Zeeman laser scanning confocal microscope and its ability on reduction of specimen-induced spherical aberration

doi:10.1364/OE.18.013136

Zeeman laser scanning confocal microscope and its ability on reduction of specimen-induced spherical aberration

Jheng-Syong Wu, Chien Chou, Chi-Hui Chang, Li-Ping Yu, Li-Dek Chou, Hsiu-Fong Chang, Hon-Fai Yau, and Cheng-Chung Lee »View Author Affiliations

Optics Express, Vol. 18, Issue 12, pp. 13136-13150 (2010)
http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/OE.18.013136

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Abstract

The spherical aberration induced by refractive-index mismatch results in the degradation on the quality of sectioning images in conventional confocal laser scanning microscope (CLSM). In this research, we have derived the theory of image formation in a Zeeman laser scanning confocal microscope (ZLSCM) and conducted experiments in order to verify the ability of reducing spherical aberration in ZLSCM. A Zeeman laser is used as the light source and produces the linearly polarized photon-pairs (LPPP) laser beam. With the features of common-path propagation of LPPP and optical heterodyne detection, ZLSCM shows the ability of reducing the specimen-induced spherical aberration and improving the axial resolution simultaneously.

OCIS Codes
(080.1010) Geometric optics : Aberrations (global)
(110.2990) Imaging systems : Image formation theory
(120.3180) Instrumentation, measurement, and metrology : Interferometry
(180.1790) Microscopy : Confocal microscopy

ToC Category:
Microscopy

History
Original Manuscript: March 23, 2010
Revised Manuscript: May 14, 2010
Manuscript Accepted: May 14, 2010
Published: June 3, 2010

Virtual Issues
Vol. 5, Iss. 10 Virtual Journal for Biomedical Optics

Citation
Jheng-Syong Wu, Chien Chou, Chi-Hui Chang, Li-Ping Yu, Li-Dek Chou, Hsiu-Fong Chang, Hon-Fai Yau, and Cheng-Chung Lee, "Zeeman laser scanning confocal microscope and its ability on reduction of specimen-induced spherical aberration," Opt. Express 18, 13136-13150 (2010)
http://www.opticsinfobase.org/oe/abstract.cfm?URI=oe-18-12-13136

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References

T. Wilson and A. R. Carlini, “Size of the detector in confocal imaging systems,” Opt. Lett. 12(4), 227–229 (1987). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
T. Wilson, “The role of the pinhole in confocal imaging system,” in Handbook of Biological Confocal Microscopy, J. B. Pawley, ed., (Plenum Press, 1995), pp. 167–182.
T. Wilson and C. J. R. Sheppard, Theory and Practice of Scanning Optical Microscopy (Academic Press, 1984).
J. M. Schmitt, A. Knuttel, and M. Yadlowsky, “Confocal microscopy in turbid media,” J. Opt. Soc. Am. A 11(8), 2226–2235 (1994). [CrossRef]
H. F. Chang, C. Chou, H. F. Yau, Y. H. Chan, J. N. Yih, and J. S. Wu, “Angular distribution of polarized photon-pairs in a scattering medium with a Zeeman laser scanning confocal microscope,” J. Microsc. 223(Pt 1), 26–32 (2006). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
S. W. Hell and E. H. K. Stelzer, “Lens aberrations in confocal fluorescence microscopy,” in Handbook of Biological Confocal Microscopy, J. B. Pawley, eds., (Plenum Press, 1995), pp. 347–354.
C. J. R. Sheppard, “Confocal imaging through weakly aberrating media,” Appl. Opt. 39(34), 6366–6368 (2000). [CrossRef]
M. Kempe and W. Rudolph, “Scanning microscopy through thick layers based on linear correlation,” Opt. Lett. 19(23), 1919–1921 (1994). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
M. Kempe, W. Rudolph, and E. Welsch, “Comparative study of confocal and heterodyne microscopy for imaging through scattering media,” J. Opt. Soc. Am. A 13(1), 46–52 (1996). [CrossRef]
D. Huang, E. A. Swanson, C. P. Lin, J. S. Schuman, W. G. Stinson, W. Chang, M. R. Hee, T. Flotte, K. Gregory, C. A. Puliafito, and J. G. Fujimoto, “Optical coherence tomography,” Science 254(5035), 1178–1181 (1991). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
J. A. Izatt, M. R. Hee, G. M. Owen, E. A. Swanson, and J. G. Fujimoto, “Optical coherence microscopy in scattering media,” Opt. Lett. 19(8), 590–592 (1994). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
C. J. R. Sheppard, M. Roy, and M. D. Sharma, “Image formation in low-coherence and confocal interference microscopes,” Appl. Opt. 43(7), 1493–1502 (2004). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
H. W. Wang, J. A. Izatt, and M. D. Kulkarni, “Optical coherence microscopy,” in Handbook of Optical Coherence Tomography, B. E. Bouma and G. J. Tearney, eds. (Marcel Dekker, 2001) , pp. 275–298.
C. J. R. Sheppard and M. Gu, “Aberration compensation in confocal microscopy,” Appl. Opt. 30(25), 3563–3568 (1991). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
C. J. R. Sheppard, M. Gu, K. Brain, and H. Zhou, “Influence of spherical aberration on axial imaging of confocal reflection microscopy,” Appl. Opt. 33(4), 616–624 (1994). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
M. Schwertner, M. Booth, and T. Wilson, “Characterizing specimen induced aberrations for high NA adaptive optical microscopy,” Opt. Express 12(26), 6540–6552 (2004). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
C. J. R. Sheppard and D. M. Shotton, Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy (Springer, 1997) , pp. 27–39.
C. Chou, L. C. Peng, Y. H. Chou, Y. H. Tang, C. Y. Han, and C. W. Lyu, “Polarized optical coherence imaging in turbid media by use of a Zeeman laser,” Opt. Lett. 25(20), 1517–1519 (2000). [CrossRef]
L. C. Peng, C. Chou, C. W. Lyu, and J. C. Hsieh, “Zeeman laser-scanning confocal microscopy in turbid media,” Opt. Lett. 26(6), 349–351 (2001). [CrossRef]
Agilent Technologies, Laser and Optics User’s Manual (Agilent Technologies, 2002), Chap. 5.
E. O. Potma, C. L. Evans, and X. S. Xie, “Heterodyne coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (CARS) imaging,” Opt. Lett. 31(2), 241–243 (2006). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
M. Gu, Principles of Three-Dimensional Imaging in Confocal Microscopes (World Scientific, 1996).
R. M. Zucker, “Confocal microscopy system performance: axial resolution,” Microscopy Today 12, 38–40 (2004).
D. K. Hamilton and C. J. R. Sheppard, “A confocal interference microscope,” Opt. Acta (Lond.) 29, 1573–1577 (1982).
C. J. R. Sheppard and Y. Gong, “Improvement in axial resolution by interference confocal microscopy,” Optik (Stuttg.) 87, 129–132 (1991).
M. Gu and C. J. R. Sheppard, “Effects of defocus and primary spherical aberration on images of a straight edge in confocal microscopy,” Appl. Opt. 33(4), 625–630 (1994). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

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[1] T. Wilson and A. R. Carlini, “Size of the detector in confocal imaging systems,” Opt. Lett. 12(4), 227–229 (1987). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

[2] T. Wilson, “The role of the pinhole in confocal imaging system,” in Handbook of Biological Confocal Microscopy, J. B. Pawley, ed., (Plenum Press, 1995), pp. 167–182.

[3] T. Wilson and C. J. R. Sheppard, Theory and Practice of Scanning Optical Microscopy (Academic Press, 1984).

[4] J. M. Schmitt, A. Knuttel, and M. Yadlowsky, “Confocal microscopy in turbid media,” J. Opt. Soc. Am. A 11(8), 2226–2235 (1994). [CrossRef]

[5] H. F. Chang, C. Chou, H. F. Yau, Y. H. Chan, J. N. Yih, and J. S. Wu, “Angular distribution of polarized photon-pairs in a scattering medium with a Zeeman laser scanning confocal microscope,” J. Microsc. 223(Pt 1), 26–32 (2006). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

[6] S. W. Hell and E. H. K. Stelzer, “Lens aberrations in confocal fluorescence microscopy,” in Handbook of Biological Confocal Microscopy, J. B. Pawley, eds., (Plenum Press, 1995), pp. 347–354.

[7] C. J. R. Sheppard, “Confocal imaging through weakly aberrating media,” Appl. Opt. 39(34), 6366–6368 (2000). [CrossRef]

[8] M. Kempe and W. Rudolph, “Scanning microscopy through thick layers based on linear correlation,” Opt. Lett. 19(23), 1919–1921 (1994). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

[9] M. Kempe, W. Rudolph, and E. Welsch, “Comparative study of confocal and heterodyne microscopy for imaging through scattering media,” J. Opt. Soc. Am. A 13(1), 46–52 (1996). [CrossRef]

[10] D. Huang, E. A. Swanson, C. P. Lin, J. S. Schuman, W. G. Stinson, W. Chang, M. R. Hee, T. Flotte, K. Gregory, C. A. Puliafito, and J. G. Fujimoto, “Optical coherence tomography,” Science 254(5035), 1178–1181 (1991). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

[11] J. A. Izatt, M. R. Hee, G. M. Owen, E. A. Swanson, and J. G. Fujimoto, “Optical coherence microscopy in scattering media,” Opt. Lett. 19(8), 590–592 (1994). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

[12] C. J. R. Sheppard, M. Roy, and M. D. Sharma, “Image formation in low-coherence and confocal interference microscopes,” Appl. Opt. 43(7), 1493–1502 (2004). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

[13] H. W. Wang, J. A. Izatt, and M. D. Kulkarni, “Optical coherence microscopy,” in Handbook of Optical Coherence Tomography, B. E. Bouma and G. J. Tearney, eds. (Marcel Dekker, 2001) , pp. 275–298.

[14] C. J. R. Sheppard and M. Gu, “Aberration compensation in confocal microscopy,” Appl. Opt. 30(25), 3563–3568 (1991). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

[15] C. J. R. Sheppard, M. Gu, K. Brain, and H. Zhou, “Influence of spherical aberration on axial imaging of confocal reflection microscopy,” Appl. Opt. 33(4), 616–624 (1994). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

[16] M. Schwertner, M. Booth, and T. Wilson, “Characterizing specimen induced aberrations for high NA adaptive optical microscopy,” Opt. Express 12(26), 6540–6552 (2004). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

[17] C. J. R. Sheppard and D. M. Shotton, Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy (Springer, 1997) , pp. 27–39.

[18] C. Chou, L. C. Peng, Y. H. Chou, Y. H. Tang, C. Y. Han, and C. W. Lyu, “Polarized optical coherence imaging in turbid media by use of a Zeeman laser,” Opt. Lett. 25(20), 1517–1519 (2000). [CrossRef]

[19] L. C. Peng, C. Chou, C. W. Lyu, and J. C. Hsieh, “Zeeman laser-scanning confocal microscopy in turbid media,” Opt. Lett. 26(6), 349–351 (2001). [CrossRef]

[20] Agilent Technologies, Laser and Optics User’s Manual (Agilent Technologies, 2002), Chap. 5.

[21] E. O. Potma, C. L. Evans, and X. S. Xie, “Heterodyne coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (CARS) imaging,” Opt. Lett. 31(2), 241–243 (2006). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

[22] M. Gu, Principles of Three-Dimensional Imaging in Confocal Microscopes (World Scientific, 1996).

[23] R. M. Zucker, “Confocal microscopy system performance: axial resolution,” Microscopy Today 12, 38–40 (2004).

[24] D. K. Hamilton and C. J. R. Sheppard, “A confocal interference microscope,” Opt. Acta (Lond.) 29, 1573–1577 (1982).

[25] C. J. R. Sheppard and Y. Gong, “Improvement in axial resolution by interference confocal microscopy,” Optik (Stuttg.) 87, 129–132 (1991).

[26] M. Gu and C. J. R. Sheppard, “Effects of defocus and primary spherical aberration on images of a straight edge in confocal microscopy,” Appl. Opt. 33(4), 625–630 (1994). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

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Zeeman laser scanning confocal microscope and its ability on reduction of specimen-induced spherical aberration