Inhibition of the two-photon absorption response exhibited by a bilayer TiO2 film with embedded Au nanoparticles

doi:10.1364/OE.18.016406

Inhibition of the two-photon absorption response exhibited by a bilayer TiO2 film with embedded Au nanoparticles

D. Torres-Torres, M. Trejo-Valdez, L. Castañeda, C. Torres-Torres, L. Tamayo-Rivera, R. C. Fernández-Hernández, J. A. Reyes-Esqueda, J. Muñoz-Saldaña, R. Rangel-Rojo, and A. Oliver »View Author Affiliations

Optics Express, Vol. 18, Issue 16, pp. 16406-16417 (2010)
http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/OE.18.016406

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Abstract

We use two different synthesis approaches for the preparation of TiO₂ films in order to study their resulting third order optical nonlinearity, and its modification by the inclusion of Au nanoparticles in one of the samples. An ultrasonic spray pyrolysis method was used for preparing a TiO₂ film in which we found two-photon absorption as a dominant nonlinear effect for 532 nm and 26 ps pulses; and a purely electronic nonlinearity at 830 nm for 80 fs pulses. A strong optical Kerr effect and the inhibition of the nonlinear optical absorption in 532 nm can be obtained for the first sample if Au nanoparticles embedded in a second TiO₂ film prepared by a sol-gel technique are added to it. We used an optical Kerr gate, z-scan, a multi-wave mixing experiment and an input-output transmittance experiment for measuring the optical nonlinearities.

OCIS Codes
(190.0190) Nonlinear optics : Nonlinear optics
(160.4236) Materials : Nanomaterials

ToC Category:
Nonlinear Optics

History
Original Manuscript: March 15, 2010
Revised Manuscript: May 29, 2010
Manuscript Accepted: June 16, 2010
Published: July 21, 2010

Citation
D. Torres-Torres, M. Trejo-Valdez, L. Castañeda, C. Torres-Torres, L. Tamayo-Rivera, R. C. Fernández-Hernández, J. A. Reyes-Esqueda, J. Muñoz-Saldaña, R. Rangel-Rojo, and A. Oliver, "Inhibition of the two-photon absorption response exhibited by a bilayer TiO2 film with embedded Au nanoparticles," Opt. Express 18, 16406-16417 (2010)
http://www.opticsinfobase.org/oe/abstract.cfm?URI=oe-18-16-16406

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References

R. C. Weast, ed., Hand Book of Chemistry and Physics, 67th Edition, (CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 1986–1987), p. B-140.
H. K. Ha, M. Yoshimoto, H. Koinuma, B. K. Moon, and H. Ishiwara, “Open air plasma chemical vapor deposition of highly dielectric amorphous TiO2 films,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 68(21), 2965–2967 (1996). [CrossRef]
T. Houzouji, N. Saito, A. Kudo, and S. Takata, “Electroluminescence of TiO2 film and TiO2:Cu2+ film prepared by the sol-gel method,” Chem. Phys. Lett. 254(1-2), 109–113 (1996). [CrossRef]
Z. Chen, P. Sana, J. Salami, and A. Rohatgi, “A Novel and Effective PECVD SiO2/SiN Antireflection Coating for Si Solar Cells,” IEEE Trans. Electron. Dev. 40(6), 1161–1165 (1993). [CrossRef]
H. Kuster and J. Ebert, “Activated reactive evaporation of TiO2 layers and their absorption indices,” Thin Solid Films 70(1), 43–47 (1980). [CrossRef]
H. Long, A. Chen, G. Yang, Y. Li, and P. Lu, “Third-order optical nonlinearities in anatase and rutile TiO2 thin films,” Thin Solid Films 517(19), 5601–5604 (2009). [CrossRef]
K. Iliopoulos, G. Kalogerakis, D. Vernardou, N. Katsarakis, E. Koudoumas, and S. Couris, “Nonlinear optical response of titanium oxide nanostructured thin films,” Thin Solid Films 518(4), 1174–1176 (2009). [CrossRef]
H. B. Liao, R. F. Xiao, H. Wang, K. S. Wong, and G. K. L. Wong, “Large third-order nonlinearity in Au:TiO2 composite films measured on a femtosecond time scale,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 72(15), 1817 (1998). [CrossRef]
P. Xiao-Niu, L. Min, Y. Liao, Z. Xian, and Z. Li, “Annealing Induced Aggregations and Sign Alterations of Nonlinear Absorption and Refraction of Dense Au Nanoparticles in TiO2 Films,” Chin. Phys. Lett. 25(11), 4171–4173 (2008). [CrossRef]
H.-W. Kwon, Y.-M. Lim, S. K. Tripathy, B.-G. Kim, M.-S. Lee, and Y.-T. Yu, “Synthesis of Au/TiO2 Core–Shell Nanoparticles from Titanium Isopropoxide and Thermal Resistance Effect of TiO2 Shell,” Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 46(No. 4B), 2567–2570 (2007). [CrossRef]
Z. K. Zhou, M. Li, X. R. Su, Y. Y. Zhai, H. Song, J. B. Han, and Z. H. Hao, “Enhancement of nonlinear optical properties of Au-TiO2 granular composite with high percolation threshold,” Phys. Status Solidi A 205(2), 345–349 (2008). [CrossRef]
C. Zhang, Y. Liu, G. You, B. Li, J. Shi, and S. Qian, “Ultrafast nonlinear optical response of Au:TiO2 composite nanoparticle films,” Physica B 357, 334–339 (2005).
G. Ma, J. He, and S.-H. Tang, “Femtosecond nonlinear birefringence and nonlinear dichroism in Au:TiO2 composite films,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 306(5-6), 348–352 (2003). [CrossRef]
R. O'Hayre, M. Nanu, J. Schoonman, A. Goossens, Q. Wang, and M. Grätzel, “The Influence of TiO2 Particle Size in TiO2/CuInS2 Nanocomposite Solar Cells,” Nano Lett. 2(5), 507–511 (2002). [CrossRef]
M. N. Patel, R. D. Williams, R. A. May, H. Uchida, K. J. Stevenson, and K. P. Johnston, “Electrophoretic Deposition of Au Nanocrystals inside Perpendicular Mesochannels of TiO2,” Chem. Mater. 20(19), 6029–6040 (2008). [CrossRef]
L. Irimpan, B. Krishnan, V. P. N. Nampoori, and P. Radhakrishnan, “Luminescence tuning and enhanced nonlinear optical properties of nanocomposites of ZnO-TiO2,” J. Colloid Interface Sci. 324(1-2), 0648 (2008). [CrossRef]
L. Li and S. Xiong-Rui, “Enhanced optical nonlinear absorption of graded Au–TiO2 composite films,” Chinese Phys. B 17(6), 2170–2174 (2008). [CrossRef]
M. Kyoung and M. Lee, “Z-scan Studies on the Third-order Optical Nonlinearity of Au Nanoparticles Embedded in TiO2,” Bull. Korean Chem. Soc. 21(1), 26–28 (2000).
C. Sciancalepore, T. Cassano, M. L. Curri, D. Mecerreyes, A. Valentini, A. Agostiano, R. Tommasi, and M. Striccoli, “TiO2 nanorods/PMMA copolymer-based nanocomposites: highly homogeneous linear and nonlinear optical material,” Nanotechnology 19(20), 205705 (2008). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
M. Anija, J. Thomas, N. Singh, A. Sreekumaran Nair, R. T. Tom, T. Pradeep, and R. Philip, “Nonlinear light transmission through oxide-protected Au and Ag nanoparticles: an investigation in the nanosecond domain,” Chem. Phys. Lett. 380(1-2), 223–229 (2003). [CrossRef]
L. Hua, Y. Guang, C. Ai-Ping, L. Yu-Hua, and L. Pei-Xiang, “Multilayer Au/TiO2 Composite Films with Ultrafast Third-Order Nonlinear Optical Properties,” Chin. Phys. Lett. 25(11), 4135–4138 (2008). [CrossRef]
H. Liao, W. Lu, S. Yu, W. Wen, and G. K. L. Wong, “Optical characteristics of gold nanoparticle-doped multilayer thin film,” J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 22(9), 1923–1926 (2005). [CrossRef]
C. Torres-Torres, J. A. Reyes-Esqueda, J. C. Cheang-Wong, A. Crespo-Sosa, L. Rodríguez-Fernández, and A. Oliver, “Optical third order nonlinearity by nanosecond and picosecond pulses in Cu nanoparticles in ion-implanted silica,” J. Appl. Phys. 104(1), 014306 (2008). [CrossRef]
M. Sheik-Bahae, A. A. Said, T. H. Wei, D. J. Hagan, and E. W. Van Stryland, “Sensitive measurement of optical nonlinearities using a single beam,” IEEE J. Quantum Electron. 26(4), 760–769 (1990). [CrossRef]
L. Tamayo-Rivera, R. Rangel-Rojo, Y. Mao, and W. H. Watson, “Ultra fast third-order non-linear response of amino-triazole donor-acceptor derivatives by optical Kerr effect,” Opt. Commun. 281(20), 5239–5243 (2008). [CrossRef]
C. Torres-Torres, M. Trejo-Valdez, P. Santiago-Jacinto, and J. A. Reyes-Esqueda, ““Stimulated emission and optical third order nonlinearity in Li-doped nanorods,” J. hys,” Chem. Can. 113, 13515–13521 (2009).
R. W. Boyd, Nonlinear Optics, (Academic Press, San Diego, 1992).
F. Hache, D. Ricard, C. Flytzanis, and U. Kreibig, “The optical Kerr effect in small metal particles and metal colloids: the case of gold,” Appl. Phys., A Mater. Sci. Process. 47(4), 347–357 (1988). [CrossRef]
M. Trejo-Valdez, R. Torres-Martínez, N. Peréa-López, P. Santiago-Jacinto, and C. Torres-Torres, “Contribution of the two-photon absorption to the third order nonlinearity of Au nanoparticles embedded in TiO2 films and in ethanol suspension,” J. Phys. Chem. C 114(22), 10108–10113 (2010). [CrossRef]
A. López-Suárez, C. Torres-Torres, R. Rangel-Rojo, J. A. Reyes-Esqueda, G. Santana, J. C. Alonso, A. Ortíz, and A. Oliver, “Modification of the nonlinear optical absorption and optical Kerr response exhibited by nc-Si embedded in a silicon-nitride film,” Opt. Express 17(12), 10056–10068 (2009). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

Agostiano, A.
Ai-Ping, C.
Alonso, J. C.
Anija, M.
Cassano, T.
Cheang-Wong, J. C.
Chen, A.
Chen, Z.
Couris, S.
Crespo-Sosa, A.
Curri, M. L.
Ebert, J.
Flytzanis, C.
Goossens, A.
Grätzel, M.
Guang, Y.
Ha, H. K.
Hache, F.
Hagan, D. J.
Han, J. B.
Hao, Z. H.
He, J.
Houzouji, T.
Hua, L.
Iliopoulos, K.
Irimpan, L.
Ishiwara, H.
Johnston, K. P.
Kalogerakis, G.
Katsarakis, N.
Kim, B.-G.
Koinuma, H.
Koudoumas, E.
Kreibig, U.
Krishnan, B.
Kudo, A.
Kuster, H.
Kwon, H.-W.
Kyoung, M.
Lee, M.
Lee, M.-S.
Li, B.
Li, L.
Li, M.
Li, Y.
Li, Z.
Liao, H.
Liao, H. B.
Liao, Y.
Lim, Y.-M.
Liu, Y.
Long, H.
López-Suárez, A.
Lu, P.
Lu, W.
Ma, G.
Mao, Y.
May, R. A.
Mecerreyes, D.
Min, L.
Moon, B. K.
Nampoori, V. P. N.
Nanu, M.
O'Hayre, R.
Oliver, A.
Ortíz, A.
Patel, M. N.
Pei-Xiang, L.
Peréa-López, N.
Philip, R.
Pradeep, T.
Qian, S.
Radhakrishnan, P.
Rangel-Rojo, R.
Reyes-Esqueda, J. A.
Ricard, D.
Rodríguez-Fernández, L.
Rohatgi, A.
Said, A. A.
Saito, N.
Salami, J.
Sana, P.
Santana, G.
Santiago-Jacinto, P.
Schoonman, J.
Sciancalepore, C.
Sheik-Bahae, M.
Shi, J.
Singh, N.
Song, H.
Sreekumaran Nair, A.
Stevenson, K. J.
Striccoli, M.
Su, X. R.
Takata, S.
Tamayo-Rivera, L.
Tang, S.-H.
Thomas, J.
Tom, R. T.
Tommasi, R.
Torres-Martínez, R.
Torres-Torres, C.
Trejo-Valdez, M.
Tripathy, S. K.
Uchida, H.
Valentini, A.
Van Stryland, E. W.
Vernardou, D.
Wang, H.
Wang, Q.
Watson, W. H.
Wei, T. H.
Wen, W.
Williams, R. D.
Wong, G. K. L.
Wong, K. S.
Xian, Z.
Xiao, R. F.
Xiao-Niu, P.
Xiong-Rui, S.
Yang, G.
Yoshimoto, M.
You, G.
Yu, S.
Yu, Y.-T.
Yu-Hua, L.
Zhai, Y. Y.
Zhang, C.
Zhou, Z. K.

Appl. Phys. Lett.

H. K. Ha, M. Yoshimoto, H. Koinuma, B. K. Moon, and H. Ishiwara, “Open air plasma chemical vapor deposition of highly dielectric amorphous TiO2 films,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 68(21), 2965–2967 (1996). [CrossRef]
H. B. Liao, R. F. Xiao, H. Wang, K. S. Wong, and G. K. L. Wong, “Large third-order nonlinearity in Au:TiO2 composite films measured on a femtosecond time scale,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 72(15), 1817 (1998). [CrossRef]
G. Ma, J. He, and S.-H. Tang, “Femtosecond nonlinear birefringence and nonlinear dichroism in Au:TiO2 composite films,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 306(5-6), 348–352 (2003). [CrossRef]

Appl. Phys., A Mater. Sci. Process.

F. Hache, D. Ricard, C. Flytzanis, and U. Kreibig, “The optical Kerr effect in small metal particles and metal colloids: the case of gold,” Appl. Phys., A Mater. Sci. Process. 47(4), 347–357 (1988). [CrossRef]

Bull. Korean Chem. Soc.

M. Kyoung and M. Lee, “Z-scan Studies on the Third-order Optical Nonlinearity of Au Nanoparticles Embedded in TiO2,” Bull. Korean Chem. Soc. 21(1), 26–28 (2000).

Chem. Can.

C. Torres-Torres, M. Trejo-Valdez, P. Santiago-Jacinto, and J. A. Reyes-Esqueda, ““Stimulated emission and optical third order nonlinearity in Li-doped nanorods,” J. hys,” Chem. Can. 113, 13515–13521 (2009).

Chem. Mater.

M. N. Patel, R. D. Williams, R. A. May, H. Uchida, K. J. Stevenson, and K. P. Johnston, “Electrophoretic Deposition of Au Nanocrystals inside Perpendicular Mesochannels of TiO2,” Chem. Mater. 20(19), 6029–6040 (2008). [CrossRef]

Chem. Phys. Lett.

T. Houzouji, N. Saito, A. Kudo, and S. Takata, “Electroluminescence of TiO2 film and TiO2:Cu2+ film prepared by the sol-gel method,” Chem. Phys. Lett. 254(1-2), 109–113 (1996). [CrossRef]
M. Anija, J. Thomas, N. Singh, A. Sreekumaran Nair, R. T. Tom, T. Pradeep, and R. Philip, “Nonlinear light transmission through oxide-protected Au and Ag nanoparticles: an investigation in the nanosecond domain,” Chem. Phys. Lett. 380(1-2), 223–229 (2003). [CrossRef]

Chin. Phys. Lett.

L. Hua, Y. Guang, C. Ai-Ping, L. Yu-Hua, and L. Pei-Xiang, “Multilayer Au/TiO2 Composite Films with Ultrafast Third-Order Nonlinear Optical Properties,” Chin. Phys. Lett. 25(11), 4135–4138 (2008). [CrossRef]
P. Xiao-Niu, L. Min, Y. Liao, Z. Xian, and Z. Li, “Annealing Induced Aggregations and Sign Alterations of Nonlinear Absorption and Refraction of Dense Au Nanoparticles in TiO2 Films,” Chin. Phys. Lett. 25(11), 4171–4173 (2008). [CrossRef]

Chinese Phys. B

L. Li and S. Xiong-Rui, “Enhanced optical nonlinear absorption of graded Au–TiO2 composite films,” Chinese Phys. B 17(6), 2170–2174 (2008). [CrossRef]

IEEE J. Quantum Electron.

M. Sheik-Bahae, A. A. Said, T. H. Wei, D. J. Hagan, and E. W. Van Stryland, “Sensitive measurement of optical nonlinearities using a single beam,” IEEE J. Quantum Electron. 26(4), 760–769 (1990). [CrossRef]

IEEE Trans. Electron. Dev.

Z. Chen, P. Sana, J. Salami, and A. Rohatgi, “A Novel and Effective PECVD SiO2/SiN Antireflection Coating for Si Solar Cells,” IEEE Trans. Electron. Dev. 40(6), 1161–1165 (1993). [CrossRef]

J. Appl. Phys.

C. Torres-Torres, J. A. Reyes-Esqueda, J. C. Cheang-Wong, A. Crespo-Sosa, L. Rodríguez-Fernández, and A. Oliver, “Optical third order nonlinearity by nanosecond and picosecond pulses in Cu nanoparticles in ion-implanted silica,” J. Appl. Phys. 104(1), 014306 (2008). [CrossRef]

J. Colloid Interface Sci.

L. Irimpan, B. Krishnan, V. P. N. Nampoori, and P. Radhakrishnan, “Luminescence tuning and enhanced nonlinear optical properties of nanocomposites of ZnO-TiO2,” J. Colloid Interface Sci. 324(1-2), 0648 (2008). [CrossRef]

J. Opt. Soc. Am. B

H. Liao, W. Lu, S. Yu, W. Wen, and G. K. L. Wong, “Optical characteristics of gold nanoparticle-doped multilayer thin film,” J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 22(9), 1923–1926 (2005). [CrossRef]

J. Phys. Chem. C

M. Trejo-Valdez, R. Torres-Martínez, N. Peréa-López, P. Santiago-Jacinto, and C. Torres-Torres, “Contribution of the two-photon absorption to the third order nonlinearity of Au nanoparticles embedded in TiO2 films and in ethanol suspension,” J. Phys. Chem. C 114(22), 10108–10113 (2010). [CrossRef]

Jpn. J. Appl. Phys.

H.-W. Kwon, Y.-M. Lim, S. K. Tripathy, B.-G. Kim, M.-S. Lee, and Y.-T. Yu, “Synthesis of Au/TiO2 Core–Shell Nanoparticles from Titanium Isopropoxide and Thermal Resistance Effect of TiO2 Shell,” Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 46(No. 4B), 2567–2570 (2007). [CrossRef]

Nano Lett.

R. O'Hayre, M. Nanu, J. Schoonman, A. Goossens, Q. Wang, and M. Grätzel, “The Influence of TiO2 Particle Size in TiO2/CuInS2 Nanocomposite Solar Cells,” Nano Lett. 2(5), 507–511 (2002). [CrossRef]

Nanotechnology

C. Sciancalepore, T. Cassano, M. L. Curri, D. Mecerreyes, A. Valentini, A. Agostiano, R. Tommasi, and M. Striccoli, “TiO2 nanorods/PMMA copolymer-based nanocomposites: highly homogeneous linear and nonlinear optical material,” Nanotechnology 19(20), 205705 (2008). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

Opt. Commun.

L. Tamayo-Rivera, R. Rangel-Rojo, Y. Mao, and W. H. Watson, “Ultra fast third-order non-linear response of amino-triazole donor-acceptor derivatives by optical Kerr effect,” Opt. Commun. 281(20), 5239–5243 (2008). [CrossRef]

Opt. Express

A. López-Suárez, C. Torres-Torres, R. Rangel-Rojo, J. A. Reyes-Esqueda, G. Santana, J. C. Alonso, A. Ortíz, and A. Oliver, “Modification of the nonlinear optical absorption and optical Kerr response exhibited by nc-Si embedded in a silicon-nitride film,” Opt. Express 17(12), 10056–10068 (2009). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

Phys. Status Solidi A

Z. K. Zhou, M. Li, X. R. Su, Y. Y. Zhai, H. Song, J. B. Han, and Z. H. Hao, “Enhancement of nonlinear optical properties of Au-TiO2 granular composite with high percolation threshold,” Phys. Status Solidi A 205(2), 345–349 (2008). [CrossRef]

Physica B

C. Zhang, Y. Liu, G. You, B. Li, J. Shi, and S. Qian, “Ultrafast nonlinear optical response of Au:TiO2 composite nanoparticle films,” Physica B 357, 334–339 (2005).

Thin Solid Films

H. Kuster and J. Ebert, “Activated reactive evaporation of TiO2 layers and their absorption indices,” Thin Solid Films 70(1), 43–47 (1980). [CrossRef]
H. Long, A. Chen, G. Yang, Y. Li, and P. Lu, “Third-order optical nonlinearities in anatase and rutile TiO2 thin films,” Thin Solid Films 517(19), 5601–5604 (2009). [CrossRef]
K. Iliopoulos, G. Kalogerakis, D. Vernardou, N. Katsarakis, E. Koudoumas, and S. Couris, “Nonlinear optical response of titanium oxide nanostructured thin films,” Thin Solid Films 518(4), 1174–1176 (2009). [CrossRef]

Other

R. C. Weast, ed., Hand Book of Chemistry and Physics, 67th Edition, (CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 1986–1987), p. B-140.
R. W. Boyd, Nonlinear Optics, (Academic Press, San Diego, 1992).

2010, Trejo-Valdez, J. Phys. Chem. C
2009, López-Suárez, Opt. Express
2009, Torres-Torres, Chem. Can.
2009, Long, Thin Solid Films
2009, Iliopoulos, Thin Solid Films
2008, Xiao-Niu, Chin. Phys. Lett.
2008, Zhou, Phys. Status Solidi A
2008, Patel, Chem. Mater.
2008, Irimpan, J. Colloid Interface Sci.
2008, Li, Chinese Phys. B
2008, Torres-Torres, J. Appl. Phys.
2008, Sciancalepore, Nanotechnology
2008, Hua, Chin. Phys. Lett.
2008, Tamayo-Rivera, Opt. Commun.
2007, Kwon, Jpn. J. Appl. Phys.
2005, Zhang, Physica B
2005, Liao, J. Opt. Soc. Am. B
2003, Anija, Chem. Phys. Lett.
2003, Ma, Appl. Phys. Lett.
2002, O'Hayre, Nano Lett.
2000, Kyoung, Bull. Korean Chem. Soc.
1998, Liao, Appl. Phys. Lett.
1996, Ha, Appl. Phys. Lett.
1996, Houzouji, Chem. Phys. Lett.
1993, Chen, IEEE Trans. Electron. Dev.
1990, Sheik-Bahae, IEEE J. Quantum Electron.
1988, Hache, Appl. Phys., A Mater. Sci. Process.
1980, Kuster, Thin Solid Films

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