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Magnetic imaging at linearly polarized x-ray sources
Bastian Pfau, Christian M. Günther, René Könnecke, Erik Guehrs, Olav Hellwig, William F. Schlotter, and Stefan Eisebitt »View Author Affiliations
Bastian Pfau,1,2,*
Christian M. Günther,1,2
René Könnecke,2
Erik Guehrs,1
Olav Hellwig,3
William F. Schlotter,4,5
and Stefan Eisebitt1,2
1TU Berlin, Institut für Optik und Atomare Physik, Hardenbergstr. 36, 10623 Berlin, Germany
2Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH, Hahn-Meitner-Platz 1, 14109 Berlin, Germany
3San Jose Research Center, Hitachi GST, 3403 Yerba Buena Road, San Jose, California 95135, USA
4Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, Stanford Linear Accelerator Center (SLAC), 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
5Present address: Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC, 2757 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
*Corresponding author: bastian.pfau@helmholtz-berlin.de
Optics Express, Vol. 18, Issue 13, pp. 13608-13615 (2010)
http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/OE.18.013608
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Abstract
We present a method for high-resolution magnetic imaging at linearly polarized partially coherent x-ray sources. The magnetic imaging was realized via Fourier transform holography. In order to achieve elliptical x-ray polarization, three different filters were designed based on the x-ray magnetic circular dichroism effect. We present proof-of-principle images of magnetic nanostructures and discuss the application of the method for future experiments at free-electron laser sources.
© 2010 Optical Society of America
OCIS Codes
(160.3820) Materials : Magneto-optical materials
(230.5440) Optical devices : Polarization-selective devices
(340.7440) X-ray optics : X-ray imaging
ToC Category:
X-ray Optics
History
Original Manuscript: February 12, 2010
Revised Manuscript: May 6, 2010
Manuscript Accepted: May 9, 2010
Published: June 10, 2010
Citation
Bastian Pfau, Christian M. Günther, René Könnecke, Erik Guehrs, Olav Hellwig, William F. Schlotter, and Stefan Eisebitt, "Magnetic imaging at linearly polarized x-ray sources," Opt. Express 18, 13608-13615 (2010)
http://www.opticsinfobase.org/oe/abstract.cfm?URI=oe-18-13-13608
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References
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- E. Beaurepaire, J.-C. Merle, A. Daunois, and J.-Y. Bigot, "Ultrafast spin dynamics in ferromagnetic nickel," Phys. Rev. Lett. 76, 4250-4253 (1996). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- M. S. Pierce, C. R. Buechler, L. B. Sorensen, J. J. Turner, S. D. Kevan, E. A. Jagla, J. M. Deutsch, T. Mai, O. Narayan, J. E. Davies, K. Liu, J. H. Dunn, K. M. Chesnel, J. B. Kortright, O. Hellwig, and E. E. Fullerton., "Disorder-induced microscopic magnetic memory," Phys. Rev. Lett. 94, 017202 (2005). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- M. S. Pierce, C. R. Buechler, L. B. Sorensen, J. J. Turner, S. D. Kevan, E. A. Jagla, J. M. Deutsch, T. Mai, O. Narayan, J. E. Davies, K. Liu, J. H. Dunn, K. M. Chesnel, J. B. Kortright, O. Hellwig, and E. E. Fullerton., "Disorder-induced microscopic magnetic memory," Phys. Rev. Lett. 94, 017202 (2005). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- F. Schäfers, H.-C. Mertins, A. Gaupp, W. Gudat, M. Mertin, I. Packe, F. Schmolla, S. Di Fonzo, G. Soullié, W. Jark, R. Walker, X. Le Cann, R. Nyholm, and M. Eriksson, "Soft-x-ray polarimeter with multilayer optics: Complete analysis of the polarization state of light," Appl. Opt. 38, 4074-4088 (1999). [CrossRef]
- O. Hellwig, T. Hauet, T. Thomson, E. Dobisz, J. D. Risner-Jamtgaard, D. Yaney, B. D. Terris, and E. E. Fullerton, "Coercivity tuning in Co/Pd multilayer based bit patterned media," Appl. Phys. Lett. 95, 232505 (2009). [CrossRef]
- M. S. Pierce, C. R. Buechler, L. B. Sorensen, J. J. Turner, S. D. Kevan, E. A. Jagla, J. M. Deutsch, T. Mai, O. Narayan, J. E. Davies, K. Liu, J. H. Dunn, K. M. Chesnel, J. B. Kortright, O. Hellwig, and E. E. Fullerton., "Disorder-induced microscopic magnetic memory," Phys. Rev. Lett. 94, 017202 (2005). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
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- S. Streit-Nierobisch, D. Stickler, C. Gutt, L.-M. Stadler, H. Stillrich, C. Menk, R. Frömter, C. Tieg, O. Leupold, H. P. Oepen, and G. Grübel, "Magnetic soft x-ray holography study of focused ion beam-patterned Co/Pt multilayers," J. Appl. Phys. 106, 083909 (2009). [CrossRef]
- C. Stamm, T. Kachel, N. Pontius, R. Mitzner, T. Quast, K. Holldack, S. Khan, C. Lupulescu, E. F. Aziz, M. Wietstruk, H. A. Durr, and W. Eberhardt, "Femtosecond modification of electron localization and transfer of angular momentum in nickel," Nat. Mater. 6, 740-743 (2007). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- S. Streit-Nierobisch, D. Stickler, C. Gutt, L.-M. Stadler, H. Stillrich, C. Menk, R. Frömter, C. Tieg, O. Leupold, H. P. Oepen, and G. Grübel, "Magnetic soft x-ray holography study of focused ion beam-patterned Co/Pt multilayers," J. Appl. Phys. 106, 083909 (2009). [CrossRef]
- S. Streit-Nierobisch, D. Stickler, C. Gutt, L.-M. Stadler, H. Stillrich, C. Menk, R. Frömter, C. Tieg, O. Leupold, H. P. Oepen, and G. Grübel, "Magnetic soft x-ray holography study of focused ion beam-patterned Co/Pt multilayers," J. Appl. Phys. 106, 083909 (2009). [CrossRef]
- O. Hellwig, S. Eisebitt, W . Eberhardt, W. F . Schlotter, J . Lüning, and J . Stöhr, "Magnetic imaging with soft x-ray spectroholography," J. Appl. Phys. 99, 08H307 (2006). [CrossRef]
- A. Scherz, W. F. Schlotter, K. Chen, R. Rick, J. Stöhr, J. Lüning, I. McNulty, C. Günther, F. Radu, W. Eberhardt, O. Hellwig, and S. Eisebitt, "Phase imaging of magnetic nanostructures using resonant soft x-ray holography," Phys. Rev. B 76, 214410 (2007). [CrossRef]
- S. Eisebitt, J. L¨uning, W. F. Schlotter, M. Lörgen, O. Hellwig, W. Eberhardt, and J. Stöhr, "Lensless imaging of magnetic nanostructures by x-ray spectro-holography," Nature 432, 885-888 (2004). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- S. Streit-Nierobisch, D. Stickler, C. Gutt, L.-M. Stadler, H. Stillrich, C. Menk, R. Frömter, C. Tieg, O. Leupold, H. P. Oepen, and G. Grübel, "Magnetic soft x-ray holography study of focused ion beam-patterned Co/Pt multilayers," J. Appl. Phys. 106, 083909 (2009). [CrossRef]
- H. N. Chapman, A. Barty, M. J. Bogan, S. Boutet, M. Frank, S. P. Hau-Riege, S. Marchesini, B. W. Woods, S. Bajt, W. H. Benner, R. A. London, E. Plönjes, M. Kuhlmann, R. Treusch, S. Düsterer, T. Tschentscher, J. R. Schneider, E. Spiller, T. Möller, C. Bostedt, M. Hoener, D. A. Shapiro, K. O. Hodgson, D. van der Spoel, F. Burmeister, M. Bergh, C. Caleman, G. Huldt, M. M. Seibert, F. R. N. C. Maia, R. W. Lee, A. Szöke, N. Timneanu, and J. Hajdu, "Femtosecond diffractive imaging with a soft-x-ray free-electron laser," Nat. Physics 2, 839-843 (2006). [CrossRef]
- O. Hellwig, T. Hauet, T. Thomson, E. Dobisz, J. D. Risner-Jamtgaard, D. Yaney, B. D. Terris, and E. E. Fullerton, "Coercivity tuning in Co/Pd multilayer based bit patterned media," Appl. Phys. Lett. 95, 232505 (2009). [CrossRef]
- O. Hellwig, T. Hauet, T. Thomson, E. Dobisz, J. D. Risner-Jamtgaard, D. Yaney, B. D. Terris, and E. E. Fullerton, "Coercivity tuning in Co/Pd multilayer based bit patterned media," Appl. Phys. Lett. 95, 232505 (2009). [CrossRef]
- S. Streit-Nierobisch, D. Stickler, C. Gutt, L.-M. Stadler, H. Stillrich, C. Menk, R. Frömter, C. Tieg, O. Leupold, H. P. Oepen, and G. Grübel, "Magnetic soft x-ray holography study of focused ion beam-patterned Co/Pt multilayers," J. Appl. Phys. 106, 083909 (2009). [CrossRef]
- H. N. Chapman, A. Barty, M. J. Bogan, S. Boutet, M. Frank, S. P. Hau-Riege, S. Marchesini, B. W. Woods, S. Bajt, W. H. Benner, R. A. London, E. Plönjes, M. Kuhlmann, R. Treusch, S. Düsterer, T. Tschentscher, J. R. Schneider, E. Spiller, T. Möller, C. Bostedt, M. Hoener, D. A. Shapiro, K. O. Hodgson, D. van der Spoel, F. Burmeister, M. Bergh, C. Caleman, G. Huldt, M. M. Seibert, F. R. N. C. Maia, R. W. Lee, A. Szöke, N. Timneanu, and J. Hajdu, "Femtosecond diffractive imaging with a soft-x-ray free-electron laser," Nat. Physics 2, 839-843 (2006). [CrossRef]
- H. N. Chapman, A. Barty, M. J. Bogan, S. Boutet, M. Frank, S. P. Hau-Riege, S. Marchesini, B. W. Woods, S. Bajt, W. H. Benner, R. A. London, E. Plönjes, M. Kuhlmann, R. Treusch, S. Düsterer, T. Tschentscher, J. R. Schneider, E. Spiller, T. Möller, C. Bostedt, M. Hoener, D. A. Shapiro, K. O. Hodgson, D. van der Spoel, F. Burmeister, M. Bergh, C. Caleman, G. Huldt, M. M. Seibert, F. R. N. C. Maia, R. W. Lee, A. Szöke, N. Timneanu, and J. Hajdu, "Femtosecond diffractive imaging with a soft-x-ray free-electron laser," Nat. Physics 2, 839-843 (2006). [CrossRef]
- H. N. Chapman, A. Barty, M. J. Bogan, S. Boutet, M. Frank, S. P. Hau-Riege, S. Marchesini, B. W. Woods, S. Bajt, W. H. Benner, R. A. London, E. Plönjes, M. Kuhlmann, R. Treusch, S. Düsterer, T. Tschentscher, J. R. Schneider, E. Spiller, T. Möller, C. Bostedt, M. Hoener, D. A. Shapiro, K. O. Hodgson, D. van der Spoel, F. Burmeister, M. Bergh, C. Caleman, G. Huldt, M. M. Seibert, F. R. N. C. Maia, R. W. Lee, A. Szöke, N. Timneanu, and J. Hajdu, "Femtosecond diffractive imaging with a soft-x-ray free-electron laser," Nat. Physics 2, 839-843 (2006). [CrossRef]
- M. S. Pierce, C. R. Buechler, L. B. Sorensen, J. J. Turner, S. D. Kevan, E. A. Jagla, J. M. Deutsch, T. Mai, O. Narayan, J. E. Davies, K. Liu, J. H. Dunn, K. M. Chesnel, J. B. Kortright, O. Hellwig, and E. E. Fullerton., "Disorder-induced microscopic magnetic memory," Phys. Rev. Lett. 94, 017202 (2005). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- H.-C. Mertins, S. Valencia, D. Abramsohn, A. Gaupp, W. Gudat, and P. M. Oppeneer, "X-ray kerr rotation and ellipticity spectra at the 2p edges of Fe, Co, and Ni," Phys. Rev. B 69, 064407 (2004). [CrossRef]
- H. N. Chapman, A. Barty, M. J. Bogan, S. Boutet, M. Frank, S. P. Hau-Riege, S. Marchesini, B. W. Woods, S. Bajt, W. H. Benner, R. A. London, E. Plönjes, M. Kuhlmann, R. Treusch, S. Düsterer, T. Tschentscher, J. R. Schneider, E. Spiller, T. Möller, C. Bostedt, M. Hoener, D. A. Shapiro, K. O. Hodgson, D. van der Spoel, F. Burmeister, M. Bergh, C. Caleman, G. Huldt, M. M. Seibert, F. R. N. C. Maia, R. W. Lee, A. Szöke, N. Timneanu, and J. Hajdu, "Femtosecond diffractive imaging with a soft-x-ray free-electron laser," Nat. Physics 2, 839-843 (2006). [CrossRef]
- F. Schäfers, H.-C. Mertins, A. Gaupp, W. Gudat, M. Mertin, I. Packe, F. Schmolla, S. Di Fonzo, G. Soullié, W. Jark, R. Walker, X. Le Cann, R. Nyholm, and M. Eriksson, "Soft-x-ray polarimeter with multilayer optics: Complete analysis of the polarization state of light," Appl. Opt. 38, 4074-4088 (1999). [CrossRef]
- J. B. Kortright, M. Rice, S. K. Kim, C. C. Walton, and T. Warwick, "Optics for element-resolved soft x-ray magneto-optical studies," J. Magn. Magn. Mater. 191, 79-89 (1999). [CrossRef]
- J. B. Kortright, M. Rice, S. K. Kim, C. C. Walton, and T. Warwick, "Optics for element-resolved soft x-ray magneto-optical studies," J. Magn. Magn. Mater. 191, 79-89 (1999). [CrossRef]
- J. B. Kortright, S.-K. Kim, T. Warwick, and N. V. Smith, "Soft x-ray circular polarizer using magnetic circular dichroism at the Fe L3 line," Appl. Phys. Lett. 71, 1446-1448 (1997). [CrossRef]
- H. A. Dürr, T. Eimuller, H.-J. Elmers, S. Eisebitt, M. Farle, W. Kuch, F. Matthes, M. Martins, H.-C. Mertins, P. Oppeneer, L. Plucinski, C. Schneider, H. Wende, W. Wurth, and H. Zabel, "A closer look into magnetism: Opportunities with synchrotron radiation," IEEE Trans. Magn. 45, 15-57 (2009). [CrossRef]
- C. Stamm, T. Kachel, N. Pontius, R. Mitzner, T. Quast, K. Holldack, S. Khan, C. Lupulescu, E. F. Aziz, M. Wietstruk, H. A. Durr, and W. Eberhardt, "Femtosecond modification of electron localization and transfer of angular momentum in nickel," Nat. Mater. 6, 740-743 (2007). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- H. N. Chapman, A. Barty, M. J. Bogan, S. Boutet, M. Frank, S. P. Hau-Riege, S. Marchesini, B. W. Woods, S. Bajt, W. H. Benner, R. A. London, E. Plönjes, M. Kuhlmann, R. Treusch, S. Düsterer, T. Tschentscher, J. R. Schneider, E. Spiller, T. Möller, C. Bostedt, M. Hoener, D. A. Shapiro, K. O. Hodgson, D. van der Spoel, F. Burmeister, M. Bergh, C. Caleman, G. Huldt, M. M. Seibert, F. R. N. C. Maia, R. W. Lee, A. Szöke, N. Timneanu, and J. Hajdu, "Femtosecond diffractive imaging with a soft-x-ray free-electron laser," Nat. Physics 2, 839-843 (2006). [CrossRef]
- H. A. Dürr, T. Eimuller, H.-J. Elmers, S. Eisebitt, M. Farle, W. Kuch, F. Matthes, M. Martins, H.-C. Mertins, P. Oppeneer, L. Plucinski, C. Schneider, H. Wende, W. Wurth, and H. Zabel, "A closer look into magnetism: Opportunities with synchrotron radiation," IEEE Trans. Magn. 45, 15-57 (2009). [CrossRef]
- O. Hellwig, T. Hauet, T. Thomson, E. Dobisz, J. D. Risner-Jamtgaard, D. Yaney, B. D. Terris, and E. E. Fullerton, "Coercivity tuning in Co/Pd multilayer based bit patterned media," Appl. Phys. Lett. 95, 232505 (2009). [CrossRef]
- H. A. Dürr, T. Eimuller, H.-J. Elmers, S. Eisebitt, M. Farle, W. Kuch, F. Matthes, M. Martins, H.-C. Mertins, P. Oppeneer, L. Plucinski, C. Schneider, H. Wende, W. Wurth, and H. Zabel, "A closer look into magnetism: Opportunities with synchrotron radiation," IEEE Trans. Magn. 45, 15-57 (2009). [CrossRef]
Appl. Opt.
- F. Schäfers, H.-C. Mertins, A. Gaupp, W. Gudat, M. Mertin, I. Packe, F. Schmolla, S. Di Fonzo, G. Soullié, W. Jark, R. Walker, X. Le Cann, R. Nyholm, and M. Eriksson, "Soft-x-ray polarimeter with multilayer optics: Complete analysis of the polarization state of light," Appl. Opt. 38, 4074-4088 (1999). [CrossRef]
Appl. Phys. Lett.
- C. M. Günther, F. Radu, A. Menzel, S. Eisebitt, W. F. Schlotter, R. Rick, J. Lüning, and O. Hellwig, "Steplike versus continuous domain propagation in Co/Pd multilayer films," Appl. Phys. Lett. 93, 072505 (2008). [CrossRef]
- O. Hellwig, T. Hauet, T. Thomson, E. Dobisz, J. D. Risner-Jamtgaard, D. Yaney, B. D. Terris, and E. E. Fullerton, "Coercivity tuning in Co/Pd multilayer based bit patterned media," Appl. Phys. Lett. 95, 232505 (2009). [CrossRef]
- J. B. Kortright, S.-K. Kim, T. Warwick, and N. V. Smith, "Soft x-ray circular polarizer using magnetic circular dichroism at the Fe L3 line," Appl. Phys. Lett. 71, 1446-1448 (1997). [CrossRef]
IEEE Trans. Magn.
- H. A. Dürr, T. Eimuller, H.-J. Elmers, S. Eisebitt, M. Farle, W. Kuch, F. Matthes, M. Martins, H.-C. Mertins, P. Oppeneer, L. Plucinski, C. Schneider, H. Wende, W. Wurth, and H. Zabel, "A closer look into magnetism: Opportunities with synchrotron radiation," IEEE Trans. Magn. 45, 15-57 (2009). [CrossRef]
J. Appl. Phys
- O. Hellwig, S. Eisebitt, W . Eberhardt, W. F . Schlotter, J . Lüning, and J . Stöhr, "Magnetic imaging with soft x-ray spectroholography," J. Appl. Phys. 99, 08H307 (2006). [CrossRef]
J. Appl. Phys.
- S. Streit-Nierobisch, D. Stickler, C. Gutt, L.-M. Stadler, H. Stillrich, C. Menk, R. Frömter, C. Tieg, O. Leupold, H. P. Oepen, and G. Grübel, "Magnetic soft x-ray holography study of focused ion beam-patterned Co/Pt multilayers," J. Appl. Phys. 106, 083909 (2009). [CrossRef]
J. Magn. Magn. Mater.
- J. B. Kortright, M. Rice, S. K. Kim, C. C. Walton, and T. Warwick, "Optics for element-resolved soft x-ray magneto-optical studies," J. Magn. Magn. Mater. 191, 79-89 (1999). [CrossRef]
Nat. Mater.
- C. Stamm, T. Kachel, N. Pontius, R. Mitzner, T. Quast, K. Holldack, S. Khan, C. Lupulescu, E. F. Aziz, M. Wietstruk, H. A. Durr, and W. Eberhardt, "Femtosecond modification of electron localization and transfer of angular momentum in nickel," Nat. Mater. 6, 740-743 (2007). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Nat. Physics
- H. N. Chapman, A. Barty, M. J. Bogan, S. Boutet, M. Frank, S. P. Hau-Riege, S. Marchesini, B. W. Woods, S. Bajt, W. H. Benner, R. A. London, E. Plönjes, M. Kuhlmann, R. Treusch, S. Düsterer, T. Tschentscher, J. R. Schneider, E. Spiller, T. Möller, C. Bostedt, M. Hoener, D. A. Shapiro, K. O. Hodgson, D. van der Spoel, F. Burmeister, M. Bergh, C. Caleman, G. Huldt, M. M. Seibert, F. R. N. C. Maia, R. W. Lee, A. Szöke, N. Timneanu, and J. Hajdu, "Femtosecond diffractive imaging with a soft-x-ray free-electron laser," Nat. Physics 2, 839-843 (2006). [CrossRef]
Nature
- S. Eisebitt, J. L¨uning, W. F. Schlotter, M. Lörgen, O. Hellwig, W. Eberhardt, and J. Stöhr, "Lensless imaging of magnetic nanostructures by x-ray spectro-holography," Nature 432, 885-888 (2004). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Opt. Express
- E. Guehrs, C. M. Günther, R. Könnecke, B. Pfau, and S. Eisebitt, "Holographic soft x-ray omni-microscopy of biological specimens," Opt. Express 17, 6710-6720 (2009). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Phys. Rev. B
- H.-C. Mertins, F. Schäfers, X. Le Cann, A. Gaupp, and W. Gudat, "Faraday rotation at the 2p edges of Fe, Co, and Ni," Phys. Rev. B 61, R874-R877 (2000). [CrossRef]
- H.-C. Mertins, S. Valencia, D. Abramsohn, A. Gaupp, W. Gudat, and P. M. Oppeneer, "X-ray kerr rotation and ellipticity spectra at the 2p edges of Fe, Co, and Ni," Phys. Rev. B 69, 064407 (2004). [CrossRef]
- A. Scherz, W. F. Schlotter, K. Chen, R. Rick, J. Stöhr, J. Lüning, I. McNulty, C. Günther, F. Radu, W. Eberhardt, O. Hellwig, and S. Eisebitt, "Phase imaging of magnetic nanostructures using resonant soft x-ray holography," Phys. Rev. B 76, 214410 (2007). [CrossRef]
Phys. Rev. Lett.
- M. S. Pierce, C. R. Buechler, L. B. Sorensen, J. J. Turner, S. D. Kevan, E. A. Jagla, J. M. Deutsch, T. Mai, O. Narayan, J. E. Davies, K. Liu, J. H. Dunn, K. M. Chesnel, J. B. Kortright, O. Hellwig, and E. E. Fullerton., "Disorder-induced microscopic magnetic memory," Phys. Rev. Lett. 94, 017202 (2005). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- E. Beaurepaire, J.-C. Merle, A. Daunois, and J.-Y. Bigot, "Ultrafast spin dynamics in ferromagnetic nickel," Phys. Rev. Lett. 76, 4250-4253 (1996). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Rev. Sci. Instrum.
- M. A. MacDonald, F. Schäfers, R. Pohl, I. B. Poole, A. Gaupp, and F. M. Quinn, "A W:B4C multilayer phase retarder for broadband polarization analysis of soft x-ray radiation," Rev. Sci. Instrum. 79, 025108 (2008). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Other
- O. Hellwig, C. M. Günther, F. Radu, A. Menzel, W. Schlotter, R. Rick, J. Lüning, and S. Eisebitt, in preparation.
- "Soft x-ray materials instrument (SXR) summary of technical design," http://lcls.slac.stanford. edu/sxr/docs/sxr_tdr_webpage_version20090303.pdf.
2009, Dürr, IEEE Trans. Magn.
- H. A. Dürr, T. Eimuller, H.-J. Elmers, S. Eisebitt, M. Farle, W. Kuch, F. Matthes, M. Martins, H.-C. Mertins, P. Oppeneer, L. Plucinski, C. Schneider, H. Wende, W. Wurth, and H. Zabel, "A closer look into magnetism: Opportunities with synchrotron radiation," IEEE Trans. Magn. 45, 15-57 (2009). [CrossRef]
- S. Streit-Nierobisch, D. Stickler, C. Gutt, L.-M. Stadler, H. Stillrich, C. Menk, R. Frömter, C. Tieg, O. Leupold, H. P. Oepen, and G. Grübel, "Magnetic soft x-ray holography study of focused ion beam-patterned Co/Pt multilayers," J. Appl. Phys. 106, 083909 (2009). [CrossRef]
- O. Hellwig, T. Hauet, T. Thomson, E. Dobisz, J. D. Risner-Jamtgaard, D. Yaney, B. D. Terris, and E. E. Fullerton, "Coercivity tuning in Co/Pd multilayer based bit patterned media," Appl. Phys. Lett. 95, 232505 (2009). [CrossRef]
- C. M. Günther, F. Radu, A. Menzel, S. Eisebitt, W. F. Schlotter, R. Rick, J. Lüning, and O. Hellwig, "Steplike versus continuous domain propagation in Co/Pd multilayer films," Appl. Phys. Lett. 93, 072505 (2008). [CrossRef]
- M. A. MacDonald, F. Schäfers, R. Pohl, I. B. Poole, A. Gaupp, and F. M. Quinn, "A W:B4C multilayer phase retarder for broadband polarization analysis of soft x-ray radiation," Rev. Sci. Instrum. 79, 025108 (2008). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- C. Stamm, T. Kachel, N. Pontius, R. Mitzner, T. Quast, K. Holldack, S. Khan, C. Lupulescu, E. F. Aziz, M. Wietstruk, H. A. Durr, and W. Eberhardt, "Femtosecond modification of electron localization and transfer of angular momentum in nickel," Nat. Mater. 6, 740-743 (2007). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- A. Scherz, W. F. Schlotter, K. Chen, R. Rick, J. Stöhr, J. Lüning, I. McNulty, C. Günther, F. Radu, W. Eberhardt, O. Hellwig, and S. Eisebitt, "Phase imaging of magnetic nanostructures using resonant soft x-ray holography," Phys. Rev. B 76, 214410 (2007). [CrossRef]
- H. N. Chapman, A. Barty, M. J. Bogan, S. Boutet, M. Frank, S. P. Hau-Riege, S. Marchesini, B. W. Woods, S. Bajt, W. H. Benner, R. A. London, E. Plönjes, M. Kuhlmann, R. Treusch, S. Düsterer, T. Tschentscher, J. R. Schneider, E. Spiller, T. Möller, C. Bostedt, M. Hoener, D. A. Shapiro, K. O. Hodgson, D. van der Spoel, F. Burmeister, M. Bergh, C. Caleman, G. Huldt, M. M. Seibert, F. R. N. C. Maia, R. W. Lee, A. Szöke, N. Timneanu, and J. Hajdu, "Femtosecond diffractive imaging with a soft-x-ray free-electron laser," Nat. Physics 2, 839-843 (2006). [CrossRef]
- O. Hellwig, S. Eisebitt, W . Eberhardt, W. F . Schlotter, J . Lüning, and J . Stöhr, "Magnetic imaging with soft x-ray spectroholography," J. Appl. Phys. 99, 08H307 (2006). [CrossRef]
- M. S. Pierce, C. R. Buechler, L. B. Sorensen, J. J. Turner, S. D. Kevan, E. A. Jagla, J. M. Deutsch, T. Mai, O. Narayan, J. E. Davies, K. Liu, J. H. Dunn, K. M. Chesnel, J. B. Kortright, O. Hellwig, and E. E. Fullerton., "Disorder-induced microscopic magnetic memory," Phys. Rev. Lett. 94, 017202 (2005). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- H.-C. Mertins, S. Valencia, D. Abramsohn, A. Gaupp, W. Gudat, and P. M. Oppeneer, "X-ray kerr rotation and ellipticity spectra at the 2p edges of Fe, Co, and Ni," Phys. Rev. B 69, 064407 (2004). [CrossRef]
- S. Eisebitt, J. L¨uning, W. F. Schlotter, M. Lörgen, O. Hellwig, W. Eberhardt, and J. Stöhr, "Lensless imaging of magnetic nanostructures by x-ray spectro-holography," Nature 432, 885-888 (2004). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- H.-C. Mertins, F. Schäfers, X. Le Cann, A. Gaupp, and W. Gudat, "Faraday rotation at the 2p edges of Fe, Co, and Ni," Phys. Rev. B 61, R874-R877 (2000). [CrossRef]
- J. B. Kortright, M. Rice, S. K. Kim, C. C. Walton, and T. Warwick, "Optics for element-resolved soft x-ray magneto-optical studies," J. Magn. Magn. Mater. 191, 79-89 (1999). [CrossRef]
- F. Schäfers, H.-C. Mertins, A. Gaupp, W. Gudat, M. Mertin, I. Packe, F. Schmolla, S. Di Fonzo, G. Soullié, W. Jark, R. Walker, X. Le Cann, R. Nyholm, and M. Eriksson, "Soft-x-ray polarimeter with multilayer optics: Complete analysis of the polarization state of light," Appl. Opt. 38, 4074-4088 (1999). [CrossRef]
- J. B. Kortright, S.-K. Kim, T. Warwick, and N. V. Smith, "Soft x-ray circular polarizer using magnetic circular dichroism at the Fe L3 line," Appl. Phys. Lett. 71, 1446-1448 (1997). [CrossRef]
- E. Beaurepaire, J.-C. Merle, A. Daunois, and J.-Y. Bigot, "Ultrafast spin dynamics in ferromagnetic nickel," Phys. Rev. Lett. 76, 4250-4253 (1996). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
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