguide," Appl. Opt. 46, 5051-5055 (2007). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- A. A. Danylov, J. Waldman, T. M. Goyette, A. J. Gatesman, R. H. Giles, J. Li, W. D. Goodhue, K. J. Linden, and W. E. Nixon, "Terahertz sideband-tuned quantum cascade laser radiation," Opt. Express 16, 5171-5180 (2008). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- A. A. Danylov, J. Waldman, T. M. Goyette, A. J. Gatesman, R. H. Giles, K. J. Linden, W. R. Neal, W. E. Nixon, M. C. Wanke, and J. L. Reno, "Transformation of the multimode terahertz quantum cascade laser beam into a Gaussian, using a hollow dielectric waveguide," Appl. Opt. 46, 5051-5055 (2007). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- J. Waldman, A. A. Danylov, T. M. Goyette, M. J. Coulombe, R. H. Giles, A. J. Gatesman, W. D. Goodhue, J. Li, K. J. Linden, and W. E. Nixon, "Prospects for quantum cascade lasers as transmitters and local oscillators in coherent terahertz transmitter/receiver systems," Proc. SPIE 7215, 72150C, (2009). [CrossRef]
- J. Waldman, A. A. Danylov, T. M. Goyette, M. J. Coulombe, R. H. Giles, A. J. Gatesman, W. D. Goodhue, J. Li, K. J. Linden, and W. E. Nixon, "Prospects for quantum cascade lasers as transmitters and local oscillators in coherent terahertz transmitter/receiver systems," Proc. SPIE 7215, 72150C, (2009). [CrossRef]
- A. A. Danylov, J. Waldman, T. M. Goyette, A. J. Gatesman, R. H. Giles, J. Li, W. D. Goodhue, K. J. Linden, and W. E. Nixon, "Terahertz sideband-tuned quantum cascade laser radiation," Opt. Express 16, 5171-5180 (2008). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- J. Waldman, A. A. Danylov, T. M. Goyette, M. J. Coulombe, R. H. Giles, A. J. Gatesman, W. D. Goodhue, J. Li, K. J. Linden, and W. E. Nixon, "Prospects for quantum cascade lasers as transmitters and local oscillators in coherent terahertz transmitter/receiver systems," Proc. SPIE 7215, 72150C, (2009). [CrossRef]
- A. A. Danylov, J. Waldman, T. M. Goyette, A. J. Gatesman, R. H. Giles, J. Li, W. D. Goodhue, K. J. Linden, and W. E. Nixon, "Terahertz sideband-tuned quantum cascade laser radiation," Opt. Express 16, 5171-5180 (2008). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- A. A. Danylov, J. Waldman, T. M. Goyette, A. J. Gatesman, R. H. Giles, K. J. Linden, W. R. Neal, W. E. Nixon, M. C. Wanke, and J. L. Reno, "Transformation of the multimode terahertz quantum cascade laser beam into a Gaussian, using a hollow dielectric waveguide," Appl. Opt. 46, 5051-5055 (2007). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- T. M. Goyette, J. C. Dickinson, J. Waldman, W. E. Nixon, and S. Carter, "Fully Polarimetric W-Band ISAR Imagery of Scale-Model Tactical Targets Using a 1.56 THz Compact Range," Proc. SPIE 4382, 229-240, (2001). [CrossRef]
- A. Baryshev, J. N. Hovenier, A. J. L. Adam, I. Kaalynas, J. R. Gao, T. O. Klaassen, B. S. Williams, S. Kumar, Q. Hu, and J. L. Reno, "Phase locking and spectral linewidth of a two-mode terahertz quantum cascade laser," Appl. Phys. Lett. 89, 031115 (2006). [CrossRef]
- C. Walther, M. Fischer, G. Scalari, R. Terazzi, N. Hoyler, and J. Faist, "Quantum cascade lasers operating from 1.2 to 1.6 THz," Appl. Phys. Lett. 91, 131122 (2007). [CrossRef]
- B. S. Williams, S. Kumar, Q. Hu, and J. L. Reno, "High-power terahertz quantum-cascade lasers," Electron. Lett. 42, 89 (2006). [CrossRef]
- A. Baryshev, J. N. Hovenier, A. J. L. Adam, I. Kaalynas, J. R. Gao, T. O. Klaassen, B. S. Williams, S. Kumar, Q. Hu, and J. L. Reno, "Phase locking and spectral linewidth of a two-mode terahertz quantum cascade laser," Appl. Phys. Lett. 89, 031115 (2006). [CrossRef]
- A. L. Betz, R.T. Boreiko, B. S. Williams, S. Kumar, Q. Hu, and J. L. Reno, "Frequency and phase-lock control of a 3 THz quantum cascade laser," Opt. Lett. 30, 1837-1839 (2005). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- R. Köhler, A. Tredicucci, F. Beltram, H. E. Beere, E. H. Linfield, A. G. Davies, D. A. Ritchie, R. C. Iotti, and F. Rossi, "Terahertz semiconductor-heterostructure laser," Nature 417, 156-159 (2002). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- A. Baryshev, J. N. Hovenier, A. J. L. Adam, I. Kaalynas, J. R. Gao, T. O. Klaassen, B. S. Williams, S. Kumar, Q. Hu, and J. L. Reno, "Phase locking and spectral linewidth of a two-mode terahertz quantum cascade laser," Appl. Phys. Lett. 89, 031115 (2006). [CrossRef]
- A. Baryshev, J. N. Hovenier, A. J. L. Adam, I. Kaalynas, J. R. Gao, T. O. Klaassen, B. S. Williams, S. Kumar, Q. Hu, and J. L. Reno, "Phase locking and spectral linewidth of a two-mode terahertz quantum cascade laser," Appl. Phys. Lett. 89, 031115 (2006). [CrossRef]
- R. Köhler, A. Tredicucci, F. Beltram, H. E. Beere, E. H. Linfield, A. G. Davies, D. A. Ritchie, R. C. Iotti, and F. Rossi, "Terahertz semiconductor-heterostructure laser," Nature 417, 156-159 (2002). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- B. S. Williams, S. Kumar, Q. Hu, and J. L. Reno, "High-power terahertz quantum-cascade lasers," Electron. Lett. 42, 89 (2006). [CrossRef]
- A. Baryshev, J. N. Hovenier, A. J. L. Adam, I. Kaalynas, J. R. Gao, T. O. Klaassen, B. S. Williams, S. Kumar, Q. Hu, and J. L. Reno, "Phase locking and spectral linewidth of a two-mode terahertz quantum cascade laser," Appl. Phys. Lett. 89, 031115 (2006). [CrossRef]
- A. L. Betz, R.T. Boreiko, B. S. Williams, S. Kumar, Q. Hu, and J. L. Reno, "Frequency and phase-lock control of a 3 THz quantum cascade laser," Opt. Lett. 30, 1837-1839 (2005). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- J. Waldman, A. A. Danylov, T. M. Goyette, M. J. Coulombe, R. H. Giles, A. J. Gatesman, W. D. Goodhue, J. Li, K. J. Linden, and W. E. Nixon, "Prospects for quantum cascade lasers as transmitters and local oscillators in coherent terahertz transmitter/receiver systems," Proc. SPIE 7215, 72150C, (2009). [CrossRef]
- A. A. Danylov, J. Waldman, T. M. Goyette, A. J. Gatesman, R. H. Giles, J. Li, W. D. Goodhue, K. J. Linden, and W. E. Nixon, "Terahertz sideband-tuned quantum cascade laser radiation," Opt. Express 16, 5171-5180 (2008). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- J. Waldman, A. A. Danylov, T. M. Goyette, M. J. Coulombe, R. H. Giles, A. J. Gatesman, W. D. Goodhue, J. Li, K. J. Linden, and W. E. Nixon, "Prospects for quantum cascade lasers as transmitters and local oscillators in coherent terahertz transmitter/receiver systems," Proc. SPIE 7215, 72150C, (2009). [CrossRef]
- A. A. Danylov, J. Waldman, T. M. Goyette, A. J. Gatesman, R. H. Giles, K. J. Linden, W. R. Neal, W. E. Nixon, M. C. Wanke, and J. L. Reno, "Transformation of the multimode terahertz quantum cascade laser beam into a Gaussian, using a hollow dielectric waveguide," Appl. Opt. 46, 5051-5055 (2007). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- M. A. Belkin, J. A. Fan, S. Hormoz, F. Capasso, S. P. Khanna, M. Lachab, A. G. Davies, and E. H. Linfield, "Terahertz quantum cascade lasers with copper metal-metal waveguides operating up to 178 K," Opt. Express 16, 3242 (2008). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- R. Köhler, A. Tredicucci, F. Beltram, H. E. Beere, E. H. Linfield, A. G. Davies, D. A. Ritchie, R. C. Iotti, and F. Rossi, "Terahertz semiconductor-heterostructure laser," Nature 417, 156-159 (2002). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- A. A. Danylov, J. Waldman, T. M. Goyette, A. J. Gatesman, R. H. Giles, K. J. Linden, W. R. Neal, W. E. Nixon, M. C. Wanke, and J. L. Reno, "Transformation of the multimode terahertz quantum cascade laser beam into a Gaussian, using a hollow dielectric waveguide," Appl. Opt. 46, 5051-5055 (2007). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- J. Waldman, A. A. Danylov, T. M. Goyette, M. J. Coulombe, R. H. Giles, A. J. Gatesman, W. D. Goodhue, J. Li, K. J. Linden, and W. E. Nixon, "Prospects for quantum cascade lasers as transmitters and local oscillators in coherent terahertz transmitter/receiver systems," Proc. SPIE 7215, 72150C, (2009). [CrossRef]
- A. A. Danylov, J. Waldman, T. M. Goyette, A. J. Gatesman, R. H. Giles, J. Li, W. D. Goodhue, K. J. Linden, and W. E. Nixon, "Terahertz sideband-tuned quantum cascade laser radiation," Opt. Express 16, 5171-5180 (2008). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- T. M. Goyette, J. C. Dickinson, J. Waldman, W. E. Nixon, and S. Carter, "Fully Polarimetric W-Band ISAR Imagery of Scale-Model Tactical Targets Using a 1.56 THz Compact Range," Proc. SPIE 4382, 229-240, (2001). [CrossRef]
- A. A. Danylov, J. Waldman, T. M. Goyette, A. J. Gatesman, R. H. Giles, K. J. Linden, W. R. Neal, W. E. Nixon, M. C. Wanke, and J. L. Reno, "Transformation of the multimode terahertz quantum cascade laser beam into a Gaussian, using a hollow dielectric waveguide," Appl. Opt. 46, 5051-5055 (2007). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- A. A. Danylov, J. Waldman, T. M. Goyette, A. J. Gatesman, R. H. Giles, K. J. Linden, W. R. Neal, W. E. Nixon, M. C. Wanke, and J. L. Reno, "Transformation of the multimode terahertz quantum cascade laser beam into a Gaussian, using a hollow dielectric waveguide," Appl. Opt. 46, 5051-5055 (2007). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- A. Baryshev, J. N. Hovenier, A. J. L. Adam, I. Kaalynas, J. R. Gao, T. O. Klaassen, B. S. Williams, S. Kumar, Q. Hu, and J. L. Reno, "Phase locking and spectral linewidth of a two-mode terahertz quantum cascade laser," Appl. Phys. Lett. 89, 031115 (2006). [CrossRef]
- B. S. Williams, S. Kumar, Q. Hu, and J. L. Reno, "High-power terahertz quantum-cascade lasers," Electron. Lett. 42, 89 (2006). [CrossRef]
- A. L. Betz, R.T. Boreiko, B. S. Williams, S. Kumar, Q. Hu, and J. L. Reno, "Frequency and phase-lock control of a 3 THz quantum cascade laser," Opt. Lett. 30, 1837-1839 (2005). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- R. Köhler, A. Tredicucci, F. Beltram, H. E. Beere, E. H. Linfield, A. G. Davies, D. A. Ritchie, R. C. Iotti, and F. Rossi, "Terahertz semiconductor-heterostructure laser," Nature 417, 156-159 (2002). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- R. Köhler, A. Tredicucci, F. Beltram, H. E. Beere, E. H. Linfield, A. G. Davies, D. A. Ritchie, R. C. Iotti, and F. Rossi, "Terahertz semiconductor-heterostructure laser," Nature 417, 156-159 (2002). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- J. Rutman, "Characterization of phase and frequency instabilities in precision frequency sources: fifteen years of progress," Proc. IEEE 66, 1048-1075 (1978). [CrossRef]
- C. Walther, M. Fischer, G. Scalari, R. Terazzi, N. Hoyler, and J. Faist, "Quantum cascade lasers operating from 1.2 to 1.6 THz," Appl. Phys. Lett. 91, 131122 (2007). [CrossRef]
- M. S. Vitiello, G. Scamarcio, V. Spagnolo, S. S. Dhillon, and C. Sirtori, "Terahertz quantum cascade lasers with large wall-plug efficiency," Appl. Phys. Lett. 90, 191115 (2007). [CrossRef]
- M. S. Vitiello, G. Scamarcio, V. Spagnolo, S. S. Dhillon, and C. Sirtori, "Terahertz quantum cascade lasers with large wall-plug efficiency," Appl. Phys. Lett. 90, 191115 (2007). [CrossRef]
- M. S. Vitiello, G. Scamarcio, V. Spagnolo, S. S. Dhillon, and C. Sirtori, "Terahertz quantum cascade lasers with large wall-plug efficiency," Appl. Phys. Lett. 90, 191115 (2007). [CrossRef]
- C. Walther, M. Fischer, G. Scalari, R. Terazzi, N. Hoyler, and J. Faist, "Quantum cascade lasers operating from 1.2 to 1.6 THz," Appl. Phys. Lett. 91, 131122 (2007). [CrossRef]
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- M. S. Vitiello, G. Scamarcio, V. Spagnolo, S. S. Dhillon, and C. Sirtori, "Terahertz quantum cascade lasers with large wall-plug efficiency," Appl. Phys. Lett. 90, 191115 (2007). [CrossRef]
- J. Waldman, A. A. Danylov, T. M. Goyette, M. J. Coulombe, R. H. Giles, A. J. Gatesman, W. D. Goodhue, J. Li, K. J. Linden, and W. E. Nixon, "Prospects for quantum cascade lasers as transmitters and local oscillators in coherent terahertz transmitter/receiver systems," Proc. SPIE 7215, 72150C, (2009). [CrossRef]
- A. A. Danylov, J. Waldman, T. M. Goyette, A. J. Gatesman, R. H. Giles, J. Li, W. D. Goodhue, K. J. Linden, and W. E. Nixon, "Terahertz sideband-tuned quantum cascade laser radiation," Opt. Express 16, 5171-5180 (2008). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
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- T. M. Goyette, J. C. Dickinson, J. Waldman, W. E. Nixon, and S. Carter, "Fully Polarimetric W-Band ISAR Imagery of Scale-Model Tactical Targets Using a 1.56 THz Compact Range," Proc. SPIE 4382, 229-240, (2001). [CrossRef]
- D. Rabanus, U. U. Graf, M. Philipp, O. Ricken, J. Stutzki, B. Vowinkel, M. C. Wiedner, C. Walther, M. Fischer, and J. Faist, "Phase locking of a 1.5 Terahertz quantum cascade laser and use as a local oscillator in a heterodyne HEB receiver," Opt. Express 17, 1159-1168 (2009). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- C. Walther, M. Fischer, G. Scalari, R. Terazzi, N. Hoyler, and J. Faist, "Quantum cascade lasers operating from 1.2 to 1.6 THz," Appl. Phys. Lett. 91, 131122 (2007). [CrossRef]
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Appl. Opt.
- A. A. Danylov, J. Waldman, T. M. Goyette, A. J. Gatesman, R. H. Giles, K. J. Linden, W. R. Neal, W. E. Nixon, M. C. Wanke, and J. L. Reno, "Transformation of the multimode terahertz quantum cascade laser beam into a Gaussian, using a hollow dielectric waveguide," Appl. Opt. 46, 5051-5055 (2007). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Appl. Phys. Lett.
- M. S. Vitiello, G. Scamarcio, V. Spagnolo, S. S. Dhillon, and C. Sirtori, "Terahertz quantum cascade lasers with large wall-plug efficiency," Appl. Phys. Lett. 90, 191115 (2007). [CrossRef]
- C. Walther, M. Fischer, G. Scalari, R. Terazzi, N. Hoyler, and J. Faist, "Quantum cascade lasers operating from 1.2 to 1.6 THz," Appl. Phys. Lett. 91, 131122 (2007). [CrossRef]
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Electron. Lett.
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Nature
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Opt. Express
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- A. A. Danylov, J. Waldman, T. M. Goyette, A. J. Gatesman, R. H. Giles, J. Li, W. D. Goodhue, K. J. Linden, and W. E. Nixon, "Terahertz sideband-tuned quantum cascade laser radiation," Opt. Express 16, 5171-5180 (2008). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Opt. Lett.
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Proc. IEEE
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Proc. SPIE
- T. M. Goyette, J. C. Dickinson, J. Waldman, W. E. Nixon, and S. Carter, "Fully Polarimetric W-Band ISAR Imagery of Scale-Model Tactical Targets Using a 1.56 THz Compact Range," Proc. SPIE 4382, 229-240, (2001). [CrossRef]
- J. Waldman, A. A. Danylov, T. M. Goyette, M. J. Coulombe, R. H. Giles, A. J. Gatesman, W. D. Goodhue, J. Li, K. J. Linden, and W. E. Nixon, "Prospects for quantum cascade lasers as transmitters and local oscillators in coherent terahertz transmitter/receiver systems," Proc. SPIE 7215, 72150C, (2009). [CrossRef]
Other
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2009, Waldman, Proc. SPIE
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- M. S. Vitiello, G. Scamarcio, V. Spagnolo, S. S. Dhillon, and C. Sirtori, "Terahertz quantum cascade lasers with large wall-plug efficiency," Appl. Phys. Lett. 90, 191115 (2007). [CrossRef]
- C. Walther, M. Fischer, G. Scalari, R. Terazzi, N. Hoyler, and J. Faist, "Quantum cascade lasers operating from 1.2 to 1.6 THz," Appl. Phys. Lett. 91, 131122 (2007). [CrossRef]
- A. A. Danylov, J. Waldman, T. M. Goyette, A. J. Gatesman, R. H. Giles, K. J. Linden, W. R. Neal, W. E. Nixon, M. C. Wanke, and J. L. Reno, "Transformation of the multimode terahertz quantum cascade laser beam into a Gaussian, using a hollow dielectric waveguide," Appl. Opt. 46, 5051-5055 (2007). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- B. S. Williams, S. Kumar, Q. Hu, and J. L. Reno, "High-power terahertz quantum-cascade lasers," Electron. Lett. 42, 89 (2006). [CrossRef]
- A. Baryshev, J. N. Hovenier, A. J. L. Adam, I. Kaalynas, J. R. Gao, T. O. Klaassen, B. S. Williams, S. Kumar, Q. Hu, and J. L. Reno, "Phase locking and spectral linewidth of a two-mode terahertz quantum cascade laser," Appl. Phys. Lett. 89, 031115 (2006). [CrossRef]
- R. Köhler, A. Tredicucci, F. Beltram, H. E. Beere, E. H. Linfield, A. G. Davies, D. A. Ritchie, R. C. Iotti, and F. Rossi, "Terahertz semiconductor-heterostructure laser," Nature 417, 156-159 (2002). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- T. M. Goyette, J. C. Dickinson, J. Waldman, W. E. Nixon, and S. Carter, "Fully Polarimetric W-Band ISAR Imagery of Scale-Model Tactical Targets Using a 1.56 THz Compact Range," Proc. SPIE 4382, 229-240, (2001). [CrossRef]
- D. W. Allan, "Statistics of atomic frequency standards," Proc. IEEE 54, 221-230 (1978). [CrossRef]
- J. Rutman, "Characterization of phase and frequency instabilities in precision frequency sources: fifteen years of progress," Proc. IEEE 66, 1048-1075 (1978). [CrossRef]
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