Synthesis of ZnO nanoflowers and their wettabilities and photocatalytic properties

doi:10.1364/OE.18.018401

Synthesis of ZnO nanoflowers and their wettabilities and photocatalytic properties

Xiaodong Guo, Quanzhong Zhao, Ruxin Li, Huaihai Pan, Xiaoyang Guo, Anyuan Yin, and Weilin Dai »View Author Affiliations

Optics Express, Vol. 18, Issue 17, pp. 18401-18406 (2010)
http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/OE.18.018401

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Abstract

By combing laser direct writing and hydrothermal growth, we demonstrate the growth of three-dimensional flowerlike ZnO nanostructures from aqueous solution. Our approach offers synthetic flexibility in controlling film architecture, coating texture and crystallite size. The wettability is studied by measurement of time-dependent contact angles in the as-grown samples. In addition, superior photocatalytic activity of the flowerlike ZnO nanostructures in the degradation of Rhodamine B is investigated as well. The influence factors and formation mechanism of the flowerlike ZnO nanostructures are also analyzed and discussed.

OCIS Codes
(140.3390) Lasers and laser optics : Laser materials processing
(240.6670) Optics at surfaces : Surface photochemistry
(160.4236) Materials : Nanomaterials

ToC Category:
Laser Microfabrication

History
Original Manuscript: June 1, 2010
Revised Manuscript: July 20, 2010
Manuscript Accepted: July 25, 2010
Published: August 12, 2010

Citation
Xiaodong Guo, Quanzhong Zhao, Ruxin Li, Huaihai Pan, Xiaoyang Guo, Anyuan Yin, and Weilin Dai, "Synthesis of ZnO nanoflowers and their wettabilities and photocatalytic properties," Opt. Express 18, 18401-18406 (2010)
http://www.opticsinfobase.org/oe/abstract.cfm?URI=oe-18-17-18401

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References

Y. S. Ding, X. F. Shen, S. Gomez, H. Luo, M. Aindow, and S. L. Suib, “Hydrothermal growth of manganese dioxide into three-dimensional hierarchical nanoarchitectures,” Adv. Funct. Mater. 16(4), 549–555 (2006). [CrossRef]
A. Chen, X. Peng, K. Koczkur, and B. Miller, “Super-hydrophobic tin oxide nanoflowers,” Chem. Commun. (Camb.) (17): 1964–1965 (2004). [CrossRef]
B. Liu and H. C. Zeng, “Mesoscale organization of CuO nanoribbons: formation of “dandelions”,” J. Am. Chem. Soc. 126(26), 8124–8125 (2004). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
S. Park, J. H. Lim, S. W. Chung, and C. A. Mirkin, “Self-assembly of mesoscopic metal-polymer amphiphiles,” Science 303(5656), 348–351 (2004). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
X. Wang, J. Zhuang, Q. Peng, and Y. D. Li, “A general strategy for nanocrystal synthesis,” Nature 437(7055), 121–124 (2005). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Y. P. Fang, A. W. Xu, A. M. Qin, and R. J. Yu, “Selective synthesis of hexagonal and tetragonal dysprosium orthophosphate nanorods by a hydrothermal method,” Cryst. Growth Des. 5(3), 1221–1225 (2005). [CrossRef]
J. A. van Kan, A. A. Bettiol, and F. Watt, “Proton beam writing of three-dimensional nanostructures in hydrogen silsesquioxane,” Nano Lett. 6(3), 579–582 (2006). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
J. W. Hsu, Z. R. Tian, N. C. Simmons, C. M. Matzke, J. A. Voigt, and J. A. Liu, “Directed spatial organization of zinc oxide nanorods,” Nano Lett. 5(1), 83–86 (2005). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
S. Xu, Y. Wei, M. Kirkham, J. Liu, W. Mai, D. Davidovic, R. L. Snyder, and Z. L. Wang, “Patterned growth of vertically aligned ZnO nanowire arrays on inorganic substrates at low temperature without catalyst,” J. Am. Chem. Soc. 130(45), 14958–14959 (2008). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Y. J. Kim, C. H. Lee, Y. J. Hong, and G. C. Yi, “Controlled selective growth of ZnO nanorod and microrod arrays on Si substrates by a wet chemical method,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 89, 163128–163130 (2006.). [CrossRef]
C. A. Mirkin, “Programming the assembly of two- and three-dimensional architectures with DNA and nanoscale inorganic building blocks,” Inorg. Chem. 39(11), 2258–2272 (2000). [CrossRef]
A. Ivanisevic and C. A. Mirkin, ““Dip-Pen” nanolithography on semiconductor surfaces,” J. Am. Chem. Soc. 123(32), 7887–7889 (2001). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
A. P. Joglekar, H. H. Liu, E. Meyhöfer, G. Mourou, and A. J. Hunt, “Optics at critical intensity: applications to nanomorphing,” Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 101(16), 5856–5861 (2004). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Y. F. Guan and A. J. Pedraza, “Synthesis and alignment of ZnO and ZnO nanoparticles by laser-assisted chemical vapor deposition,” Nanotechnology 19(4), 045609 (2008). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Q. Z. Zhao, S. Malzer, and L. J. Wang, “Formation of subwavelength periodic structures on tungsten induced by ultrashort laser pulses,” Opt. Lett. 32(13), 1932–1934 (2007). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
X. D. Guo, R. X. Li, Y. Hang, Z. Z. Xu, B. K. Yu, Y. Dai, B. Lu, and X. W. Sun, “Coherent linking of periodic nano-ripples on a ZnO crystal surface induced by femtosecond laser pulses,” Appl. Phys., A Mater. Sci. Process. 94(2), 423–426 (2009). [CrossRef]
F. F. Luo, B. Qian, G. Lin, J. Xu, Y. Liao, J. Song, H. Y. Sun, B. Zhu, J. R. Qiu, Q. Z. Zhao, and Z. Z. Xu, “Redistribution of elements in glass induced by a high-repetition-rate femtosecond laser,” Opt. Express 18(6), 6262–6269 (2010). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
A. B. D. Cassie and S. Baxter, “Wettability of porous surfaces,” Trans. Faraday Soc. 40, 546–551 (1944). [CrossRef]
R. Rosario, D. Gust, A. A. Garcia, M. Hayes, J. L. Taraci, J. W. Dailey, and S. T. Picraux, “Lotus effect amplifies light-induced contact angle switching,” J. Phys. Chem. B 108(34), 12640–12642 (2004). [CrossRef]
L. S. Zhong, J. S. Hu, H. P. Liang, A. M. Cao, W. G. Song, and L. J. Wan, “Self-assembled 3D flowerlike iron oxide nanostructures and their application in water treatment,” Adv. Mater. 18(18), 2426–2431 (2006). [CrossRef]
W. N. Li, J. K. Yuan, X. F. Shen, S. Gomez-Mower, L. P. Xu, S. Sithambaram, M. Aindow, and S. L. Suib, “Hydrothermal synthesis of structure- and shape-controlled manganese oxide octahedral molecular sieve nanomaterials,” Adv. Funct. Mater. 16(9), 1247–1253 (2006). [CrossRef]
Y. B. Li, Y. Bando, and D. Golberg, “MoS2 nanoflowers and their field-emission properties,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 82(12), 1962–1964 (2003). [CrossRef]
J. A. Marqusee and J. Ross, “Kinetics of phase transitions: Theory of Ostwald ripening,” J. Chem. Phys. 79(1), 373–378 (1983). [CrossRef]
C. W. Extrand, S. I. Moon, P. Hall, and D. Schmidt, “Superwetting of structured surfaces,” Langmuir 23(17), 8882–8890 (2007). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
R. N. Wenzel, “Resistance of solid surfaces to wetting by water,” Ind. Eng. Chem. 28(8), 988–994 (1936). [CrossRef]
H. K. Sun, M. Luo, W. J. Weng, K. Cheng, P. Y. Du, G. Shen, and G. R. Han, “Room-temperature preparation of ZnO nanosheets grown on Si substrates by a seed-layer assisted solution route,” Nanotechnology 19(12), 125603 (2008). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Y. O. Popov, “Evaporative deposition patterns: spatial dimensions of the deposit,” Phys. Rev. E Stat. Nonlin. Soft Matter Phys. 71(33 Pt 2B), 036313 (2005). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
J. Matos, J. Laine, and J. M. Hermann, “Synergy effect in the photocatalytic degradation of phenol on a suspended mixture of titania and activated carbon,” Appl. Catal. B 18(3–4), 281–291 (1998). [CrossRef]

Aindow, M.
Bando, Y.
Baxter, S.
Bettiol, A. A.
Cao, A. M.
Cassie, A. B. D.
Chen, A.
Cheng, K.
Chung, S. W.
Dai, Y.
Dailey, J. W.
Davidovic, D.
Ding, Y. S.
Du, P. Y.
Extrand, C. W.
Fang, Y. P.
Garcia, A. A.
Golberg, D.
Gomez, S.
Gomez-Mower, S.
Guan, Y. F.
Guo, X. D.
Gust, D.
Hall, P.
Han, G. R.
Hang, Y.
Hayes, M.
Hermann, J. M.
Hong, Y. J.
Hsu, J. W.
Hu, J. S.
Hunt, A. J.
Ivanisevic, A.
Joglekar, A. P.
Kim, Y. J.
Kirkham, M.
Koczkur, K.
Laine, J.
Lee, C. H.
Li, R. X.
Li, W. N.
Li, Y. B.
Li, Y. D.
Liang, H. P.
Liao, Y.
Lim, J. H.
Lin, G.
Liu, B.
Liu, H. H.
Liu, J.
Liu, J. A.
Lu, B.
Luo, F. F.
Luo, H.
Luo, M.
Mai, W.
Malzer, S.
Marqusee, J. A.
Matos, J.
Matzke, C. M.
Meyhöfer, E.
Miller, B.
Mirkin, C. A.
Moon, S. I.
Mourou, G.
Park, S.
Pedraza, A. J.
Peng, Q.
Peng, X.
Picraux, S. T.
Popov, Y. O.
Qian, B.
Qin, A. M.
Qiu, J. R.
Rosario, R.
Ross, J.
Schmidt, D.
Shen, G.
Shen, X. F.
Simmons, N. C.
Sithambaram, S.
Snyder, R. L.
Song, J.
Song, W. G.
Suib, S. L.
Sun, H. K.
Sun, H. Y.
Sun, X. W.
Taraci, J. L.
Tian, Z. R.
van Kan, J. A.
Voigt, J. A.
Wan, L. J.
Wang, L. J.
Wang, X.
Wang, Z. L.
Watt, F.
Wei, Y.
Weng, W. J.
Wenzel, R. N.
Xu, A. W.
Xu, J.
Xu, L. P.
Xu, S.
Xu, Z. Z.
Yi, G. C.
Yu, B. K.
Yu, R. J.
Yuan, J. K.
Zeng, H. C.
Zhao, Q. Z.
Zhong, L. S.
Zhu, B.
Zhuang, J.

Adv. Funct. Mater.

Y. S. Ding, X. F. Shen, S. Gomez, H. Luo, M. Aindow, and S. L. Suib, “Hydrothermal growth of manganese dioxide into three-dimensional hierarchical nanoarchitectures,” Adv. Funct. Mater. 16(4), 549–555 (2006). [CrossRef]
W. N. Li, J. K. Yuan, X. F. Shen, S. Gomez-Mower, L. P. Xu, S. Sithambaram, M. Aindow, and S. L. Suib, “Hydrothermal synthesis of structure- and shape-controlled manganese oxide octahedral molecular sieve nanomaterials,” Adv. Funct. Mater. 16(9), 1247–1253 (2006). [CrossRef]

Adv. Mater.

L. S. Zhong, J. S. Hu, H. P. Liang, A. M. Cao, W. G. Song, and L. J. Wan, “Self-assembled 3D flowerlike iron oxide nanostructures and their application in water treatment,” Adv. Mater. 18(18), 2426–2431 (2006). [CrossRef]

Appl. Catal. B

J. Matos, J. Laine, and J. M. Hermann, “Synergy effect in the photocatalytic degradation of phenol on a suspended mixture of titania and activated carbon,” Appl. Catal. B 18(3–4), 281–291 (1998). [CrossRef]

Appl. Phys. Lett.

Y. B. Li, Y. Bando, and D. Golberg, “MoS2 nanoflowers and their field-emission properties,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 82(12), 1962–1964 (2003). [CrossRef]

Appl. Phys. Lett.

Y. J. Kim, C. H. Lee, Y. J. Hong, and G. C. Yi, “Controlled selective growth of ZnO nanorod and microrod arrays on Si substrates by a wet chemical method,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 89, 163128–163130 (2006.). [CrossRef]

Appl. Phys., A Mater. Sci. Process.

X. D. Guo, R. X. Li, Y. Hang, Z. Z. Xu, B. K. Yu, Y. Dai, B. Lu, and X. W. Sun, “Coherent linking of periodic nano-ripples on a ZnO crystal surface induced by femtosecond laser pulses,” Appl. Phys., A Mater. Sci. Process. 94(2), 423–426 (2009). [CrossRef]

Chem. Commun. (Camb.)

A. Chen, X. Peng, K. Koczkur, and B. Miller, “Super-hydrophobic tin oxide nanoflowers,” Chem. Commun. (Camb.) (17): 1964–1965 (2004). [CrossRef]

Cryst. Growth Des.

Y. P. Fang, A. W. Xu, A. M. Qin, and R. J. Yu, “Selective synthesis of hexagonal and tetragonal dysprosium orthophosphate nanorods by a hydrothermal method,” Cryst. Growth Des. 5(3), 1221–1225 (2005). [CrossRef]

Ind. Eng. Chem.

R. N. Wenzel, “Resistance of solid surfaces to wetting by water,” Ind. Eng. Chem. 28(8), 988–994 (1936). [CrossRef]

Inorg. Chem.

C. A. Mirkin, “Programming the assembly of two- and three-dimensional architectures with DNA and nanoscale inorganic building blocks,” Inorg. Chem. 39(11), 2258–2272 (2000). [CrossRef]

J. Am. Chem. Soc.

A. Ivanisevic and C. A. Mirkin, ““Dip-Pen” nanolithography on semiconductor surfaces,” J. Am. Chem. Soc. 123(32), 7887–7889 (2001). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
S. Xu, Y. Wei, M. Kirkham, J. Liu, W. Mai, D. Davidovic, R. L. Snyder, and Z. L. Wang, “Patterned growth of vertically aligned ZnO nanowire arrays on inorganic substrates at low temperature without catalyst,” J. Am. Chem. Soc. 130(45), 14958–14959 (2008). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
B. Liu and H. C. Zeng, “Mesoscale organization of CuO nanoribbons: formation of “dandelions”,” J. Am. Chem. Soc. 126(26), 8124–8125 (2004). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

J. Chem. Phys.

J. A. Marqusee and J. Ross, “Kinetics of phase transitions: Theory of Ostwald ripening,” J. Chem. Phys. 79(1), 373–378 (1983). [CrossRef]

J. Phys. Chem. B

R. Rosario, D. Gust, A. A. Garcia, M. Hayes, J. L. Taraci, J. W. Dailey, and S. T. Picraux, “Lotus effect amplifies light-induced contact angle switching,” J. Phys. Chem. B 108(34), 12640–12642 (2004). [CrossRef]

Langmuir

C. W. Extrand, S. I. Moon, P. Hall, and D. Schmidt, “Superwetting of structured surfaces,” Langmuir 23(17), 8882–8890 (2007). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

Nano Lett.

J. A. van Kan, A. A. Bettiol, and F. Watt, “Proton beam writing of three-dimensional nanostructures in hydrogen silsesquioxane,” Nano Lett. 6(3), 579–582 (2006). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
J. W. Hsu, Z. R. Tian, N. C. Simmons, C. M. Matzke, J. A. Voigt, and J. A. Liu, “Directed spatial organization of zinc oxide nanorods,” Nano Lett. 5(1), 83–86 (2005). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

Nanotechnology

Y. F. Guan and A. J. Pedraza, “Synthesis and alignment of ZnO and ZnO nanoparticles by laser-assisted chemical vapor deposition,” Nanotechnology 19(4), 045609 (2008). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
H. K. Sun, M. Luo, W. J. Weng, K. Cheng, P. Y. Du, G. Shen, and G. R. Han, “Room-temperature preparation of ZnO nanosheets grown on Si substrates by a seed-layer assisted solution route,” Nanotechnology 19(12), 125603 (2008). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

Nature

X. Wang, J. Zhuang, Q. Peng, and Y. D. Li, “A general strategy for nanocrystal synthesis,” Nature 437(7055), 121–124 (2005). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

Opt. Express

F. F. Luo, B. Qian, G. Lin, J. Xu, Y. Liao, J. Song, H. Y. Sun, B. Zhu, J. R. Qiu, Q. Z. Zhao, and Z. Z. Xu, “Redistribution of elements in glass induced by a high-repetition-rate femtosecond laser,” Opt. Express 18(6), 6262–6269 (2010). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

Opt. Lett.

Q. Z. Zhao, S. Malzer, and L. J. Wang, “Formation of subwavelength periodic structures on tungsten induced by ultrashort laser pulses,” Opt. Lett. 32(13), 1932–1934 (2007). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

Phys. Rev. E Stat. Nonlin. Soft Matter Phys.

Y. O. Popov, “Evaporative deposition patterns: spatial dimensions of the deposit,” Phys. Rev. E Stat. Nonlin. Soft Matter Phys. 71(33 Pt 2B), 036313 (2005). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

A. P. Joglekar, H. H. Liu, E. Meyhöfer, G. Mourou, and A. J. Hunt, “Optics at critical intensity: applications to nanomorphing,” Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 101(16), 5856–5861 (2004). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

Science

S. Park, J. H. Lim, S. W. Chung, and C. A. Mirkin, “Self-assembly of mesoscopic metal-polymer amphiphiles,” Science 303(5656), 348–351 (2004). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

Trans. Faraday Soc.

A. B. D. Cassie and S. Baxter, “Wettability of porous surfaces,” Trans. Faraday Soc. 40, 546–551 (1944). [CrossRef]

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[1] Y. S. Ding, X. F. Shen, S. Gomez, H. Luo, M. Aindow, and S. L. Suib, “Hydrothermal growth of manganese dioxide into three-dimensional hierarchical nanoarchitectures,” Adv. Funct. Mater. 16(4), 549–555 (2006). [CrossRef]

[2] A. Chen, X. Peng, K. Koczkur, and B. Miller, “Super-hydrophobic tin oxide nanoflowers,” Chem. Commun. (Camb.) (17): 1964–1965 (2004). [CrossRef]

[3] B. Liu and H. C. Zeng, “Mesoscale organization of CuO nanoribbons: formation of “dandelions”,” J. Am. Chem. Soc. 126(26), 8124–8125 (2004). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

[4] S. Park, J. H. Lim, S. W. Chung, and C. A. Mirkin, “Self-assembly of mesoscopic metal-polymer amphiphiles,” Science 303(5656), 348–351 (2004). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

[5] X. Wang, J. Zhuang, Q. Peng, and Y. D. Li, “A general strategy for nanocrystal synthesis,” Nature 437(7055), 121–124 (2005). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

[6] Y. P. Fang, A. W. Xu, A. M. Qin, and R. J. Yu, “Selective synthesis of hexagonal and tetragonal dysprosium orthophosphate nanorods by a hydrothermal method,” Cryst. Growth Des. 5(3), 1221–1225 (2005). [CrossRef]

[7] J. A. van Kan, A. A. Bettiol, and F. Watt, “Proton beam writing of three-dimensional nanostructures in hydrogen silsesquioxane,” Nano Lett. 6(3), 579–582 (2006). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

[8] J. W. Hsu, Z. R. Tian, N. C. Simmons, C. M. Matzke, J. A. Voigt, and J. A. Liu, “Directed spatial organization of zinc oxide nanorods,” Nano Lett. 5(1), 83–86 (2005). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

[9] S. Xu, Y. Wei, M. Kirkham, J. Liu, W. Mai, D. Davidovic, R. L. Snyder, and Z. L. Wang, “Patterned growth of vertically aligned ZnO nanowire arrays on inorganic substrates at low temperature without catalyst,” J. Am. Chem. Soc. 130(45), 14958–14959 (2008). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

[10] Y. J. Kim, C. H. Lee, Y. J. Hong, and G. C. Yi, “Controlled selective growth of ZnO nanorod and microrod arrays on Si substrates by a wet chemical method,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 89, 163128–163130 (2006.). [CrossRef]

[11] C. A. Mirkin, “Programming the assembly of two- and three-dimensional architectures with DNA and nanoscale inorganic building blocks,” Inorg. Chem. 39(11), 2258–2272 (2000). [CrossRef]

[12] A. Ivanisevic and C. A. Mirkin, ““Dip-Pen” nanolithography on semiconductor surfaces,” J. Am. Chem. Soc. 123(32), 7887–7889 (2001). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

[13] A. P. Joglekar, H. H. Liu, E. Meyhöfer, G. Mourou, and A. J. Hunt, “Optics at critical intensity: applications to nanomorphing,” Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 101(16), 5856–5861 (2004). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

[14] Y. F. Guan and A. J. Pedraza, “Synthesis and alignment of ZnO and ZnO nanoparticles by laser-assisted chemical vapor deposition,” Nanotechnology 19(4), 045609 (2008). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

[15] Q. Z. Zhao, S. Malzer, and L. J. Wang, “Formation of subwavelength periodic structures on tungsten induced by ultrashort laser pulses,” Opt. Lett. 32(13), 1932–1934 (2007). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

[16] X. D. Guo, R. X. Li, Y. Hang, Z. Z. Xu, B. K. Yu, Y. Dai, B. Lu, and X. W. Sun, “Coherent linking of periodic nano-ripples on a ZnO crystal surface induced by femtosecond laser pulses,” Appl. Phys., A Mater. Sci. Process. 94(2), 423–426 (2009). [CrossRef]

[17] F. F. Luo, B. Qian, G. Lin, J. Xu, Y. Liao, J. Song, H. Y. Sun, B. Zhu, J. R. Qiu, Q. Z. Zhao, and Z. Z. Xu, “Redistribution of elements in glass induced by a high-repetition-rate femtosecond laser,” Opt. Express 18(6), 6262–6269 (2010). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

[18] A. B. D. Cassie and S. Baxter, “Wettability of porous surfaces,” Trans. Faraday Soc. 40, 546–551 (1944). [CrossRef]

[19] R. Rosario, D. Gust, A. A. Garcia, M. Hayes, J. L. Taraci, J. W. Dailey, and S. T. Picraux, “Lotus effect amplifies light-induced contact angle switching,” J. Phys. Chem. B 108(34), 12640–12642 (2004). [CrossRef]

[20] L. S. Zhong, J. S. Hu, H. P. Liang, A. M. Cao, W. G. Song, and L. J. Wan, “Self-assembled 3D flowerlike iron oxide nanostructures and their application in water treatment,” Adv. Mater. 18(18), 2426–2431 (2006). [CrossRef]

[21] W. N. Li, J. K. Yuan, X. F. Shen, S. Gomez-Mower, L. P. Xu, S. Sithambaram, M. Aindow, and S. L. Suib, “Hydrothermal synthesis of structure- and shape-controlled manganese oxide octahedral molecular sieve nanomaterials,” Adv. Funct. Mater. 16(9), 1247–1253 (2006). [CrossRef]

[22] Y. B. Li, Y. Bando, and D. Golberg, “MoS2 nanoflowers and their field-emission properties,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 82(12), 1962–1964 (2003). [CrossRef]

[23] J. A. Marqusee and J. Ross, “Kinetics of phase transitions: Theory of Ostwald ripening,” J. Chem. Phys. 79(1), 373–378 (1983). [CrossRef]

[24] C. W. Extrand, S. I. Moon, P. Hall, and D. Schmidt, “Superwetting of structured surfaces,” Langmuir 23(17), 8882–8890 (2007). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

[25] R. N. Wenzel, “Resistance of solid surfaces to wetting by water,” Ind. Eng. Chem. 28(8), 988–994 (1936). [CrossRef]

[26] H. K. Sun, M. Luo, W. J. Weng, K. Cheng, P. Y. Du, G. Shen, and G. R. Han, “Room-temperature preparation of ZnO nanosheets grown on Si substrates by a seed-layer assisted solution route,” Nanotechnology 19(12), 125603 (2008). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

[27] Y. O. Popov, “Evaporative deposition patterns: spatial dimensions of the deposit,” Phys. Rev. E Stat. Nonlin. Soft Matter Phys. 71(33 Pt 2B), 036313 (2005). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

[28] J. Matos, J. Laine, and J. M. Hermann, “Synergy effect in the photocatalytic degradation of phenol on a suspended mixture of titania and activated carbon,” Appl. Catal. B 18(3–4), 281–291 (1998). [CrossRef]

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Synthesis of ZnO nanoflowers and their wettabilities and photocatalytic properties

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Abstract

References

Adv. Funct. Mater.

Adv. Mater.

Appl. Catal. B

Appl. Phys. Lett.

Appl. Phys. Lett.

Appl. Phys., A Mater. Sci. Process.

Chem. Commun. (Camb.)

Cryst. Growth Des.

Ind. Eng. Chem.

Inorg. Chem.

J. Am. Chem. Soc.

J. Chem. Phys.

J. Phys. Chem. B

Langmuir

Nano Lett.

Nanotechnology

Nature

Opt. Express

Opt. Lett.

Phys. Rev. E Stat. Nonlin. Soft Matter Phys.

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

Science

Trans. Faraday Soc.

Cited By

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