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Highly birefringent microstructured fibers with enhanced sensitivity to hydrostatic pressureTadeusz Martynkien, Gabriela Statkiewicz-Barabach, Jacek Olszewski, Jan Wojcik, Paweł Mergo, Thomas Geernaert, Camille Sonnenfeld, Alicja Anuszkiewicz, Marcin K. Szczurowski, Karol Tarnowski, Mariusz Makara, Krzysztof Skorupski, Jacek Klimek, Krzysztof Poturaj, Waclaw Urbanczyk, Tomasz Nasilowski, Francis Berghmans, and Hugo Thienpont »View Author Affiliations
Tadeusz Martynkien,1,*
Gabriela Statkiewicz-Barabach,1
Jacek Olszewski,1
Jan Wojcik,2
Paweł Mergo,2
Thomas Geernaert,3
Camille Sonnenfeld,3
Alicja Anuszkiewicz,1
Marcin K. Szczurowski,1
Karol Tarnowski,1
Mariusz Makara,2
Krzysztof Skorupski, 2
Jacek Klimek,2
Krzysztof Poturaj,2
Waclaw Urbanczyk,1
Tomasz Nasilowski,3
Francis Berghmans,3
and Hugo Thienpont3
1Institute of Physics, Wroclaw University of Technology, Wybrzeze Wyspianskiego 27, 50-370 Wroclaw, Poland 2Department of Optical Fiber Technology, Marie Curie-Skłodowska University, Pl. M. Curie-Sklodowskiej 3, 20- 031 Lublin, Poland 3Brussels Photonics Team: B-PHOT, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium *Corresponding author: tadeusz.martynkien@pwr.wroc.pl |
Optics Express, Vol. 18, Issue 14, pp. 15113-15121 (2010)
http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/OE.18.015113
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Abstract
We designed, manufactured and characterized two birefringent microstructured fibers that feature a 5-fold increase in polarimetric sensitivity to hydrostatic pressure compared to the earlier reported values for microstructured fibers. We demonstrate a good agreement between the finite element simulations and the experimental values for the polarimetric sensitivity to pressure and to temperature. The sensitivity to hydrostatic pressure has a negative sign and exceeds −43 rad/MPa × m at 1.55 μm for both fibers. In combination with the very low sensitivity to temperature, this makes our fibers the candidates of choice for the development of microstructured fiber based hydrostatic pressure measurement systems.
© 2010 OSA
OCIS Codes
(060.2270) Fiber optics and optical communications : Fiber characterization
(060.2370) Fiber optics and optical communications : Fiber optics sensors
(060.2420) Fiber optics and optical communications : Fibers, polarization-maintaining
(060.4005) Fiber optics and optical communications : Microstructured fibers
(060.5295) Fiber optics and optical communications : Photonic crystal fibers
ToC Category:
Fiber Optics and Optical Communications
History
Original Manuscript: April 9, 2010
Revised Manuscript: June 8, 2010
Manuscript Accepted: June 10, 2010
Published: June 30, 2010
Citation
Tadeusz Martynkien, Gabriela Statkiewicz-Barabach, Jacek Olszewski, Jan Wojcik, Paweł Mergo, Thomas Geernaert, Camille Sonnenfeld, Alicja Anuszkiewicz, Marcin K. Szczurowski, Karol Tarnowski, Mariusz Makara, Krzysztof Skorupski, Jacek Klimek, Krzysztof Poturaj, Waclaw Urbanczyk, Tomasz Nasilowski, Francis Berghmans, and Hugo Thienpont, "Highly birefringent microstructured fibers with enhanced sensitivity to hydrostatic pressure," Opt. Express 18, 15113-15121 (2010)
http://www.opticsinfobase.org/oe/abstract.cfm?URI=oe-18-14-15113
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- W. J. Bock, J. Chen, T. Eftimov, and W. Urbanczyk, “A photonic crystal fiber sensor for pressure measurements,” IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas. 55(4), 1119–1123 (2006). [CrossRef]
- C. M. Jewart, Q. Wang, J. Canning, D. Grobnic, S. J. Mihailov, and K. P. Chen, “Ultrafast femtosecond-laser-induced fiber Bragg gratings in air-hole microstructured fibers for high-temperature pressure sensing,” Opt. Lett. 35(9), 1443–1445 (2010). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Ch. Jewart, K. P. Chen, B. McMillen, M. M. Bails, S. P. Levitan, J. Canning, and I. V. Avdeev, “Sensitivity enhancement of fiber Bragg gratings to transverse stress by using microstructural fibers,” Opt. Lett. 31(15), 2260–2262 (2006). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- D. S. Moon, B. H. Kim, A. Lin, G. Sun, Y.-G. Han, W.-T. Han, and Y. Chung, “The temperature sensitivity of Sagnac loop interferometer based on polarization maintaining side-hole fiber,” Opt. Express 15(13), 7962–7967 (2007), http://www.opticsinfobase.org/abstract.cfm?URI=oe-15-13-7962 . [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- J. R. Clowes, S. Syngellakis, and M. N. Zervas, “Pressure sensitivity of side-hole optical fiber sensors,” IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett. 10(6), 857–859 (1998). [CrossRef]
- J. Canning, N. Groothoff, K. Cook, C. Martelli, A. Pohl, J. Holdsworth, S. Bandyopadhyay, and M. Stevenson, “Gratings in structured optical fibres,” Laser Chem. 2008, 1–20 (2008). [CrossRef]
- J. A. Croucher, L. Gomez-Rojas, S. Kanellopoulos, and V. A. Handerek, “Approach to highly sensitive pressure measurements using side-hole fibre,” Electron. Lett. 34(2), 208–209 (1998). [CrossRef]
- C. H. L. Zhao, X. Yang, Ch. Lu, W. Jin, and M. S. Demokan, “Temperature-insensitive interferometer using a highly birefringent photonic crystal fiber loop mirror,” IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett. 16(11), 2535–2537 (2004). [CrossRef]
- S. J. Mihailov, D. Grobnic, H. Ding, C. W. Smelser, and J. Broeng, “Femtosecond IR laser fabrication of Bragg gratings in photonic crystal fibers and tapers,” IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett. 18(17), 1837–1839 (2006). [CrossRef]
- W. J. Bock, J. Chen, T. Eftimov, and W. Urbanczyk, “A photonic crystal fiber sensor for pressure measurements,” IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas. 55(4), 1119–1123 (2006). [CrossRef]
- O. Frazão, J. P. Carvalho, L. A. Ferreira, F. M. Araújo, and J. L. Santos, “Discrimination of strain and temperature using Bragg gratings in microstructured and standard optical fibres,” Meas. Sci. Technol. 16(10), 2109–2113 (2005). [CrossRef]
- J. M. Fini, “Microstructured fibers for sensing in gases and liquids,” Meas. Sci. Technol. 15(6), 1120–1128 (2004). [CrossRef]
- J. B. Jensen, L. H. Pedersen, P. E. Hoiby, L. B. Nielsen, T. P. Hansen, J. R. Folkenberg, J. Riishede, D. Noordegraaf, K. Nielsen, A. Carlsen, and A. Bjarklev, “Photonic crystal fiber based evanescent-wave sensor for detection of biomolecules in aqueous solutions,” Opt. Lett. 29(17), 1974–1976 (2004). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- J. R. Folkenberg, M. D. Nielsen, N. A. Mortensen, C. Jakobsen, and H. R. Simonsen, “Polarization maintaining large mode area photonic crystal fiber,” Opt. Express 12(5), 956–960 (2004), http://www.opticsinfobase.org/oe/abstract.cfm?URI=oe-12-5-956 . [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- O. Frazão, J. M. Baptista, J. L. Santos, and Ph. Roy, “Curvature sensor using a highly birefringent photonic crystal fiber with two asymmetric hole regions in a Sagnac interferometer,” Appl. Opt. 47(13), 2520–2523 (2008). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- O. Frazão, J. P. Carvalho, L. A. Ferreira, F. M. Araújo, and J. L. Santos, “Discrimination of strain and temperature using Bragg gratings in microstructured and standard optical fibres,” Meas. Sci. Technol. 16(10), 2109–2113 (2005). [CrossRef]
- Y. S. Shinde and H. K. Gahir, “Dynamic pressure sensing study using photonic crystal fiber: Application to tsunami sensing,” IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett. 20(4), 279–281 (2008). [CrossRef]
- T. Geernaert, M. Becker, T. Nasilowski, J. Wojcik, W. Urbanczyk, M. Rothhardt, Ch. Chojetzki, H. Bartelt, H. Terryn, F. Berghmans, and H. Thienpont, “Bragg Grating Inscription in GeO2-doped Microstructured Optical Fibers,” J. Lightwave Technol. 28(10), 1459–1467 (2010). [CrossRef]
- T. Geernaert, T. Nasilowski, K. Chah, M. Szpulak, J. Olszewski, G. Statkiewicz, J. Wojcik, K. Poturaj, W. Urbanczyk, M. Becker, M. Rothhardt, H. Bartelt, F. Berghmans, and H. Thienpont, “Fiber Bragg gratings in germanium-doped highly birefringent microstructured optical fibers,” IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett. 20(8), 554–556 (2008). [CrossRef]
- T. Martynkien, G. Statkiewicz, M. Szpulak, J. Olszewski, G. Gołojuch, W. Urbanczyk, J. Wojcik, P. Mergo, M. Makara, T. Nasilowski, F. Berghmans, and H. Thienpont, “Measurements of polarimetric sensitivity to temperature in birefringent holey fibers,” Meas. Sci. Technol. 18(10), 3055–3060 (2007). [CrossRef]
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- J. Canning, N. Groothoff, K. Cook, C. Martelli, A. Pohl, J. Holdsworth, S. Bandyopadhyay, and M. Stevenson, “Gratings in structured optical fibres,” Laser Chem. 2008, 1–20 (2008). [CrossRef]
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- J. Canning, N. Groothoff, K. Cook, C. Martelli, A. Pohl, J. Holdsworth, S. Bandyopadhyay, and M. Stevenson, “Gratings in structured optical fibres,” Laser Chem. 2008, 1–20 (2008). [CrossRef]
- N. Imoto, N. Yoshizawa, J. Sakai, and H. Tsuchiya, “Birefringence in single-mode optical fiber due to elliptical core deformation and stress anisotropy,” IEEE J. Quantum Electron. 18, 53–58 (1982).
- J. B. Jensen, L. H. Pedersen, P. E. Hoiby, L. B. Nielsen, T. P. Hansen, J. R. Folkenberg, J. Riishede, D. Noordegraaf, K. Nielsen, A. Carlsen, and A. Bjarklev, “Photonic crystal fiber based evanescent-wave sensor for detection of biomolecules in aqueous solutions,” Opt. Lett. 29(17), 1974–1976 (2004). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- T. P. Hansen, J. Broeng, S. E. B. Libori, E. Knudsen, A. Bjarklev, J. R. Jensen, and H. Simonsen, “Highly birefringent index guiding photonic crystal fibers,” IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett. 13(6), 588–590 (2001). [CrossRef]
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- D. S. Moon, B. H. Kim, A. Lin, G. Sun, Y.-G. Han, W.-T. Han, and Y. Chung, “The temperature sensitivity of Sagnac loop interferometer based on polarization maintaining side-hole fiber,” Opt. Express 15(13), 7962–7967 (2007), http://www.opticsinfobase.org/abstract.cfm?URI=oe-15-13-7962 . [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- M. Szpulak, G. Statkiewicz, J. Olszewski, T. Martynkien, W. Urbańczyk, J. Wójcik, M. Makara, J. Klimek, T. Nasilowski, F. Berghmans, and H. Thienpont, “Experimental and theoretical investigations of birefringent holey fibers with a triple defect,” Appl. Opt. 44(13), 2652–2658 (2005). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- T. P. Hansen, J. Broeng, S. E. B. Libori, E. Knudsen, A. Bjarklev, J. R. Jensen, and H. Simonsen, “Highly birefringent index guiding photonic crystal fibers,” IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett. 13(6), 588–590 (2001). [CrossRef]
- T. P. Hansen, J. Broeng, S. E. B. Libori, E. Knudsen, A. Bjarklev, J. R. Jensen, and H. Simonsen, “Highly birefringent index guiding photonic crystal fibers,” IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett. 13(6), 588–590 (2001). [CrossRef]
- D. S. Moon, B. H. Kim, A. Lin, G. Sun, Y.-G. Han, W.-T. Han, and Y. Chung, “The temperature sensitivity of Sagnac loop interferometer based on polarization maintaining side-hole fiber,” Opt. Express 15(13), 7962–7967 (2007), http://www.opticsinfobase.org/abstract.cfm?URI=oe-15-13-7962 . [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- C. H. L. Zhao, X. Yang, Ch. Lu, W. Jin, and M. S. Demokan, “Temperature-insensitive interferometer using a highly birefringent photonic crystal fiber loop mirror,” IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett. 16(11), 2535–2537 (2004). [CrossRef]
- T. Martynkien, G. Statkiewicz, M. Szpulak, J. Olszewski, G. Gołojuch, W. Urbanczyk, J. Wojcik, P. Mergo, M. Makara, T. Nasilowski, F. Berghmans, and H. Thienpont, “Measurements of polarimetric sensitivity to temperature in birefringent holey fibers,” Meas. Sci. Technol. 18(10), 3055–3060 (2007). [CrossRef]
- M. Szpulak, G. Statkiewicz, J. Olszewski, T. Martynkien, W. Urbańczyk, J. Wójcik, M. Makara, J. Klimek, T. Nasilowski, F. Berghmans, and H. Thienpont, “Experimental and theoretical investigations of birefringent holey fibers with a triple defect,” Appl. Opt. 44(13), 2652–2658 (2005). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
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- T. Martynkien, M. Szpulak, and W. Urbanczyk, “Modeling and measurement of temperature sensitivity in birefringent photonic crystal holey fibers,” Appl. Opt. 44(36), 7780–7788 (2005). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- M. Szpulak, G. Statkiewicz, J. Olszewski, T. Martynkien, W. Urbańczyk, J. Wójcik, M. Makara, J. Klimek, T. Nasilowski, F. Berghmans, and H. Thienpont, “Experimental and theoretical investigations of birefringent holey fibers with a triple defect,” Appl. Opt. 44(13), 2652–2658 (2005). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- G. Statkiewicz, T. Martynkien, and W. Urbanczyk, “Measurements of modal birefringence and polarymetic sensitivity of the birefringent holey fiber to hydrostatic pressure and strain,” Opt. Commun. 241(4-6), 339–348 (2004). [CrossRef]
- M. Szpulak, T. Martynkien, and W. Urbanczyk, “Effects of hydrostatic pressure on phase and group modal birefringence in microstructured holey fibers,” Appl. Opt. 43(24), 4739–4744 (2004). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
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- C. M. Jewart, Q. Wang, J. Canning, D. Grobnic, S. J. Mihailov, and K. P. Chen, “Ultrafast femtosecond-laser-induced fiber Bragg gratings in air-hole microstructured fibers for high-temperature pressure sensing,” Opt. Lett. 35(9), 1443–1445 (2010). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- S. J. Mihailov, D. Grobnic, H. Ding, C. W. Smelser, and J. Broeng, “Femtosecond IR laser fabrication of Bragg gratings in photonic crystal fibers and tapers,” IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett. 18(17), 1837–1839 (2006). [CrossRef]
- T. M. Monro, D. J. Richardson, and P. J. Bennett, “Developing holey fibers for evanescent field devices,” Electron. Lett. 35(14), 1188–1189 (1999). [CrossRef]
- D. S. Moon, B. H. Kim, A. Lin, G. Sun, Y.-G. Han, W.-T. Han, and Y. Chung, “The temperature sensitivity of Sagnac loop interferometer based on polarization maintaining side-hole fiber,” Opt. Express 15(13), 7962–7967 (2007), http://www.opticsinfobase.org/abstract.cfm?URI=oe-15-13-7962 . [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- T. Geernaert, M. Becker, T. Nasilowski, J. Wojcik, W. Urbanczyk, M. Rothhardt, Ch. Chojetzki, H. Bartelt, H. Terryn, F. Berghmans, and H. Thienpont, “Bragg Grating Inscription in GeO2-doped Microstructured Optical Fibers,” J. Lightwave Technol. 28(10), 1459–1467 (2010). [CrossRef]
- T. Geernaert, T. Nasilowski, K. Chah, M. Szpulak, J. Olszewski, G. Statkiewicz, J. Wojcik, K. Poturaj, W. Urbanczyk, M. Becker, M. Rothhardt, H. Bartelt, F. Berghmans, and H. Thienpont, “Fiber Bragg gratings in germanium-doped highly birefringent microstructured optical fibers,” IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett. 20(8), 554–556 (2008). [CrossRef]
- T. Martynkien, G. Statkiewicz, M. Szpulak, J. Olszewski, G. Gołojuch, W. Urbanczyk, J. Wojcik, P. Mergo, M. Makara, T. Nasilowski, F. Berghmans, and H. Thienpont, “Measurements of polarimetric sensitivity to temperature in birefringent holey fibers,” Meas. Sci. Technol. 18(10), 3055–3060 (2007). [CrossRef]
- M. Szpulak, G. Statkiewicz, J. Olszewski, T. Martynkien, W. Urbańczyk, J. Wójcik, M. Makara, J. Klimek, T. Nasilowski, F. Berghmans, and H. Thienpont, “Experimental and theoretical investigations of birefringent holey fibers with a triple defect,” Appl. Opt. 44(13), 2652–2658 (2005). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- J. B. Jensen, L. H. Pedersen, P. E. Hoiby, L. B. Nielsen, T. P. Hansen, J. R. Folkenberg, J. Riishede, D. Noordegraaf, K. Nielsen, A. Carlsen, and A. Bjarklev, “Photonic crystal fiber based evanescent-wave sensor for detection of biomolecules in aqueous solutions,” Opt. Lett. 29(17), 1974–1976 (2004). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- J. B. Jensen, L. H. Pedersen, P. E. Hoiby, L. B. Nielsen, T. P. Hansen, J. R. Folkenberg, J. Riishede, D. Noordegraaf, K. Nielsen, A. Carlsen, and A. Bjarklev, “Photonic crystal fiber based evanescent-wave sensor for detection of biomolecules in aqueous solutions,” Opt. Lett. 29(17), 1974–1976 (2004). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- J. B. Jensen, L. H. Pedersen, P. E. Hoiby, L. B. Nielsen, T. P. Hansen, J. R. Folkenberg, J. Riishede, D. Noordegraaf, K. Nielsen, A. Carlsen, and A. Bjarklev, “Photonic crystal fiber based evanescent-wave sensor for detection of biomolecules in aqueous solutions,” Opt. Lett. 29(17), 1974–1976 (2004). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- T. Geernaert, T. Nasilowski, K. Chah, M. Szpulak, J. Olszewski, G. Statkiewicz, J. Wojcik, K. Poturaj, W. Urbanczyk, M. Becker, M. Rothhardt, H. Bartelt, F. Berghmans, and H. Thienpont, “Fiber Bragg gratings in germanium-doped highly birefringent microstructured optical fibers,” IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett. 20(8), 554–556 (2008). [CrossRef]
- T. Martynkien, G. Statkiewicz, M. Szpulak, J. Olszewski, G. Gołojuch, W. Urbanczyk, J. Wojcik, P. Mergo, M. Makara, T. Nasilowski, F. Berghmans, and H. Thienpont, “Measurements of polarimetric sensitivity to temperature in birefringent holey fibers,” Meas. Sci. Technol. 18(10), 3055–3060 (2007). [CrossRef]
- M. Szpulak, G. Statkiewicz, J. Olszewski, T. Martynkien, W. Urbańczyk, J. Wójcik, M. Makara, J. Klimek, T. Nasilowski, F. Berghmans, and H. Thienpont, “Experimental and theoretical investigations of birefringent holey fibers with a triple defect,” Appl. Opt. 44(13), 2652–2658 (2005). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- J. B. Jensen, L. H. Pedersen, P. E. Hoiby, L. B. Nielsen, T. P. Hansen, J. R. Folkenberg, J. Riishede, D. Noordegraaf, K. Nielsen, A. Carlsen, and A. Bjarklev, “Photonic crystal fiber based evanescent-wave sensor for detection of biomolecules in aqueous solutions,” Opt. Lett. 29(17), 1974–1976 (2004). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- J. Canning, N. Groothoff, K. Cook, C. Martelli, A. Pohl, J. Holdsworth, S. Bandyopadhyay, and M. Stevenson, “Gratings in structured optical fibres,” Laser Chem. 2008, 1–20 (2008). [CrossRef]
- T. Geernaert, T. Nasilowski, K. Chah, M. Szpulak, J. Olszewski, G. Statkiewicz, J. Wojcik, K. Poturaj, W. Urbanczyk, M. Becker, M. Rothhardt, H. Bartelt, F. Berghmans, and H. Thienpont, “Fiber Bragg gratings in germanium-doped highly birefringent microstructured optical fibers,” IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett. 20(8), 554–556 (2008). [CrossRef]
- T. M. Monro, D. J. Richardson, and P. J. Bennett, “Developing holey fibers for evanescent field devices,” Electron. Lett. 35(14), 1188–1189 (1999). [CrossRef]
- J. B. Jensen, L. H. Pedersen, P. E. Hoiby, L. B. Nielsen, T. P. Hansen, J. R. Folkenberg, J. Riishede, D. Noordegraaf, K. Nielsen, A. Carlsen, and A. Bjarklev, “Photonic crystal fiber based evanescent-wave sensor for detection of biomolecules in aqueous solutions,” Opt. Lett. 29(17), 1974–1976 (2004). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- T. Geernaert, M. Becker, T. Nasilowski, J. Wojcik, W. Urbanczyk, M. Rothhardt, Ch. Chojetzki, H. Bartelt, H. Terryn, F. Berghmans, and H. Thienpont, “Bragg Grating Inscription in GeO2-doped Microstructured Optical Fibers,” J. Lightwave Technol. 28(10), 1459–1467 (2010). [CrossRef]
- T. Geernaert, T. Nasilowski, K. Chah, M. Szpulak, J. Olszewski, G. Statkiewicz, J. Wojcik, K. Poturaj, W. Urbanczyk, M. Becker, M. Rothhardt, H. Bartelt, F. Berghmans, and H. Thienpont, “Fiber Bragg gratings in germanium-doped highly birefringent microstructured optical fibers,” IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett. 20(8), 554–556 (2008). [CrossRef]
- N. Imoto, N. Yoshizawa, J. Sakai, and H. Tsuchiya, “Birefringence in single-mode optical fiber due to elliptical core deformation and stress anisotropy,” IEEE J. Quantum Electron. 18, 53–58 (1982).
- O. Frazão, J. M. Baptista, J. L. Santos, and Ph. Roy, “Curvature sensor using a highly birefringent photonic crystal fiber with two asymmetric hole regions in a Sagnac interferometer,” Appl. Opt. 47(13), 2520–2523 (2008). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- O. Frazão, J. P. Carvalho, L. A. Ferreira, F. M. Araújo, and J. L. Santos, “Discrimination of strain and temperature using Bragg gratings in microstructured and standard optical fibres,” Meas. Sci. Technol. 16(10), 2109–2113 (2005). [CrossRef]
- Y. S. Shinde and H. K. Gahir, “Dynamic pressure sensing study using photonic crystal fiber: Application to tsunami sensing,” IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett. 20(4), 279–281 (2008). [CrossRef]
- T. P. Hansen, J. Broeng, S. E. B. Libori, E. Knudsen, A. Bjarklev, J. R. Jensen, and H. Simonsen, “Highly birefringent index guiding photonic crystal fibers,” IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett. 13(6), 588–590 (2001). [CrossRef]
- S. J. Mihailov, D. Grobnic, H. Ding, C. W. Smelser, and J. Broeng, “Femtosecond IR laser fabrication of Bragg gratings in photonic crystal fibers and tapers,” IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett. 18(17), 1837–1839 (2006). [CrossRef]
- T. Geernaert, T. Nasilowski, K. Chah, M. Szpulak, J. Olszewski, G. Statkiewicz, J. Wojcik, K. Poturaj, W. Urbanczyk, M. Becker, M. Rothhardt, H. Bartelt, F. Berghmans, and H. Thienpont, “Fiber Bragg gratings in germanium-doped highly birefringent microstructured optical fibers,” IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett. 20(8), 554–556 (2008). [CrossRef]
- T. Martynkien, G. Statkiewicz, M. Szpulak, J. Olszewski, G. Gołojuch, W. Urbanczyk, J. Wojcik, P. Mergo, M. Makara, T. Nasilowski, F. Berghmans, and H. Thienpont, “Measurements of polarimetric sensitivity to temperature in birefringent holey fibers,” Meas. Sci. Technol. 18(10), 3055–3060 (2007). [CrossRef]
- M. Szpulak, G. Statkiewicz, J. Olszewski, T. Martynkien, W. Urbańczyk, J. Wójcik, M. Makara, J. Klimek, T. Nasilowski, F. Berghmans, and H. Thienpont, “Experimental and theoretical investigations of birefringent holey fibers with a triple defect,” Appl. Opt. 44(13), 2652–2658 (2005). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- G. Statkiewicz, T. Martynkien, and W. Urbanczyk, “Measurements of modal birefringence and polarymetic sensitivity of the birefringent holey fiber to hydrostatic pressure and strain,” Opt. Commun. 241(4-6), 339–348 (2004). [CrossRef]
- J. Canning, N. Groothoff, K. Cook, C. Martelli, A. Pohl, J. Holdsworth, S. Bandyopadhyay, and M. Stevenson, “Gratings in structured optical fibres,” Laser Chem. 2008, 1–20 (2008). [CrossRef]
- D. S. Moon, B. H. Kim, A. Lin, G. Sun, Y.-G. Han, W.-T. Han, and Y. Chung, “The temperature sensitivity of Sagnac loop interferometer based on polarization maintaining side-hole fiber,” Opt. Express 15(13), 7962–7967 (2007), http://www.opticsinfobase.org/abstract.cfm?URI=oe-15-13-7962 . [CrossRef] [PubMed]
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- T. Martynkien, G. Statkiewicz, M. Szpulak, J. Olszewski, G. Gołojuch, W. Urbanczyk, J. Wojcik, P. Mergo, M. Makara, T. Nasilowski, F. Berghmans, and H. Thienpont, “Measurements of polarimetric sensitivity to temperature in birefringent holey fibers,” Meas. Sci. Technol. 18(10), 3055–3060 (2007). [CrossRef]
- T. Martynkien, M. Szpulak, and W. Urbanczyk, “Modeling and measurement of temperature sensitivity in birefringent photonic crystal holey fibers,” Appl. Opt. 44(36), 7780–7788 (2005). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- M. Szpulak, G. Statkiewicz, J. Olszewski, T. Martynkien, W. Urbańczyk, J. Wójcik, M. Makara, J. Klimek, T. Nasilowski, F. Berghmans, and H. Thienpont, “Experimental and theoretical investigations of birefringent holey fibers with a triple defect,” Appl. Opt. 44(13), 2652–2658 (2005). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- M. Szpulak, T. Martynkien, and W. Urbanczyk, “Effects of hydrostatic pressure on phase and group modal birefringence in microstructured holey fibers,” Appl. Opt. 43(24), 4739–4744 (2004). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- T. Geernaert, M. Becker, T. Nasilowski, J. Wojcik, W. Urbanczyk, M. Rothhardt, Ch. Chojetzki, H. Bartelt, H. Terryn, F. Berghmans, and H. Thienpont, “Bragg Grating Inscription in GeO2-doped Microstructured Optical Fibers,” J. Lightwave Technol. 28(10), 1459–1467 (2010). [CrossRef]
- T. Geernaert, T. Nasilowski, K. Chah, M. Szpulak, J. Olszewski, G. Statkiewicz, J. Wojcik, K. Poturaj, W. Urbanczyk, M. Becker, M. Rothhardt, H. Bartelt, F. Berghmans, and H. Thienpont, “Fiber Bragg gratings in germanium-doped highly birefringent microstructured optical fibers,” IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett. 20(8), 554–556 (2008). [CrossRef]
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Appl. Opt.
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Electron. Lett.
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IEEE J. Quantum Electron.
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IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett.
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IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas.
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J. Lightwave Technol.
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Opt. Commun.
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Opt. Express
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2010, Geernaert, J. Lightwave Technol.
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- S. J. Mihailov, D. Grobnic, H. Ding, C. W. Smelser, and J. Broeng, “Femtosecond IR laser fabrication of Bragg gratings in photonic crystal fibers and tapers,” IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett. 18(17), 1837–1839 (2006). [CrossRef]
- O. Frazão, J. P. Carvalho, L. A. Ferreira, F. M. Araújo, and J. L. Santos, “Discrimination of strain and temperature using Bragg gratings in microstructured and standard optical fibres,” Meas. Sci. Technol. 16(10), 2109–2113 (2005). [CrossRef]
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- J. M. Fini, “Microstructured fibers for sensing in gases and liquids,” Meas. Sci. Technol. 15(6), 1120–1128 (2004). [CrossRef]
- J. B. Jensen, L. H. Pedersen, P. E. Hoiby, L. B. Nielsen, T. P. Hansen, J. R. Folkenberg, J. Riishede, D. Noordegraaf, K. Nielsen, A. Carlsen, and A. Bjarklev, “Photonic crystal fiber based evanescent-wave sensor for detection of biomolecules in aqueous solutions,” Opt. Lett. 29(17), 1974–1976 (2004). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
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- N. Imoto, N. Yoshizawa, J. Sakai, and H. Tsuchiya, “Birefringence in single-mode optical fiber due to elliptical core deformation and stress anisotropy,” IEEE J. Quantum Electron. 18, 53–58 (1982).
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