Enhanced frequency up-conversion in
Rb vapor

doi:10.1364/OE.18.017020

Enhanced frequency up-conversion in Rb vapor

A. Vernier, S. Franke-Arnold, E. Riis, and A. S. Arnold »View Author Affiliations

Optics Express, Vol. 18, Issue 16, pp. 17020-17026 (2010)
http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/OE.18.017020

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Abstract

We demonstrate highly efficient generation of coherent 420nm light via up-conversion of near-infrared lasers in a hot rubidium vapor cell. By optimizing pump polarizations and frequencies we achieve a single-pass conversion efficiency of 260% per Watt, significantly higher than in previous experiments. A full exploration of the coherent light generation and fluorescence as a function of both pump frequencies reveals that coherent blue light is generated close to ⁸⁵Rb two-photon resonances, as predicted by theory, but at high vapor pressure is suppressed in spectral regions that do not support phase matching or exhibit single-photon Kerr refraction. Favorable scaling of our current 1mW blue beam power with additional pump power is predicted.

OCIS Codes
(190.4380) Nonlinear optics : Nonlinear optics, four-wave mixing
(270.1670) Quantum optics : Coherent optical effects

ToC Category:
Nonlinear Optics

History
Original Manuscript: May 10, 2010
Revised Manuscript: June 11, 2010
Manuscript Accepted: July 19, 2010
Published: July 27, 2010

Citation
A. Vernier, S. Franke-Arnold, E. Riis, and A. S. Arnold, "Enhanced frequency up-conversion in Rb vapor," Opt. Express 18, 17020-17026 (2010)
http://www.opticsinfobase.org/oe/abstract.cfm?URI=oe-18-16-17020

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References

F. Nez, F. Biraben, R. Felder and Y. Millerioux, “Optical frequency determination of the hyperfine components of the 5S1/2-5D3/2 two-photon transitions in rubidium,” Opt. Commun. 102, 432–438 (1993). [CrossRef]
M. J. Snadden, A. S. Bell, E. Riis and A. I. Ferguson, “Two-photon spectroscopy of laser-cooled Rb using a mode-locked laser,” Opt. Commun. 125, 70–76 (1996). [CrossRef]
A. J. Olson, E. J. Carlson and S. K. Mayer, “Two-photon spectroscopy of rubidium using a grating-feedback diode laser,” Am. J. Phys. 74, 218–223 (2006). [CrossRef]
M. Xiao, Y. Q. Li, S. Z. Jin and J. Gea-Banacloche, “Measurement of dispersive properties of electromagnetically induced transparency in rubidium atoms,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 74, 666–669 (1995). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
S. D. Badger, I. G. Hughes and C. S. Adams, “Hyperfine effects in electromagnetically induced transparency,” J. Phys. B 34, L749–L756 (2000). [CrossRef]
A. S. Arnold, J. S. Wilson and M. G. Boshier, “A simple extended-cavity diode laser,” Rev. Sci. Instrum. 69, 1236–1239 (1998). [CrossRef]
M. S. Malcuit, D. J. Gauthier and R.W. Boyd, “Suppression of amplified spontaneous emission by the four-wave mixing process,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 55, 1086–1089 (1985). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
S. M. Hamadani, J. A. D. Stockdale, R. N. Compton and M. S. Pindzola, “Two-photon resonant four-wave mixing and multiphoton ionization of cesium in a heat-pipe oven,” Phys. Rev. A 34, 1938–1943 (1986). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
D. V. Sheludko, S. C. Bell, R. Anderson, C. S. Hofmann, E. J. D. Vredenbregt, and R. E. Scholten, “Stateselective imaging of cold atoms,” Phys. Rev. A 77, 033401 (2008). [CrossRef]
H. Ohadi, M. Himsworth, A. Xuereb, and T. Freegarde, “Magneto-optical trapping and background-free imaging for atoms near nanostructured surfaces,” Opt. Express 17, 23003–23009 (2009). [CrossRef]
A. I. Lvovsky, S. R. Hartmann and F. Moshary, “Omnidirectional superfluorescence,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 82, 4420–4423 (1999). [CrossRef]
A. S. Zibrov, M. D. Lukin, L. Hollberg and M. O. Scully, “Efficient frequency up-conversion in resonant coherent media,” Phys. Rev. A 65, 051801 (2002). [CrossRef]
T. Meijer, J. D. White, B. Smeets, M. Jeppesen, and R. E. Scholten, “Blue five-level frequency-upconversion system in rubidium,” Opt. Lett. 31, 1002–1004 (2006). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
A. M. Akulshin, R. J. McLean, A. I. Sidorov, and P. Hannaford, “Coherent and collimated blue light generated by four-wave mixing in Rb vapour,” Opt. Express 17, 22861–22870 (2009). [CrossRef]
Kurucz data, cfa-www.harvard.edu/amp/tools.html.
P. Siddons, C. S. Adams, C. Ge and I. G. Hughes, “Absolute absorption on rubidium D lines: comparison between theory and experiment,” J. Phys. B 41, 155004 (2008). [CrossRef]
J. L. Hall, M. Zhu and P. Buch, “Prospects for using laser-prepared atomic fountains for optical frequency standards applications,” J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 6, 2194–2205 (1989). [CrossRef]
G. Morigi, S. Franke-Arnold, and G.-L. Oppo, “Phase-dependent interaction in a four-level atomic configuration,” Phys. Rev. A 66, 053409 (2002). [CrossRef]
S. Kajari-Schroder, G. Morigi, S. Franke-Arnold, and G.-L. Oppo, “Phase-dependent light propagation in atomic vapors,” Phys. Rev. A 75, 013816 (2007). [CrossRef]
J. T. Schultz, S. Abend, D. D¨oring, J. E. Debs, P. A. Altin, J. D. White, N. P. Robins and J. D. Close, “Coherent 455nm beam production in cesium vapor,” Opt. Lett. 34, 2321–2323 (2009). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

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[1] F. Nez, F. Biraben, R. Felder and Y. Millerioux, “Optical frequency determination of the hyperfine components of the 5S1/2-5D3/2 two-photon transitions in rubidium,” Opt. Commun. 102, 432–438 (1993). [CrossRef]

[2] M. J. Snadden, A. S. Bell, E. Riis and A. I. Ferguson, “Two-photon spectroscopy of laser-cooled Rb using a mode-locked laser,” Opt. Commun. 125, 70–76 (1996). [CrossRef]

[3] A. J. Olson, E. J. Carlson and S. K. Mayer, “Two-photon spectroscopy of rubidium using a grating-feedback diode laser,” Am. J. Phys. 74, 218–223 (2006). [CrossRef]

[4] M. Xiao, Y. Q. Li, S. Z. Jin and J. Gea-Banacloche, “Measurement of dispersive properties of electromagnetically induced transparency in rubidium atoms,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 74, 666–669 (1995). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

[5] S. D. Badger, I. G. Hughes and C. S. Adams, “Hyperfine effects in electromagnetically induced transparency,” J. Phys. B 34, L749–L756 (2000). [CrossRef]

[6] A. S. Arnold, J. S. Wilson and M. G. Boshier, “A simple extended-cavity diode laser,” Rev. Sci. Instrum. 69, 1236–1239 (1998). [CrossRef]

[7] M. S. Malcuit, D. J. Gauthier and R.W. Boyd, “Suppression of amplified spontaneous emission by the four-wave mixing process,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 55, 1086–1089 (1985). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

[8] S. M. Hamadani, J. A. D. Stockdale, R. N. Compton and M. S. Pindzola, “Two-photon resonant four-wave mixing and multiphoton ionization of cesium in a heat-pipe oven,” Phys. Rev. A 34, 1938–1943 (1986). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

[9] D. V. Sheludko, S. C. Bell, R. Anderson, C. S. Hofmann, E. J. D. Vredenbregt, and R. E. Scholten, “Stateselective imaging of cold atoms,” Phys. Rev. A 77, 033401 (2008). [CrossRef]

[10] H. Ohadi, M. Himsworth, A. Xuereb, and T. Freegarde, “Magneto-optical trapping and background-free imaging for atoms near nanostructured surfaces,” Opt. Express 17, 23003–23009 (2009). [CrossRef]

[11] A. I. Lvovsky, S. R. Hartmann and F. Moshary, “Omnidirectional superfluorescence,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 82, 4420–4423 (1999). [CrossRef]

[12] A. S. Zibrov, M. D. Lukin, L. Hollberg and M. O. Scully, “Efficient frequency up-conversion in resonant coherent media,” Phys. Rev. A 65, 051801 (2002). [CrossRef]

[13] T. Meijer, J. D. White, B. Smeets, M. Jeppesen, and R. E. Scholten, “Blue five-level frequency-upconversion system in rubidium,” Opt. Lett. 31, 1002–1004 (2006). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

[14] A. M. Akulshin, R. J. McLean, A. I. Sidorov, and P. Hannaford, “Coherent and collimated blue light generated by four-wave mixing in Rb vapour,” Opt. Express 17, 22861–22870 (2009). [CrossRef]

[15] Kurucz data, cfa-www.harvard.edu/amp/tools.html.

[16] P. Siddons, C. S. Adams, C. Ge and I. G. Hughes, “Absolute absorption on rubidium D lines: comparison between theory and experiment,” J. Phys. B 41, 155004 (2008). [CrossRef]

[17] J. L. Hall, M. Zhu and P. Buch, “Prospects for using laser-prepared atomic fountains for optical frequency standards applications,” J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 6, 2194–2205 (1989). [CrossRef]

[18] G. Morigi, S. Franke-Arnold, and G.-L. Oppo, “Phase-dependent interaction in a four-level atomic configuration,” Phys. Rev. A 66, 053409 (2002). [CrossRef]

[19] S. Kajari-Schroder, G. Morigi, S. Franke-Arnold, and G.-L. Oppo, “Phase-dependent light propagation in atomic vapors,” Phys. Rev. A 75, 013816 (2007). [CrossRef]

[20] J. T. Schultz, S. Abend, D. D¨oring, J. E. Debs, P. A. Altin, J. D. White, N. P. Robins and J. D. Close, “Coherent 455nm beam production in cesium vapor,” Opt. Lett. 34, 2321–2323 (2009). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

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Enhanced frequency up-conversion in Rb vapor