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Near-infrared fluorescence catheter system for two-dimensional intravascular imaging in vivo
R. Nika Razansky, Amir Rosenthal, George Mallas, Daniel Razansky, Farouc A. Jaffer, and Vasilis Ntziachristos »View Author Affiliations
1Chair for Biological Imaging, Technische Universität München and Institute for Biological and Medical Imaging (IBMI), Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany
2Cardiovascular Research Center (CVRC) and Cardiology Division, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston Massachusetts, USA
*Corresponding author: 1nika.razansky@tum.de
Optics Express, Vol. 18, Issue 11, pp. 11372-11381 (2010)
http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/OE.18.011372
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Abstract
Abstract: Detection of high-risk coronary arterial plaques prior to rupture remains an unmet clinical challenge, in part due to the stringent resolution and sensitivity requirements for in vivo human coronary arterial imaging. To address this need, we have developed a near-infrared (NIR) fluorescence imaging catheter system for intra-vascular molecular imaging of atherosclerosis in coronary artery-sized vessels, capable of resolving two-dimensional fluorescence activity in hollow organs, such as blood vessels. Based on a rotational fiber design, the catheter system illuminates and detects perpendicular to the rotational axis, while an automated pullback mechanism enables visualization along blood vessels with a scan speed of up to 1.5 mm/sec. We demonstrate the previously undocumented capacity to produce intravascular NIR fluorescence images of hollow organs in vivo and showcase the performance metrics of the system developed using blood vessel mimicking phantoms. This imaging approach is geared toward in vivo molecular imaging of atherosclerotic biomarkers and is engineered to allow seamless integration into the cardiac catheterization laboratory.
© 2010 OSA
OCIS Codes
(110.0110) Imaging systems : Imaging systems
(110.2350) Imaging systems : Fiber optics imaging
(170.0170) Medical optics and biotechnology : Medical optics and biotechnology
(170.3880) Medical optics and biotechnology : Medical and biological imaging
(170.4580) Medical optics and biotechnology : Optical diagnostics for medicine
(170.6280) Medical optics and biotechnology : Spectroscopy, fluorescence and luminescence
ToC Category:
Medical Optics and Biotechnology
History
Original Manuscript: January 26, 2010
Revised Manuscript: March 27, 2010
Manuscript Accepted: March 28, 2010
Published: May 14, 2010
Virtual Issues
Vol. 5, Iss. 10 Virtual Journal for Biomedical Optics
Citation
R. Nika Razansky, Amir Rosenthal, George Mallas, Daniel Razansky, Farouc A. Jaffer, and Vasilis Ntziachristos, "Near-infrared fluorescence catheter system for two-dimensional intravascular imaging in vivo," Opt. Express 18, 11372-11381 (2010)
http://www.opticsinfobase.org/oe/abstract.cfm?URI=oe-18-11-11372
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- M. Haller, C. Akbulut, H. Brechtelsbauer, W. Fett, J. Briegel, U. Finsterer, and K. Peter, “Determination of plasma volume with indocyanine green in man,” Life Sci. 53(21), 1597–1604 (1993). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
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- M. Haller, C. Akbulut, H. Brechtelsbauer, W. Fett, J. Briegel, U. Finsterer, and K. Peter, “Determination of plasma volume with indocyanine green in man,” Life Sci. 53(21), 1597–1604 (1993). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- D. Hyde, R. de Kleine, S. A. MacLaurin, E. Miller, D. H. Brooks, T. Krucker, and V. Ntziachristos, “Hybrid FMT-CT imaging of amyloid-beta plaques in a murine Alzheimer’s disease model,” Neuroimage 44(4), 1304–1311 (2009). [CrossRef]
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- M. Naghavi, P. Libby, E. Falk, S. W. Casscells, S. Litovsky, J. Rumberger, J. J. Badimon, C. Stefanadis, P. Moreno, G. Pasterkamp, Z. Fayad, P. H. Stone, S. Waxman, P. Raggi, M. Madjid, A. Zarrabi, A. Burke, C. Yuan, P. J. Fitzgerald, D. S. Siscovick, C. L. de Korte, M. Aikawa, K. E. Juhani Airaksinen, G. Assmann, C. R. Becker, J. H. Chesebro, A. Farb, Z. S. Galis, C. Jackson, I. K. Jang, W. Koenig, R. A. Lodder, K. March, J. Demirovic, M. Navab, S. G. Priori, M. D. Rekhter, R. Bahr, S. M. Grundy, R. Mehran, A. Colombo, E. Boerwinkle, C. Ballantyne, W. Insull, R. S. Schwartz, R. Vogel, P. W. Serruys, G. K. Hansson, D. P. Faxon, S. Kaul, H. Drexler, P. Greenland, J. E. Muller, R. Virmani, P. M. Ridker, D. P. Zipes, P. K. Shah, and J. T. Willerson, “From vulnerable plaque to vulnerable patient: a call for new definitions and risk assessment strategies: Part I,” Circulation 108(14), 1664–1672 (2003). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Q. S. Sheng, R. Lang, Q. He, Y. J. Yang, D. F. Zhao, and D. Z. Chen, “Indocyanine green clearance test and model for end-stage liver disease score of patients with liver cirrhosis,” Hepatobiliary Pancreat. Dis. Int. 8(1), 46–49 (2009). [PubMed]
- W. Cheong, S. Prahl, and A. Welch, “A review of the optical properties of biological tissues,” IEEE J. Quantum Electron. 26(12), 2166–2185 (1990). [CrossRef]
- M. Naghavi, P. Libby, E. Falk, S. W. Casscells, S. Litovsky, J. Rumberger, J. J. Badimon, C. Stefanadis, P. Moreno, G. Pasterkamp, Z. Fayad, P. H. Stone, S. Waxman, P. Raggi, M. Madjid, A. Zarrabi, A. Burke, C. Yuan, P. J. Fitzgerald, D. S. Siscovick, C. L. de Korte, M. Aikawa, K. E. Juhani Airaksinen, G. Assmann, C. R. Becker, J. H. Chesebro, A. Farb, Z. S. Galis, C. Jackson, I. K. Jang, W. Koenig, R. A. Lodder, K. March, J. Demirovic, M. Navab, S. G. Priori, M. D. Rekhter, R. Bahr, S. M. Grundy, R. Mehran, A. Colombo, E. Boerwinkle, C. Ballantyne, W. Insull, R. S. Schwartz, R. Vogel, P. W. Serruys, G. K. Hansson, D. P. Faxon, S. Kaul, H. Drexler, P. Greenland, J. E. Muller, R. Virmani, P. M. Ridker, D. P. Zipes, P. K. Shah, and J. T. Willerson, “From vulnerable plaque to vulnerable patient: a call for new definitions and risk assessment strategies: Part I,” Circulation 108(14), 1664–1672 (2003). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
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- F. A. Jaffer, P. Libby, and R. Weissleder, “Molecular imaging of cardiovascular disease,” Circulation 116(9), 1052–1061 (2007). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- F. A. Jaffer, P. Libby, and R. Weissleder, “Molecular and cellular imaging of atherosclerosis: emerging applications,” J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 47(7), 1328–1338 (2006). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- V. Ntziachristos, J. Ripoll, L. V. Wang, and R. Weissleder, “Looking and listening to light: the evolution of whole-body photonic imaging,” Nat. Biotechnol. 23(3), 313–320 (2005). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- B. Zhu, F. Jaffer, V. Ntziachristos, and R. Weissleder, “Development of a near infrared fluorescence catheter: operating characteristics and feasibility for atherosclerotic plaque detection,” J. Phys. D Appl. Phys. 38(15), 2701–2707 (2005). [CrossRef]
- V. Ntziachristos, J. Ripoll, and R. Weissleder, “Would near-infrared fluorescence signals propagate through large human organs for clinical studies?” Opt. Lett. 27(5), 333–335 (2002). [CrossRef]
- V. Ntziachristos, C.-H. Tung, C. Bremer, and R. Weissleder, “Fluorescence molecular tomography resolves protease activity in vivo,” Nat. Med. 8(7), 757–761 (2002). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- W. Cheong, S. Prahl, and A. Welch, “A review of the optical properties of biological tissues,” IEEE J. Quantum Electron. 26(12), 2166–2185 (1990). [CrossRef]
- J. A. Schaar, F. Mastik, E. Regar, C. A. den Uil, F. J. Gijsen, J. J. Wentzel, P. W. Serruys, A. F. W., and van der Stehen, “Current diagnostic modalities for vulnerable plaque detection,” Curr. Pharm. Des. 13(10), 995–1001 (2007). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- M. Naghavi, P. Libby, E. Falk, S. W. Casscells, S. Litovsky, J. Rumberger, J. J. Badimon, C. Stefanadis, P. Moreno, G. Pasterkamp, Z. Fayad, P. H. Stone, S. Waxman, P. Raggi, M. Madjid, A. Zarrabi, A. Burke, C. Yuan, P. J. Fitzgerald, D. S. Siscovick, C. L. de Korte, M. Aikawa, K. E. Juhani Airaksinen, G. Assmann, C. R. Becker, J. H. Chesebro, A. Farb, Z. S. Galis, C. Jackson, I. K. Jang, W. Koenig, R. A. Lodder, K. March, J. Demirovic, M. Navab, S. G. Priori, M. D. Rekhter, R. Bahr, S. M. Grundy, R. Mehran, A. Colombo, E. Boerwinkle, C. Ballantyne, W. Insull, R. S. Schwartz, R. Vogel, P. W. Serruys, G. K. Hansson, D. P. Faxon, S. Kaul, H. Drexler, P. Greenland, J. E. Muller, R. Virmani, P. M. Ridker, D. P. Zipes, P. K. Shah, and J. T. Willerson, “From vulnerable plaque to vulnerable patient: a call for new definitions and risk assessment strategies: Part I,” Circulation 108(14), 1664–1672 (2003). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- P. K. Yalavarthy, B. W. Pogue, H. Dehghani, and K. D. Paulsen, “Weight-matrix structured regularization provides optimal generalized least-squares estimate in diffuse optical tomography,” Med. Phys. 34(6), 2085–2098 (2007). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Q. S. Sheng, R. Lang, Q. He, Y. J. Yang, D. F. Zhao, and D. Z. Chen, “Indocyanine green clearance test and model for end-stage liver disease score of patients with liver cirrhosis,” Hepatobiliary Pancreat. Dis. Int. 8(1), 46–49 (2009). [PubMed]
- M. Naghavi, P. Libby, E. Falk, S. W. Casscells, S. Litovsky, J. Rumberger, J. J. Badimon, C. Stefanadis, P. Moreno, G. Pasterkamp, Z. Fayad, P. H. Stone, S. Waxman, P. Raggi, M. Madjid, A. Zarrabi, A. Burke, C. Yuan, P. J. Fitzgerald, D. S. Siscovick, C. L. de Korte, M. Aikawa, K. E. Juhani Airaksinen, G. Assmann, C. R. Becker, J. H. Chesebro, A. Farb, Z. S. Galis, C. Jackson, I. K. Jang, W. Koenig, R. A. Lodder, K. March, J. Demirovic, M. Navab, S. G. Priori, M. D. Rekhter, R. Bahr, S. M. Grundy, R. Mehran, A. Colombo, E. Boerwinkle, C. Ballantyne, W. Insull, R. S. Schwartz, R. Vogel, P. W. Serruys, G. K. Hansson, D. P. Faxon, S. Kaul, H. Drexler, P. Greenland, J. E. Muller, R. Virmani, P. M. Ridker, D. P. Zipes, P. K. Shah, and J. T. Willerson, “From vulnerable plaque to vulnerable patient: a call for new definitions and risk assessment strategies: Part I,” Circulation 108(14), 1664–1672 (2003). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- M. Naghavi, P. Libby, E. Falk, S. W. Casscells, S. Litovsky, J. Rumberger, J. J. Badimon, C. Stefanadis, P. Moreno, G. Pasterkamp, Z. Fayad, P. H. Stone, S. Waxman, P. Raggi, M. Madjid, A. Zarrabi, A. Burke, C. Yuan, P. J. Fitzgerald, D. S. Siscovick, C. L. de Korte, M. Aikawa, K. E. Juhani Airaksinen, G. Assmann, C. R. Becker, J. H. Chesebro, A. Farb, Z. S. Galis, C. Jackson, I. K. Jang, W. Koenig, R. A. Lodder, K. March, J. Demirovic, M. Navab, S. G. Priori, M. D. Rekhter, R. Bahr, S. M. Grundy, R. Mehran, A. Colombo, E. Boerwinkle, C. Ballantyne, W. Insull, R. S. Schwartz, R. Vogel, P. W. Serruys, G. K. Hansson, D. P. Faxon, S. Kaul, H. Drexler, P. Greenland, J. E. Muller, R. Virmani, P. M. Ridker, D. P. Zipes, P. K. Shah, and J. T. Willerson, “From vulnerable plaque to vulnerable patient: a call for new definitions and risk assessment strategies: Part I,” Circulation 108(14), 1664–1672 (2003). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Q. S. Sheng, R. Lang, Q. He, Y. J. Yang, D. F. Zhao, and D. Z. Chen, “Indocyanine green clearance test and model for end-stage liver disease score of patients with liver cirrhosis,” Hepatobiliary Pancreat. Dis. Int. 8(1), 46–49 (2009). [PubMed]
- B. Zhu, F. Jaffer, V. Ntziachristos, and R. Weissleder, “Development of a near infrared fluorescence catheter: operating characteristics and feasibility for atherosclerotic plaque detection,” J. Phys. D Appl. Phys. 38(15), 2701–2707 (2005). [CrossRef]
- M. Naghavi, P. Libby, E. Falk, S. W. Casscells, S. Litovsky, J. Rumberger, J. J. Badimon, C. Stefanadis, P. Moreno, G. Pasterkamp, Z. Fayad, P. H. Stone, S. Waxman, P. Raggi, M. Madjid, A. Zarrabi, A. Burke, C. Yuan, P. J. Fitzgerald, D. S. Siscovick, C. L. de Korte, M. Aikawa, K. E. Juhani Airaksinen, G. Assmann, C. R. Becker, J. H. Chesebro, A. Farb, Z. S. Galis, C. Jackson, I. K. Jang, W. Koenig, R. A. Lodder, K. March, J. Demirovic, M. Navab, S. G. Priori, M. D. Rekhter, R. Bahr, S. M. Grundy, R. Mehran, A. Colombo, E. Boerwinkle, C. Ballantyne, W. Insull, R. S. Schwartz, R. Vogel, P. W. Serruys, G. K. Hansson, D. P. Faxon, S. Kaul, H. Drexler, P. Greenland, J. E. Muller, R. Virmani, P. M. Ridker, D. P. Zipes, P. K. Shah, and J. T. Willerson, “From vulnerable plaque to vulnerable patient: a call for new definitions and risk assessment strategies: Part I,” Circulation 108(14), 1664–1672 (2003). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Anaesthesia
- M. Sekimoto, M. Fukui, and K. Fujita, “Plasma volume estimation using indocyanine green with biexponential regression analysis of the decay curves,” Anaesthesia 52(12), 1166–1172 (1997). [CrossRef]
Anesth. Analg.
- M. Reekers, M. J. G. Simon, F. Boer, R. A. G. Mooren, J. W. van Kleef, A. Dahan, and J. Vuyk, “Cardiovascular monitoring by pulse dye densitometry or arterial indocyanine green dilution,” Anesth. Analg. 109(2), 441–446 (2009). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol.
- B. D. MacNeill, H. C. Lowe, M. Takano, V. Fuster, and I. K. Jang, “Intravascular modalities for detection of vulnerable plaque: current status,” Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. 23(8), 1333–1342 (2003). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- F. A. Jaffer, P. Libby, and R. Weissleder, “Optical and multimodality molecular imaging: insights into atherosclerosis,” Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. 29(7), 1017–1024 (2009). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Circ. Res.
- Z. A. Fayad and V. Fuster, “Clinical imaging of the high-risk or vulnerable atherosclerotic plaque,” Circ. Res. 89(4), 305–316 (2001). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Circulation
- M. Naghavi, P. Libby, E. Falk, S. W. Casscells, S. Litovsky, J. Rumberger, J. J. Badimon, C. Stefanadis, P. Moreno, G. Pasterkamp, Z. Fayad, P. H. Stone, S. Waxman, P. Raggi, M. Madjid, A. Zarrabi, A. Burke, C. Yuan, P. J. Fitzgerald, D. S. Siscovick, C. L. de Korte, M. Aikawa, K. E. Juhani Airaksinen, G. Assmann, C. R. Becker, J. H. Chesebro, A. Farb, Z. S. Galis, C. Jackson, I. K. Jang, W. Koenig, R. A. Lodder, K. March, J. Demirovic, M. Navab, S. G. Priori, M. D. Rekhter, R. Bahr, S. M. Grundy, R. Mehran, A. Colombo, E. Boerwinkle, C. Ballantyne, W. Insull, R. S. Schwartz, R. Vogel, P. W. Serruys, G. K. Hansson, D. P. Faxon, S. Kaul, H. Drexler, P. Greenland, J. E. Muller, R. Virmani, P. M. Ridker, D. P. Zipes, P. K. Shah, and J. T. Willerson, “From vulnerable plaque to vulnerable patient: a call for new definitions and risk assessment strategies: Part I,” Circulation 108(14), 1664–1672 (2003). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- S. Waxman, F. Ishibashi, and J. E. Muller, “Detection and treatment of vulnerable plaques and vulnerable patients: novel approaches to prevention of coronary events,” Circulation 114(22), 2390–2411 (2006). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- F. A. Jaffer, C. Vinegoni, M. C. John, E. Aikawa, H. K. Gold, A. V. Finn, V. Ntziachristos, P. Libby, and R. Weissleder, “Real-time catheter molecular sensing of inflammation in proteolytically active atherosclerosis,” Circulation 118(18), 1802–1809 (2008). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- F. A. Jaffer, P. Libby, and R. Weissleder, “Molecular imaging of cardiovascular disease,” Circulation 116(9), 1052–1061 (2007). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Curr. Pharm. Des.
- J. A. Schaar, F. Mastik, E. Regar, C. A. den Uil, F. J. Gijsen, J. J. Wentzel, P. W. Serruys, A. F. W., and van der Stehen, “Current diagnostic modalities for vulnerable plaque detection,” Curr. Pharm. Des. 13(10), 995–1001 (2007). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Hepatobiliary Pancreat. Dis. Int.
- Q. S. Sheng, R. Lang, Q. He, Y. J. Yang, D. F. Zhao, and D. Z. Chen, “Indocyanine green clearance test and model for end-stage liver disease score of patients with liver cirrhosis,” Hepatobiliary Pancreat. Dis. Int. 8(1), 46–49 (2009). [PubMed]
IEEE J. Quantum Electron.
- W. Cheong, S. Prahl, and A. Welch, “A review of the optical properties of biological tissues,” IEEE J. Quantum Electron. 26(12), 2166–2185 (1990). [CrossRef]
J. Am. Coll. Cardiol.
- F. A. Jaffer, P. Libby, and R. Weissleder, “Molecular and cellular imaging of atherosclerosis: emerging applications,” J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 47(7), 1328–1338 (2006). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
J. Appl. Physiol.
- M. Jacob, P. Conzen, U. Finsterer, A. Krafft, B. F. Becker, and M. Rehm, “Technical and physiological background of plasma volume measurement with indocyanine green: a clarification of misunderstandings,” J. Appl. Physiol. 102(3), 1235–1242 (2006). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
J. Phys. D Appl. Phys.
- B. Zhu, F. Jaffer, V. Ntziachristos, and R. Weissleder, “Development of a near infrared fluorescence catheter: operating characteristics and feasibility for atherosclerotic plaque detection,” J. Phys. D Appl. Phys. 38(15), 2701–2707 (2005). [CrossRef]
Life Sci.
- M. Haller, C. Akbulut, H. Brechtelsbauer, W. Fett, J. Briegel, U. Finsterer, and K. Peter, “Determination of plasma volume with indocyanine green in man,” Life Sci. 53(21), 1597–1604 (1993). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Med. Phys.
- P. K. Yalavarthy, B. W. Pogue, H. Dehghani, and K. D. Paulsen, “Weight-matrix structured regularization provides optimal generalized least-squares estimate in diffuse optical tomography,” Med. Phys. 34(6), 2085–2098 (2007). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
N. Engl. J. Med.
- G. K. Hansson, “Inflammation, atherosclerosis, and coronary artery disease - Reply,” N. Engl. J. Med. 353(4), 429–430 (2005). [CrossRef]
Nat. Biotechnol.
- V. Ntziachristos, J. Ripoll, L. V. Wang, and R. Weissleder, “Looking and listening to light: the evolution of whole-body photonic imaging,” Nat. Biotechnol. 23(3), 313–320 (2005). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Nat. Med.
- V. Ntziachristos, C.-H. Tung, C. Bremer, and R. Weissleder, “Fluorescence molecular tomography resolves protease activity in vivo,” Nat. Med. 8(7), 757–761 (2002). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Nature
- J. Sanz and Z. A. Fayad, “Imaging of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease,” Nature 451(7181), 953–957 (2008). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- P. Libby, “Inflammation in atherosclerosis,” Nature 420(6917), 868–874 (2002). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Neuroimage
- D. Hyde, R. de Kleine, S. A. MacLaurin, E. Miller, D. H. Brooks, T. Krucker, and V. Ntziachristos, “Hybrid FMT-CT imaging of amyloid-beta plaques in a murine Alzheimer’s disease model,” Neuroimage 44(4), 1304–1311 (2009). [CrossRef]
Opt. Lett.
- P. H. Tran, D. S. Mukai, M. Brenner, and Z. P. Chen, “In vivo endoscopic optical coherence tomography by use of a rotational microelectromechanical system probe,” Opt. Lett. 29(11), 1236–1238 (2004). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- V. Ntziachristos, J. Ripoll, and R. Weissleder, “Would near-infrared fluorescence signals propagate through large human organs for clinical studies?” Opt. Lett. 27(5), 333–335 (2002). [CrossRef]
2009, Jaffer, Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol.
- F. A. Jaffer, P. Libby, and R. Weissleder, “Optical and multimodality molecular imaging: insights into atherosclerosis,” Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. 29(7), 1017–1024 (2009). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Q. S. Sheng, R. Lang, Q. He, Y. J. Yang, D. F. Zhao, and D. Z. Chen, “Indocyanine green clearance test and model for end-stage liver disease score of patients with liver cirrhosis,” Hepatobiliary Pancreat. Dis. Int. 8(1), 46–49 (2009). [PubMed]
- M. Reekers, M. J. G. Simon, F. Boer, R. A. G. Mooren, J. W. van Kleef, A. Dahan, and J. Vuyk, “Cardiovascular monitoring by pulse dye densitometry or arterial indocyanine green dilution,” Anesth. Analg. 109(2), 441–446 (2009). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- D. Hyde, R. de Kleine, S. A. MacLaurin, E. Miller, D. H. Brooks, T. Krucker, and V. Ntziachristos, “Hybrid FMT-CT imaging of amyloid-beta plaques in a murine Alzheimer’s disease model,” Neuroimage 44(4), 1304–1311 (2009). [CrossRef]
- F. A. Jaffer, C. Vinegoni, M. C. John, E. Aikawa, H. K. Gold, A. V. Finn, V. Ntziachristos, P. Libby, and R. Weissleder, “Real-time catheter molecular sensing of inflammation in proteolytically active atherosclerosis,” Circulation 118(18), 1802–1809 (2008). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- J. Sanz and Z. A. Fayad, “Imaging of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease,” Nature 451(7181), 953–957 (2008). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- F. A. Jaffer, P. Libby, and R. Weissleder, “Molecular imaging of cardiovascular disease,” Circulation 116(9), 1052–1061 (2007). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- J. A. Schaar, F. Mastik, E. Regar, C. A. den Uil, F. J. Gijsen, J. J. Wentzel, P. W. Serruys, A. F. W., and van der Stehen, “Current diagnostic modalities for vulnerable plaque detection,” Curr. Pharm. Des. 13(10), 995–1001 (2007). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- P. K. Yalavarthy, B. W. Pogue, H. Dehghani, and K. D. Paulsen, “Weight-matrix structured regularization provides optimal generalized least-squares estimate in diffuse optical tomography,” Med. Phys. 34(6), 2085–2098 (2007). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- M. Jacob, P. Conzen, U. Finsterer, A. Krafft, B. F. Becker, and M. Rehm, “Technical and physiological background of plasma volume measurement with indocyanine green: a clarification of misunderstandings,” J. Appl. Physiol. 102(3), 1235–1242 (2006). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- S. Waxman, F. Ishibashi, and J. E. Muller, “Detection and treatment of vulnerable plaques and vulnerable patients: novel approaches to prevention of coronary events,” Circulation 114(22), 2390–2411 (2006). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- F. A. Jaffer, P. Libby, and R. Weissleder, “Molecular and cellular imaging of atherosclerosis: emerging applications,” J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 47(7), 1328–1338 (2006). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- G. K. Hansson, “Inflammation, atherosclerosis, and coronary artery disease - Reply,” N. Engl. J. Med. 353(4), 429–430 (2005). [CrossRef]
- V. Ntziachristos, J. Ripoll, L. V. Wang, and R. Weissleder, “Looking and listening to light: the evolution of whole-body photonic imaging,” Nat. Biotechnol. 23(3), 313–320 (2005). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- B. Zhu, F. Jaffer, V. Ntziachristos, and R. Weissleder, “Development of a near infrared fluorescence catheter: operating characteristics and feasibility for atherosclerotic plaque detection,” J. Phys. D Appl. Phys. 38(15), 2701–2707 (2005). [CrossRef]
- M. Naghavi, P. Libby, E. Falk, S. W. Casscells, S. Litovsky, J. Rumberger, J. J. Badimon, C. Stefanadis, P. Moreno, G. Pasterkamp, Z. Fayad, P. H. Stone, S. Waxman, P. Raggi, M. Madjid, A. Zarrabi, A. Burke, C. Yuan, P. J. Fitzgerald, D. S. Siscovick, C. L. de Korte, M. Aikawa, K. E. Juhani Airaksinen, G. Assmann, C. R. Becker, J. H. Chesebro, A. Farb, Z. S. Galis, C. Jackson, I. K. Jang, W. Koenig, R. A. Lodder, K. March, J. Demirovic, M. Navab, S. G. Priori, M. D. Rekhter, R. Bahr, S. M. Grundy, R. Mehran, A. Colombo, E. Boerwinkle, C. Ballantyne, W. Insull, R. S. Schwartz, R. Vogel, P. W. Serruys, G. K. Hansson, D. P. Faxon, S. Kaul, H. Drexler, P. Greenland, J. E. Muller, R. Virmani, P. M. Ridker, D. P. Zipes, P. K. Shah, and J. T. Willerson, “From vulnerable plaque to vulnerable patient: a call for new definitions and risk assessment strategies: Part I,” Circulation 108(14), 1664–1672 (2003). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- B. D. MacNeill, H. C. Lowe, M. Takano, V. Fuster, and I. K. Jang, “Intravascular modalities for detection of vulnerable plaque: current status,” Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. 23(8), 1333–1342 (2003). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- P. Libby, “Inflammation in atherosclerosis,” Nature 420(6917), 868–874 (2002). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- V. Ntziachristos, C.-H. Tung, C. Bremer, and R. Weissleder, “Fluorescence molecular tomography resolves protease activity in vivo,” Nat. Med. 8(7), 757–761 (2002). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Z. A. Fayad and V. Fuster, “Clinical imaging of the high-risk or vulnerable atherosclerotic plaque,” Circ. Res. 89(4), 305–316 (2001). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- M. Sekimoto, M. Fukui, and K. Fujita, “Plasma volume estimation using indocyanine green with biexponential regression analysis of the decay curves,” Anaesthesia 52(12), 1166–1172 (1997). [CrossRef]
- M. Haller, C. Akbulut, H. Brechtelsbauer, W. Fett, J. Briegel, U. Finsterer, and K. Peter, “Determination of plasma volume with indocyanine green in man,” Life Sci. 53(21), 1597–1604 (1993). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- W. Cheong, S. Prahl, and A. Welch, “A review of the optical properties of biological tissues,” IEEE J. Quantum Electron. 26(12), 2166–2185 (1990). [CrossRef]
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