Photonic crystal fiber mapping using Brillouin echoes distributed sensing

doi:10.1364/OE.18.020136

Photonic crystal fiber mapping using Brillouin echoes distributed sensing

Birgit Stiller, Stella M. Foaleng, Jean-Charles Beugnot, Min W. Lee, Michaël Delqué, Géraud Bouwmans, Alexandre Kudlinski, Luc Thévenaz, Hervé Maillotte, and Thibaut Sylvestre »View Author Affiliations

Optics Express, Vol. 18, Issue 19, pp. 20136-20142 (2010)
http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/OE.18.020136

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Abstract

In this paper we investigate the effect of microstructure irregularities and applied strain on backward Brillouin scattering by comparing two photonic crystal fibers drawn with different parameters in order to minimize diameter and microstructure fluctuations. We fully characterize their Brillouin properties including the gain spectrum and the critical power. Using Brillouin echoes distributed sensing with a high spatial resolution of 30 cm we are able to map the Brillouin frequency shift along the fiber and get an accurate estimation of the microstructure longitudinal fluctuations. Our results reveal a clear-cut difference of longitudinal homogeneity between the two fibers.

OCIS Codes
(060.2270) Fiber optics and optical communications : Fiber characterization
(190.4370) Nonlinear optics : Nonlinear optics, fibers
(060.5295) Fiber optics and optical communications : Photonic crystal fibers

ToC Category:
Fiber Optics and Optical Communications

History
Original Manuscript: June 29, 2010
Revised Manuscript: August 31, 2010
Manuscript Accepted: August 31, 2010
Published: September 7, 2010

Citation
Birgit Stiller, Stella M. Foaleng, Jean-Charles Beugnot, Min W. Lee, Michaël Delqué, Géraud Bouwmans, Alexandre Kudlinski, Luc Thévenaz, Hervé Maillotte, and Thibaut Sylvestre, "Photonic crystal fiber mapping using Brillouin echoes distributed sensing," Opt. Express 18, 20136-20142 (2010)
http://www.opticsinfobase.org/oe/abstract.cfm?URI=oe-18-19-20136

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References

E. P. Ippen, and R. H. Stolen, "Stimulated Brillouin scattering in optical fibers," Appl. Phys. Lett. 21(11), 539-541 (1972). [CrossRef]
M. Niklès, L. Thévenaz, and P. A. Robert, "Simple distributed fiber sensor based on Brillouin gain spectrum analysis," Opt. Lett. 21(10), 758-760 (1996). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
L. Thévenaz, "Brillouin distributed time-domain sensing in optical fibers: state of the art and perspectives," Front. Optoelectron. China 3(1), 13-21 (2010). [CrossRef]
L. Zou, X. Bao, and L. Chen, "Distributed Brillouin temperature sensing in photonic crystal fiber," Smart Mater. Struct. 14(3), S8 (2005). [CrossRef]
P. Dainese, P. S. J. Russell, N. Joly, J. C. Knight, G. S. Wiederhecker, H. L. Fragnito, V. Laude, and A. Khelif, "Stimulated Brillouin scattering from multi-GHz-guided acoustic phonons in nanostructured photonic crystal fibres," Nat. Phys. 2(6), 388-392 (2006). [CrossRef]
A. Minardo, R. Bernini, W. Urbanczyk, J. Wojcik, N. Gorbatov, M. Tur, and L. Zeni, "Stimulated Brillouin scattering in highly birefringent microstructure fiber: experimental analysis," Opt. Lett. 33, 2329-2331 (2008). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
J.-C. Beugnot, T. Sylvestre, D. Alasia, H. Maillotte, V. Laude, A. Monteville, L. Provino, N. Traynor, S. F. Mafang, and L. Thévenaz, "Complete experimental characterization of stimulated Brillouin scattering in photonic crystal fiber," Opt. Express 15(23), 15517-15522 (2007), http://www.opticsinfobase.org/abstract.cfm?uri=oe-15-23-15517. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
M. Karlsson, "Four-wave mixing in fibers with randomly varying zero-dispersion wavelength," J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 15(8), 2269-2275 (1998). [CrossRef]
M. Niklès, L. Thévenaz, and P. A. Robert, "Brillouin gain spectrum characterization in single-mode optical fiber," J. Lightwave Technol. 15(10), 1842-1851 (1997). [CrossRef]
R. G. Smith, "Optical power handling capacity of low loss optical fibers as determined by stimulated Raman and Brillouin scattering," Appl. Opt. 11(11), 2489 (1972). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
G. P. Agrawal, Nonlinear fiber optics, 3rd ed. (Academic Press, 2001).
M. O. V. Deventer, and A. J. Boot, "Polarisation properties of stimulated Brillouin scattering in single mode fibers," J. Lightwave Technol. 12(4), 585-590 (1994). [CrossRef]
R. Boyd, K. Rzazewski, and P. Narum, "Noise initiation of stimulated Brillouin scattering," Phys. Rev. A 42(9), 5514-5521 (1990). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
S. L. Floch, and P. Cambon, "Theoretical evaluation of the Brillouin threshold and the steady-state Brillouin equations in standard single-mode optical fibers," J. Opt. Soc. Am. A 20(6), 1132-1137 (2003). [CrossRef]
S. F. Mafang, J.-C. Beugnot, and L. Thévenaz, "Optimized configuration for high resolution distributed sensing using Brillouin echoes," Proc. SPIE, UK, Edinburgh 75032C, 7503 (2009).
F. Poletti, K. Furusawa, Z. Yusoff, N. G. R. Broderick, and D. J. Richardson, "Nonlinear tapered holey fibers with high stimulated Brillouin scattering threshold and controlled dispersion," J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 24(9), 2185-2194 (2007). [CrossRef]
Crystal Fibres, http://www.nktphotonics.com/.
T. G. Euser, J. S. Y. Chen, M. Scharrer, P. S. J. Russell, N. J. Farrer, and P. J. Sadler, "Quantitative broadband chemical sensing in air-suspended solid-core fibers," J. Appl. Phys. 103, 103108 (2008). [CrossRef]

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[1] E. P. Ippen, and R. H. Stolen, "Stimulated Brillouin scattering in optical fibers," Appl. Phys. Lett. 21(11), 539-541 (1972). [CrossRef]

[2] M. Niklès, L. Thévenaz, and P. A. Robert, "Simple distributed fiber sensor based on Brillouin gain spectrum analysis," Opt. Lett. 21(10), 758-760 (1996). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

[3] L. Thévenaz, "Brillouin distributed time-domain sensing in optical fibers: state of the art and perspectives," Front. Optoelectron. China 3(1), 13-21 (2010). [CrossRef]

[4] L. Zou, X. Bao, and L. Chen, "Distributed Brillouin temperature sensing in photonic crystal fiber," Smart Mater. Struct. 14(3), S8 (2005). [CrossRef]

[5] P. Dainese, P. S. J. Russell, N. Joly, J. C. Knight, G. S. Wiederhecker, H. L. Fragnito, V. Laude, and A. Khelif, "Stimulated Brillouin scattering from multi-GHz-guided acoustic phonons in nanostructured photonic crystal fibres," Nat. Phys. 2(6), 388-392 (2006). [CrossRef]

[6] A. Minardo, R. Bernini, W. Urbanczyk, J. Wojcik, N. Gorbatov, M. Tur, and L. Zeni, "Stimulated Brillouin scattering in highly birefringent microstructure fiber: experimental analysis," Opt. Lett. 33, 2329-2331 (2008). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

[7] J.-C. Beugnot, T. Sylvestre, D. Alasia, H. Maillotte, V. Laude, A. Monteville, L. Provino, N. Traynor, S. F. Mafang, and L. Thévenaz, "Complete experimental characterization of stimulated Brillouin scattering in photonic crystal fiber," Opt. Express 15(23), 15517-15522 (2007), http://www.opticsinfobase.org/abstract.cfm?uri=oe-15-23-15517. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

[8] M. Karlsson, "Four-wave mixing in fibers with randomly varying zero-dispersion wavelength," J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 15(8), 2269-2275 (1998). [CrossRef]

[9] M. Niklès, L. Thévenaz, and P. A. Robert, "Brillouin gain spectrum characterization in single-mode optical fiber," J. Lightwave Technol. 15(10), 1842-1851 (1997). [CrossRef]

[10] R. G. Smith, "Optical power handling capacity of low loss optical fibers as determined by stimulated Raman and Brillouin scattering," Appl. Opt. 11(11), 2489 (1972). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

[11] G. P. Agrawal, Nonlinear fiber optics, 3rd ed. (Academic Press, 2001).

[12] M. O. V. Deventer, and A. J. Boot, "Polarisation properties of stimulated Brillouin scattering in single mode fibers," J. Lightwave Technol. 12(4), 585-590 (1994). [CrossRef]

[13] R. Boyd, K. Rzazewski, and P. Narum, "Noise initiation of stimulated Brillouin scattering," Phys. Rev. A 42(9), 5514-5521 (1990). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

[14] S. L. Floch, and P. Cambon, "Theoretical evaluation of the Brillouin threshold and the steady-state Brillouin equations in standard single-mode optical fibers," J. Opt. Soc. Am. A 20(6), 1132-1137 (2003). [CrossRef]

[15] S. F. Mafang, J.-C. Beugnot, and L. Thévenaz, "Optimized configuration for high resolution distributed sensing using Brillouin echoes," Proc. SPIE, UK, Edinburgh 75032C, 7503 (2009).

[16] F. Poletti, K. Furusawa, Z. Yusoff, N. G. R. Broderick, and D. J. Richardson, "Nonlinear tapered holey fibers with high stimulated Brillouin scattering threshold and controlled dispersion," J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 24(9), 2185-2194 (2007). [CrossRef]

[17] Crystal Fibres, http://www.nktphotonics.com/.

[18] T. G. Euser, J. S. Y. Chen, M. Scharrer, P. S. J. Russell, N. J. Farrer, and P. J. Sadler, "Quantitative broadband chemical sensing in air-suspended solid-core fibers," J. Appl. Phys. 103, 103108 (2008). [CrossRef]

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Photonic crystal fiber mapping using Brillouin echoes distributed sensing