We have studied electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) in metamaterials for various schemes corresponding to those in an atomic medium. We numerically calculate a symmetric dolmen scheme of metamaterials corresponding to a tripod model of EIT-based optical switching and illustrate plasmonic double dark resonances. Our study provides a fundamental understanding and useful guidelines in using metamaterials for plasmonic-based all-optical information processing.

© 2010 OSA

1. W. L. Barnes, A. Dereux, and T. W. Ebbesen, “Surface plasmon subwavelength optics,” Nature 424(6950), 824–830 (2003). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
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4. S. M. Nie and S. R. Emory, “Probing single molecules and single nanoparticles by surface-enhanced Raman scattering,” Science 275(5303), 1102–1106 (1997). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
5. D. Pacifici, H. J. Lezec, and H. A. Atwater, “All-optical modulation by plasmonic excitation of CdSe quantum dots,” Nat. Photonics 1(7), 402–406 (2007). [CrossRef]
6. S. E. Harris, “Electromagnetically induced transparency,” Phys. Today 50(7), 36–42 (1997). [CrossRef]
7. B. S. Ham, M. S. Shahriar, and P. R. Hemmer, “Enhanced nondegenerate four-wave mixing owing to electromagnetically induced transparency in a spectral hole-burning crystal,” Opt. Lett. 22(15), 1138–1140 (1997). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
8. M. C. Phillips and H. Wang, “Spin coherence and electromagnetically induced transparency via exciton correlations,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 89(18), 186401 (2002). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
9. M. Fleischhauer, A. Imamoglu, and J. P. Marangos, “Electromagnetically induced transparency: Optics in coherence media,” Rev. Mod. Phys. 77(2), 633–673 (2005). [CrossRef]
10. P. R. Hemmer, D. P. Katz, J. Donoghue, M. Cronin-Golomb, M. S. Shahriar, and P. Kumar, “Efficient low-intensity optical phase conjugation based on coherent population trapping in sodium,” Opt. Lett. 20(9), 982–984 (1995). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
11. S. E. Harris and L. Hau, “Nonlinear optics at low light levels,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 82(23), 4611–4614 (1999). [CrossRef]
12. L. V. Hau, S. E. Harris, Z. Dutton, and C. H. Behroozi, “Light speed reduction to 17 metres per second in an ultracold atomic gas,” Nature 397(6720), 594–598 (1999). [CrossRef]
13. A. V. Turukhin, V. S. Sudarshanam, M. S. Shahriar, J. A. Musser, B. S. Ham, and P. R. Hemmer, “Observation of ultraslow and stored light pulses in a solid,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 88(2), 023602 (2002). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
14. M. G. Payne and L. Deng, “Quantum entanglement of Fock states with perfectly efficient ultraslow single-probe photon four-wave mixing,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 91(12), 123602 (2003). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
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16. S. Zhang, D. A. Genov, Y. Wang, M. Liu, and X. Zhang, “Plasmon-induced transparency in metamaterials,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 101(4), 047401 (2008). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
17. N. Verellen, Y. Sonnefraud, H. Sobhani, F. Hao, V. V. Moshchalkov, P. Van Dorpe, P. Nordlander, and S. A. Maier, “Fano resonances in individual coherent plasmonic nanocavities,” Nano Lett. 9(4), 1663–1667 (2009). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
18. A. Taflove, and S. C. Hagness, Computational electrodynamics: The finite-difference time–domain method (Artech, 2000).
19. A. Farjadpour, D. Roundy, A. Rodriguez, M. Ibanescu, P. Bermel, J. D. Joannopoulos, S. G. Johnson, and G. W. Burr, “Improving accuracy by subpixel smoothing in the finite-difference time domain,” Opt. Lett. 31(20), 2972–2974 (2006). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
20. A. F. Oskooi, D. Roundy, M. Ibanescu, P. Bermel, J. D. Joannopoulos, and S. G. Johnson, “Meep: A flexible free-software package for electromagnetic simulations by the FDTD method,” Comput. Phys. Commun. 181(3), 687–702 (2010). [CrossRef]
21. M. A. Ordal, L. L. Long, R. J. Bell, S. E. Bell, R. R. Bell, R. W. Alexander, and C. A. Ward, “Optical properties of the metals Al, Co, Cu, Au, Fe, Pb, Ni, Pd, Pt, Ag, Ti, and W in the infrared and far infrared,” Appl. Opt. 22(7), 1099–20 (1983). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
22. S. Zhang, D. A. Genov, Y. Wang, M. Liu, and X. Zhang, “Plasmonic metamaterial with coupling induced transparency,” arXiv: 0801.1536v1 [physics. optics].
23. http://ab-initio.mit.edu/wiki/index.php/Dielectric_materials_in_Meep .
24. P. Mühlschlegel, H.-J. Eisler, O. J. F. Martin, B. Hecht, and D. W. Pohl, “Resonant optical antennas,” Science 308(5728), 1607–1609 (2005). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
25. Q. H. Park, “Optical antennas and plasmonics,” Contemp. Phys. 50(2), 407–423 (2009). [CrossRef]
26. G. W. Bryant, F. J. García de Abajo, and J. Aizpurua, “Mapping the plasmon resonances of metallic nanoantennas,” Nano Lett. 8(2), 631–636 (2008). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
27. N. Liu, L. Langguth, T. Weiss, J. Kästel, M. Fleischhauer, T. Pfau, and H. Giessen, “Plasmonic analogue of electromagnetically induced transparency at the Drude damping limit,” Nat. Mater. 8(9), 758–762 (2009). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
28. D. J. Cho, F. Wang, X. Zhang, and Y. R. Shen, “Contribution of the electric quadrupole resonance in optical metamaterials,” Phys. Rev. B 78(12), 121101 (2008). [CrossRef]
29. H. Xu, and B. S. Ham, “Plasmon-induced photonic switching in a metamaterial,” arXiv: 0905.3102v4 [quant-ph].
30. B. S. Ham and P. R. Hemmer, “Coherence switching in a four-level system: quantum switching,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 84(18), 4080–4083 (2000). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
31. B. S. Ham, “Experimental demonstration of all-optical 1x2 quantum routing,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 85(6), 893–896 (2004). [CrossRef]
32. S. E. Harris and Y. Yamamoto, “Photon switching by quantum interference,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 81(17), 3611–3614 (1998). [CrossRef]
33. M. D. Lukin, S. F. Yelin, M. Fleischhauer, and M. O. Scully, “Quantum interference effects induced by interacting dark resonances,” Phys. Rev. A 60(4), 3225–3228 (1999). [CrossRef]
34. J. Harden, A. Joshi, and J. D. Serna, arXiv:1006.5167v1 [quant-ph].
35. C. L. Garrido Alzar, M. A. G. Martinez, and P. Nussenzveig, “Classical analog of electromagnetically induced transparency,” Am. J. Phys. 70(1), 37–41 (2002). [CrossRef]

Am. J. Phys.

• C. L. Garrido Alzar, M. A. G. Martinez, and P. Nussenzveig, “Classical analog of electromagnetically induced transparency,” Am. J. Phys. 70(1), 37–41 (2002). [CrossRef]

Appl. Opt.

• M. A. Ordal, L. L. Long, R. J. Bell, S. E. Bell, R. R. Bell, R. W. Alexander, and C. A. Ward, “Optical properties of the metals Al, Co, Cu, Au, Fe, Pb, Ni, Pd, Pt, Ag, Ti, and W in the infrared and far infrared,” Appl. Opt. 22(7), 1099–20 (1983). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

Appl. Phys. Lett.

• B. S. Ham, “Experimental demonstration of all-optical 1x2 quantum routing,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 85(6), 893–896 (2004). [CrossRef]
• B. S. Ham and J. Hahn, “Observation of ultraslow light-based photon logic gates: NAND/OR,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 94(10), 101110 (2009). [CrossRef]

Comput. Phys. Commun.

• A. F. Oskooi, D. Roundy, M. Ibanescu, P. Bermel, J. D. Joannopoulos, and S. G. Johnson, “Meep: A flexible free-software package for electromagnetic simulations by the FDTD method,” Comput. Phys. Commun. 181(3), 687–702 (2010). [CrossRef]

Contemp. Phys.

• Q. H. Park, “Optical antennas and plasmonics,” Contemp. Phys. 50(2), 407–423 (2009). [CrossRef]

Nano Lett.

• G. W. Bryant, F. J. García de Abajo, and J. Aizpurua, “Mapping the plasmon resonances of metallic nanoantennas,” Nano Lett. 8(2), 631–636 (2008). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
• N. Verellen, Y. Sonnefraud, H. Sobhani, F. Hao, V. V. Moshchalkov, P. Van Dorpe, P. Nordlander, and S. A. Maier, “Fano resonances in individual coherent plasmonic nanocavities,” Nano Lett. 9(4), 1663–1667 (2009). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

Nat. Mater.

• N. Liu, L. Langguth, T. Weiss, J. Kästel, M. Fleischhauer, T. Pfau, and H. Giessen, “Plasmonic analogue of electromagnetically induced transparency at the Drude damping limit,” Nat. Mater. 8(9), 758–762 (2009). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

Nat. Photonics

• M. Schnell, A. García-Etxarri, A. J. Huber, K. Crozier, J. Aizpurua, and R. Hillenbrand, “Controlling the near-field oscillations of loaded plasmonic nanoantennas,” Nat. Photonics 3(5), 287–291 (2009). [CrossRef]
• D. Pacifici, H. J. Lezec, and H. A. Atwater, “All-optical modulation by plasmonic excitation of CdSe quantum dots,” Nat. Photonics 1(7), 402–406 (2007). [CrossRef]

Nature

• W. L. Barnes, A. Dereux, and T. W. Ebbesen, “Surface plasmon subwavelength optics,” Nature 424(6950), 824–830 (2003). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
• L. V. Hau, S. E. Harris, Z. Dutton, and C. H. Behroozi, “Light speed reduction to 17 metres per second in an ultracold atomic gas,” Nature 397(6720), 594–598 (1999). [CrossRef]

Opt. Lett.

• A. Farjadpour, D. Roundy, A. Rodriguez, M. Ibanescu, P. Bermel, J. D. Joannopoulos, S. G. Johnson, and G. W. Burr, “Improving accuracy by subpixel smoothing in the finite-difference time domain,” Opt. Lett. 31(20), 2972–2974 (2006). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
• B. S. Ham, M. S. Shahriar, and P. R. Hemmer, “Enhanced nondegenerate four-wave mixing owing to electromagnetically induced transparency in a spectral hole-burning crystal,” Opt. Lett. 22(15), 1138–1140 (1997). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
• P. R. Hemmer, D. P. Katz, J. Donoghue, M. Cronin-Golomb, M. S. Shahriar, and P. Kumar, “Efficient low-intensity optical phase conjugation based on coherent population trapping in sodium,” Opt. Lett. 20(9), 982–984 (1995). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

Phys. Rev. A

• M. D. Lukin, S. F. Yelin, M. Fleischhauer, and M. O. Scully, “Quantum interference effects induced by interacting dark resonances,” Phys. Rev. A 60(4), 3225–3228 (1999). [CrossRef]

Phys. Rev. B

• D. J. Cho, F. Wang, X. Zhang, and Y. R. Shen, “Contribution of the electric quadrupole resonance in optical metamaterials,” Phys. Rev. B 78(12), 121101 (2008). [CrossRef]

Phys. Rev. Lett.

• S. E. Harris and Y. Yamamoto, “Photon switching by quantum interference,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 81(17), 3611–3614 (1998). [CrossRef]
• B. S. Ham and P. R. Hemmer, “Coherence switching in a four-level system: quantum switching,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 84(18), 4080–4083 (2000). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
• S. E. Harris and L. Hau, “Nonlinear optics at low light levels,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 82(23), 4611–4614 (1999). [CrossRef]
• M. C. Phillips and H. Wang, “Spin coherence and electromagnetically induced transparency via exciton correlations,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 89(18), 186401 (2002). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
• A. V. Turukhin, V. S. Sudarshanam, M. S. Shahriar, J. A. Musser, B. S. Ham, and P. R. Hemmer, “Observation of ultraslow and stored light pulses in a solid,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 88(2), 023602 (2002). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
• M. G. Payne and L. Deng, “Quantum entanglement of Fock states with perfectly efficient ultraslow single-probe photon four-wave mixing,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 91(12), 123602 (2003). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
• S. Zhang, D. A. Genov, Y. Wang, M. Liu, and X. Zhang, “Plasmon-induced transparency in metamaterials,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 101(4), 047401 (2008). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

Phys. Today

• S. E. Harris, “Electromagnetically induced transparency,” Phys. Today 50(7), 36–42 (1997). [CrossRef]

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

• T. Ha, Th. Enderle, D. F. Ogletree, D. S. Chemla, P. R. Selvin, and S. Weiss, “Probing the interaction between two single molecules: fluorescence resonance energy transfer between a single donor and a single acceptor,” Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 93(13), 6264–6268 (1996). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

Rev. Mod. Phys.

• M. Fleischhauer, A. Imamoglu, and J. P. Marangos, “Electromagnetically induced transparency: Optics in coherence media,” Rev. Mod. Phys. 77(2), 633–673 (2005). [CrossRef]

Science

• S. M. Nie and S. R. Emory, “Probing single molecules and single nanoparticles by surface-enhanced Raman scattering,” Science 275(5303), 1102–1106 (1997). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
• P. Mühlschlegel, H.-J. Eisler, O. J. F. Martin, B. Hecht, and D. W. Pohl, “Resonant optical antennas,” Science 308(5728), 1607–1609 (2005). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

Other

• S. Zhang, D. A. Genov, Y. Wang, M. Liu, and X. Zhang, “Plasmonic metamaterial with coupling induced transparency,” arXiv: 0801.1536v1 [physics. optics].
• http://ab-initio.mit.edu/wiki/index.php/Dielectric_materials_in_Meep .
• H. Xu, and B. S. Ham, “Plasmon-induced photonic switching in a metamaterial,” arXiv: 0905.3102v4 [quant-ph].
• J. Harden, A. Joshi, and J. D. Serna, arXiv:1006.5167v1 [quant-ph].
• A. Taflove, and S. C. Hagness, Computational electrodynamics: The finite-difference time–domain method (Artech, 2000).

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