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Alignment-free fabrication of a hybrid electro-optic polymer/ion-exchange glass coplanar modulatorIsmail Emre Araci, Roland Himmelhuber, Chris T. DeRose, J. D. Luo, A. K. –Y. Jen, R. A. Norwood, and N. Peyghambarian »View Author Affiliations
Ismail Emre Araci,1,*
Roland Himmelhuber,1
Chris T. DeRose,1,2
J. D. Luo,3
A. K. –Y. Jen,3
R. A. Norwood,1
and N. Peyghambarian1
1College of Optical Sciences, 1630 E. University Blvd, Tucson, AZ, 85704, USA 2Currently at Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, NM, 87185, USA 3Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA *Corresponding author: i.e.araci@gmail.com |
Optics Express, Vol. 18, Issue 20, pp. 21038-21046 (2010)
http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/OE.18.021038
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Abstract
A hybrid electro-optic (EO) polymer phase modulator with a 6 μm coplanar electrode gap was realized on ion exchange glass substrates. The critical alignment steps which may be required for hybrid optoelectronic devices were eliminated with a simple alignment-free fabrication technique. The low loss adiabatic transition from glass to EO polymer waveguide was enabled by gray scale patterning of novel EO polymer, AJLY. Total insertion loss of 5 dB and electrode gap of 8 μm was obtained for an optimized device design. EO polymer poling at 135 °C and 75 V/μm was demonstrated for the first time on a phosphate glass substrate and was enabled by the sol-gel buffer layer.
© 2010 OSA
OCIS Codes
(250.3140) Optoelectronics : Integrated optoelectronic circuits
(250.7360) Optoelectronics : Waveguide modulators
(130.2755) Integrated optics : Glass waveguides
ToC Category:
Optoelectronics
History
Original Manuscript: July 13, 2010
Revised Manuscript: September 6, 2010
Manuscript Accepted: September 9, 2010
Published: September 20, 2010
Citation
Ismail Emre Araci, Roland Himmelhuber, Chris T. DeRose, J. D. Luo, A. K. –Y. Jen, R. A. Norwood, and N. Peyghambarian, "Alignment-free fabrication of a hybrid electro-optic polymer/ion-exchange glass coplanar modulator," Opt. Express 18, 21038-21046 (2010)
http://www.opticsinfobase.org/oe/abstract.cfm?URI=oe-18-20-21038
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References
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- C. T. DeRose, D. Mathine, Y. Enami, R. A. Norwood, J. Luo, A. K. Y. Jen, and N. Peyghambarian, “Electrooptic polymer modulator with single-mode to multimode waveguide transitions,” IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett. 20(12), 1051–1053 (2008). [CrossRef]
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- S. W. Ahn, W. H. Steier, Y. H. Kuo, M. C. Oh, H. J. Lee, C. Zhang, and H. R. Fetterman, “Integration of electro-optic polymer modulators with low-loss fluorinated polymer waveguides,” Opt. Lett. 27(23), 2109–2111 (2002). [CrossRef]
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- D. T. Chen, H. R. Fetterman, A. T. Chen, W. H. Steier, L. R. Dalton, W. S. Wang, and Y. Q. Shi, “Demonstration of 110 GHz electro-optic polymer modulators,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 70(25), 3335–3337 (1997). [CrossRef]
- W. S. Wang, D. T. Chen, H. R. Fetterman, Y. Q. Shi, W. H. Steier, and L. R. Dalton, “40-GHz polymer electrooptic phase modulators,” IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett. 7(6), 638–640 (1995). [CrossRef]
- S. Honkanen, B. R. West, S. Yliniemi, P. Madasamy, M. Morrell, J. Auxier, A. Schulzgen, N. Peyghambarian, J. Carriere, J. Frantz, R. Kostuk, J. Castro, and D. Geraghty, “Recent advances in ion exchanged glass waveguides and devices,” Physics and Chemistry of Glasses-European Journal of Glass Science and Technology Part B 47, 110–120 (2006).
- E. L. Wooten, K. M. Kissa, A. Yi-Yan, E. J. Murphy, D. A. Lafaw, P. F. Hallemeier, D. Maack, D. V. Attanasio, D. J. Fritz, G. J. McBrien, and D. E. Bossi, “A review of lithium niobate modulators for fiber-optic communications systems,” IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron. 6(1), 69–82 (2000). [CrossRef]
- S. Honkanen, B. R. West, S. Yliniemi, P. Madasamy, M. Morrell, J. Auxier, A. Schulzgen, N. Peyghambarian, J. Carriere, J. Frantz, R. Kostuk, J. Castro, and D. Geraghty, “Recent advances in ion exchanged glass waveguides and devices,” Physics and Chemistry of Glasses-European Journal of Glass Science and Technology Part B 47, 110–120 (2006).
- P. Madasamy, S. Honkanen, D. F. Geraghty, and N. Peyghambarian, “Single-mode tapered waveguide laser in Er-doped glass with multimode-diode pumping,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 82(9), 1332–1334 (2003). [CrossRef]
- P. Madasamy, G. N. Conti, P. Poyhonen, Y. Hu, M. M. Morrell, D. F. Geraghty, S. Honkanen, and N. Peyghambarian, “Waveguide distributed Bragg reflector laser arrays in erbium doped glass made by dry Ag film ion exchange,” Opt. Eng. 41(5), 1084–1086 (2002). [CrossRef]
- Y. Enami, C. T. Derose, D. Mathine, C. Loychik, C. Greenlee, R. A. Norwood, T. D. Kim, J. Luo, Y. Tian, A. K. Y. Jen, and N. Peyghambarian, “Hybrid polymer/sol-gel waveguide modulators with exceptionally large electro-optic coefficients,” Nat. Photonics 1(3), 180–185 (2007). [CrossRef]
- E. L. Wooten, K. M. Kissa, A. Yi-Yan, E. J. Murphy, D. A. Lafaw, P. F. Hallemeier, D. Maack, D. V. Attanasio, D. J. Fritz, G. J. McBrien, and D. E. Bossi, “A review of lithium niobate modulators for fiber-optic communications systems,” IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron. 6(1), 69–82 (2000). [CrossRef]
- S. Honkanen, B. R. West, S. Yliniemi, P. Madasamy, M. Morrell, J. Auxier, A. Schulzgen, N. Peyghambarian, J. Carriere, J. Frantz, R. Kostuk, J. Castro, and D. Geraghty, “Recent advances in ion exchanged glass waveguides and devices,” Physics and Chemistry of Glasses-European Journal of Glass Science and Technology Part B 47, 110–120 (2006).
- S. Yliniemi, J. Albert, Q. Wang, and S. Honkanen, “UV-exposed Bragg gratings for laser applications in silver-sodium ion-exchanged phosphate glass waveguides,” Opt. Express 14(7), 2898–2903 (2006). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- J. M. Auxier, M. M. Morrell, B. R. West, S. Honkanen, A. Schulzgen, N. Peyghambarian, S. Sen, and N. F. Borrelli, “Ion-exchanged waveguides in glass doped with PbS quantum dots,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 85(25), 6098–6100 (2004). [CrossRef]
- P. Madasamy, S. Honkanen, D. F. Geraghty, and N. Peyghambarian, “Single-mode tapered waveguide laser in Er-doped glass with multimode-diode pumping,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 82(9), 1332–1334 (2003). [CrossRef]
- P. Madasamy, G. N. Conti, P. Poyhonen, Y. Hu, M. M. Morrell, D. F. Geraghty, S. Honkanen, and N. Peyghambarian, “Waveguide distributed Bragg reflector laser arrays in erbium doped glass made by dry Ag film ion exchange,” Opt. Eng. 41(5), 1084–1086 (2002). [CrossRef]
- Y. D. Hu, S. B. Jiang, T. Luo, K. Seneschal, M. Morrell, F. Smektala, S. Honkanen, J. Lucas, and N. Peyghambarian, “Performance of high-concentration Er3+-Yb3+-codoped phosphate fiber amplifiers,” IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett. 13(7), 657–659 (2001). [CrossRef]
- Y. Enami, P. Poyhonen, D. L. Mathine, A. Bashar, P. Madasamy, S. Honkanen, B. Kippelen, N. Peyghambarian, S. R. Marder, A. K. Y. Jen, and J. Wu, “Poling of soda-lime glass for hybrid glass/polymer electro-optic modulators,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 76(9), 1086–1088 (2000). [CrossRef]
- P. Madasamy, G. N. Conti, P. Poyhonen, Y. Hu, M. M. Morrell, D. F. Geraghty, S. Honkanen, and N. Peyghambarian, “Waveguide distributed Bragg reflector laser arrays in erbium doped glass made by dry Ag film ion exchange,” Opt. Eng. 41(5), 1084–1086 (2002). [CrossRef]
- Y. D. Hu, S. B. Jiang, T. Luo, K. Seneschal, M. Morrell, F. Smektala, S. Honkanen, J. Lucas, and N. Peyghambarian, “Performance of high-concentration Er3+-Yb3+-codoped phosphate fiber amplifiers,” IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett. 13(7), 657–659 (2001). [CrossRef]
- C. T. DeRose, R. Himmelhuber, D. Mathine, R. A. Norwood, J. Luo, A. K. Y. Jen, and N. Peyghambarian, “High Deltan strip-loaded electro-optic polymer waveguide modulator with low insertion loss,” Opt. Express 17(5), 3316–3321 (2009). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- J. D. Luo, X. H. Zhou, and A. K. Y. Jen, “Rational molecular design and supramolecular assembly of highly efficient organic electro-optic materials,” J. Mater. Chem. 19(40), 7410–7424 (2009). [CrossRef]
- C. T. DeRose, D. Mathine, Y. Enami, R. A. Norwood, J. Luo, A. K. Y. Jen, and N. Peyghambarian, “Electrooptic polymer modulator with single-mode to multimode waveguide transitions,” IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett. 20(12), 1051–1053 (2008). [CrossRef]
- Y. Enami, C. T. Derose, D. Mathine, C. Loychik, C. Greenlee, R. A. Norwood, T. D. Kim, J. Luo, Y. Tian, A. K. Y. Jen, and N. Peyghambarian, “Hybrid polymer/sol-gel waveguide modulators with exceptionally large electro-optic coefficients,” Nat. Photonics 1(3), 180–185 (2007). [CrossRef]
- Y. Enami, P. Poyhonen, D. L. Mathine, A. Bashar, P. Madasamy, S. Honkanen, B. Kippelen, N. Peyghambarian, S. R. Marder, A. K. Y. Jen, and J. Wu, “Poling of soda-lime glass for hybrid glass/polymer electro-optic modulators,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 76(9), 1086–1088 (2000). [CrossRef]
- Y. D. Hu, S. B. Jiang, T. Luo, K. Seneschal, M. Morrell, F. Smektala, S. Honkanen, J. Lucas, and N. Peyghambarian, “Performance of high-concentration Er3+-Yb3+-codoped phosphate fiber amplifiers,” IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett. 13(7), 657–659 (2001). [CrossRef]
- Y. Enami, C. T. Derose, D. Mathine, C. Loychik, C. Greenlee, R. A. Norwood, T. D. Kim, J. Luo, Y. Tian, A. K. Y. Jen, and N. Peyghambarian, “Hybrid polymer/sol-gel waveguide modulators with exceptionally large electro-optic coefficients,” Nat. Photonics 1(3), 180–185 (2007). [CrossRef]
- Y. Enami, P. Poyhonen, D. L. Mathine, A. Bashar, P. Madasamy, S. Honkanen, B. Kippelen, N. Peyghambarian, S. R. Marder, A. K. Y. Jen, and J. Wu, “Poling of soda-lime glass for hybrid glass/polymer electro-optic modulators,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 76(9), 1086–1088 (2000). [CrossRef]
- E. L. Wooten, K. M. Kissa, A. Yi-Yan, E. J. Murphy, D. A. Lafaw, P. F. Hallemeier, D. Maack, D. V. Attanasio, D. J. Fritz, G. J. McBrien, and D. E. Bossi, “A review of lithium niobate modulators for fiber-optic communications systems,” IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron. 6(1), 69–82 (2000). [CrossRef]
- S. Honkanen, B. R. West, S. Yliniemi, P. Madasamy, M. Morrell, J. Auxier, A. Schulzgen, N. Peyghambarian, J. Carriere, J. Frantz, R. Kostuk, J. Castro, and D. Geraghty, “Recent advances in ion exchanged glass waveguides and devices,” Physics and Chemistry of Glasses-European Journal of Glass Science and Technology Part B 47, 110–120 (2006).
- E. L. Wooten, K. M. Kissa, A. Yi-Yan, E. J. Murphy, D. A. Lafaw, P. F. Hallemeier, D. Maack, D. V. Attanasio, D. J. Fritz, G. J. McBrien, and D. E. Bossi, “A review of lithium niobate modulators for fiber-optic communications systems,” IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron. 6(1), 69–82 (2000). [CrossRef]
- O. Soppera, P. J. Moreira, P. V. S. Marques, and A. P. Leite, “Influence of temperature and environment humidity on the transmission spectrum of sol-gel hybrid channel waveguides,” Opt. Commun. 271(2), 430–435 (2007). [CrossRef]
- Y. Enami, C. T. Derose, D. Mathine, C. Loychik, C. Greenlee, R. A. Norwood, T. D. Kim, J. Luo, Y. Tian, A. K. Y. Jen, and N. Peyghambarian, “Hybrid polymer/sol-gel waveguide modulators with exceptionally large electro-optic coefficients,” Nat. Photonics 1(3), 180–185 (2007). [CrossRef]
- Y. D. Hu, S. B. Jiang, T. Luo, K. Seneschal, M. Morrell, F. Smektala, S. Honkanen, J. Lucas, and N. Peyghambarian, “Performance of high-concentration Er3+-Yb3+-codoped phosphate fiber amplifiers,” IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett. 13(7), 657–659 (2001). [CrossRef]
- C. T. DeRose, R. Himmelhuber, D. Mathine, R. A. Norwood, J. Luo, A. K. Y. Jen, and N. Peyghambarian, “High Deltan strip-loaded electro-optic polymer waveguide modulator with low insertion loss,” Opt. Express 17(5), 3316–3321 (2009). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- C. T. DeRose, D. Mathine, Y. Enami, R. A. Norwood, J. Luo, A. K. Y. Jen, and N. Peyghambarian, “Electrooptic polymer modulator with single-mode to multimode waveguide transitions,” IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett. 20(12), 1051–1053 (2008). [CrossRef]
- Y. Enami, C. T. Derose, D. Mathine, C. Loychik, C. Greenlee, R. A. Norwood, T. D. Kim, J. Luo, Y. Tian, A. K. Y. Jen, and N. Peyghambarian, “Hybrid polymer/sol-gel waveguide modulators with exceptionally large electro-optic coefficients,” Nat. Photonics 1(3), 180–185 (2007). [CrossRef]
- J. D. Luo, X. H. Zhou, and A. K. Y. Jen, “Rational molecular design and supramolecular assembly of highly efficient organic electro-optic materials,” J. Mater. Chem. 19(40), 7410–7424 (2009). [CrossRef]
- Y. D. Hu, S. B. Jiang, T. Luo, K. Seneschal, M. Morrell, F. Smektala, S. Honkanen, J. Lucas, and N. Peyghambarian, “Performance of high-concentration Er3+-Yb3+-codoped phosphate fiber amplifiers,” IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett. 13(7), 657–659 (2001). [CrossRef]
- E. L. Wooten, K. M. Kissa, A. Yi-Yan, E. J. Murphy, D. A. Lafaw, P. F. Hallemeier, D. Maack, D. V. Attanasio, D. J. Fritz, G. J. McBrien, and D. E. Bossi, “A review of lithium niobate modulators for fiber-optic communications systems,” IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron. 6(1), 69–82 (2000). [CrossRef]
- S. Honkanen, B. R. West, S. Yliniemi, P. Madasamy, M. Morrell, J. Auxier, A. Schulzgen, N. Peyghambarian, J. Carriere, J. Frantz, R. Kostuk, J. Castro, and D. Geraghty, “Recent advances in ion exchanged glass waveguides and devices,” Physics and Chemistry of Glasses-European Journal of Glass Science and Technology Part B 47, 110–120 (2006).
- P. Madasamy, S. Honkanen, D. F. Geraghty, and N. Peyghambarian, “Single-mode tapered waveguide laser in Er-doped glass with multimode-diode pumping,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 82(9), 1332–1334 (2003). [CrossRef]
- P. Madasamy, G. N. Conti, P. Poyhonen, Y. Hu, M. M. Morrell, D. F. Geraghty, S. Honkanen, and N. Peyghambarian, “Waveguide distributed Bragg reflector laser arrays in erbium doped glass made by dry Ag film ion exchange,” Opt. Eng. 41(5), 1084–1086 (2002). [CrossRef]
- Y. Enami, P. Poyhonen, D. L. Mathine, A. Bashar, P. Madasamy, S. Honkanen, B. Kippelen, N. Peyghambarian, S. R. Marder, A. K. Y. Jen, and J. Wu, “Poling of soda-lime glass for hybrid glass/polymer electro-optic modulators,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 76(9), 1086–1088 (2000). [CrossRef]
- C. C. Teng and H. T. Man, “Simple reflection technique for measuring the electrooptic coefficient of poled polymers,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 56(18), 1734–1736 (1990). [CrossRef]
- Y. Enami, P. Poyhonen, D. L. Mathine, A. Bashar, P. Madasamy, S. Honkanen, B. Kippelen, N. Peyghambarian, S. R. Marder, A. K. Y. Jen, and J. Wu, “Poling of soda-lime glass for hybrid glass/polymer electro-optic modulators,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 76(9), 1086–1088 (2000). [CrossRef]
- O. Soppera, P. J. Moreira, P. V. S. Marques, and A. P. Leite, “Influence of temperature and environment humidity on the transmission spectrum of sol-gel hybrid channel waveguides,” Opt. Commun. 271(2), 430–435 (2007). [CrossRef]
- C. T. DeRose, R. Himmelhuber, D. Mathine, R. A. Norwood, J. Luo, A. K. Y. Jen, and N. Peyghambarian, “High Deltan strip-loaded electro-optic polymer waveguide modulator with low insertion loss,” Opt. Express 17(5), 3316–3321 (2009). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
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- E. L. Wooten, K. M. Kissa, A. Yi-Yan, E. J. Murphy, D. A. Lafaw, P. F. Hallemeier, D. Maack, D. V. Attanasio, D. J. Fritz, G. J. McBrien, and D. E. Bossi, “A review of lithium niobate modulators for fiber-optic communications systems,” IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron. 6(1), 69–82 (2000). [CrossRef]
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- Y. D. Hu, S. B. Jiang, T. Luo, K. Seneschal, M. Morrell, F. Smektala, S. Honkanen, J. Lucas, and N. Peyghambarian, “Performance of high-concentration Er3+-Yb3+-codoped phosphate fiber amplifiers,” IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett. 13(7), 657–659 (2001). [CrossRef]
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- C. T. DeRose, R. Himmelhuber, D. Mathine, R. A. Norwood, J. Luo, A. K. Y. Jen, and N. Peyghambarian, “High Deltan strip-loaded electro-optic polymer waveguide modulator with low insertion loss,” Opt. Express 17(5), 3316–3321 (2009). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
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- C. T. DeRose, R. Himmelhuber, D. Mathine, R. A. Norwood, J. Luo, A. K. Y. Jen, and N. Peyghambarian, “High Deltan strip-loaded electro-optic polymer waveguide modulator with low insertion loss,” Opt. Express 17(5), 3316–3321 (2009). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- C. T. DeRose, D. Mathine, Y. Enami, R. A. Norwood, J. Luo, A. K. Y. Jen, and N. Peyghambarian, “Electrooptic polymer modulator with single-mode to multimode waveguide transitions,” IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett. 20(12), 1051–1053 (2008). [CrossRef]
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- S. Honkanen, B. R. West, S. Yliniemi, P. Madasamy, M. Morrell, J. Auxier, A. Schulzgen, N. Peyghambarian, J. Carriere, J. Frantz, R. Kostuk, J. Castro, and D. Geraghty, “Recent advances in ion exchanged glass waveguides and devices,” Physics and Chemistry of Glasses-European Journal of Glass Science and Technology Part B 47, 110–120 (2006).
- J. M. Auxier, M. M. Morrell, B. R. West, S. Honkanen, A. Schulzgen, N. Peyghambarian, S. Sen, and N. F. Borrelli, “Ion-exchanged waveguides in glass doped with PbS quantum dots,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 85(25), 6098–6100 (2004). [CrossRef]
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- Y. D. Hu, S. B. Jiang, T. Luo, K. Seneschal, M. Morrell, F. Smektala, S. Honkanen, J. Lucas, and N. Peyghambarian, “Performance of high-concentration Er3+-Yb3+-codoped phosphate fiber amplifiers,” IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett. 13(7), 657–659 (2001). [CrossRef]
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- P. Madasamy, G. N. Conti, P. Poyhonen, Y. Hu, M. M. Morrell, D. F. Geraghty, S. Honkanen, and N. Peyghambarian, “Waveguide distributed Bragg reflector laser arrays in erbium doped glass made by dry Ag film ion exchange,” Opt. Eng. 41(5), 1084–1086 (2002). [CrossRef]
- Y. Enami, P. Poyhonen, D. L. Mathine, A. Bashar, P. Madasamy, S. Honkanen, B. Kippelen, N. Peyghambarian, S. R. Marder, A. K. Y. Jen, and J. Wu, “Poling of soda-lime glass for hybrid glass/polymer electro-optic modulators,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 76(9), 1086–1088 (2000). [CrossRef]
- S. Honkanen, B. R. West, S. Yliniemi, P. Madasamy, M. Morrell, J. Auxier, A. Schulzgen, N. Peyghambarian, J. Carriere, J. Frantz, R. Kostuk, J. Castro, and D. Geraghty, “Recent advances in ion exchanged glass waveguides and devices,” Physics and Chemistry of Glasses-European Journal of Glass Science and Technology Part B 47, 110–120 (2006).
- J. M. Auxier, M. M. Morrell, B. R. West, S. Honkanen, A. Schulzgen, N. Peyghambarian, S. Sen, and N. F. Borrelli, “Ion-exchanged waveguides in glass doped with PbS quantum dots,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 85(25), 6098–6100 (2004). [CrossRef]
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- M. Stähelin, C. A. Walsh, D. M. Burland, R. D. Miller, R. J. Twieg, and W. Volksen, “Orientational decay in poled second-order nonlinear optical guest-host polymers: Temperature dependence and effects of poling geometry,” J. Appl. Phys. 73(12), 8471–8479 (1993). [CrossRef]
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- D. T. Chen, H. R. Fetterman, A. T. Chen, W. H. Steier, L. R. Dalton, W. S. Wang, and Y. Q. Shi, “Demonstration of 110 GHz electro-optic polymer modulators,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 70(25), 3335–3337 (1997). [CrossRef]
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- C. C. Teng and H. T. Man, “Simple reflection technique for measuring the electrooptic coefficient of poled polymers,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 56(18), 1734–1736 (1990). [CrossRef]
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- M. Stähelin, C. A. Walsh, D. M. Burland, R. D. Miller, R. J. Twieg, and W. Volksen, “Orientational decay in poled second-order nonlinear optical guest-host polymers: Temperature dependence and effects of poling geometry,” J. Appl. Phys. 73(12), 8471–8479 (1993). [CrossRef]
- D. T. Chen, H. R. Fetterman, A. T. Chen, W. H. Steier, L. R. Dalton, W. S. Wang, and Y. Q. Shi, “Demonstration of 110 GHz electro-optic polymer modulators,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 70(25), 3335–3337 (1997). [CrossRef]
- W. S. Wang, D. T. Chen, H. R. Fetterman, Y. Q. Shi, W. H. Steier, and L. R. Dalton, “40-GHz polymer electrooptic phase modulators,” IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett. 7(6), 638–640 (1995). [CrossRef]
- S. Honkanen, B. R. West, S. Yliniemi, P. Madasamy, M. Morrell, J. Auxier, A. Schulzgen, N. Peyghambarian, J. Carriere, J. Frantz, R. Kostuk, J. Castro, and D. Geraghty, “Recent advances in ion exchanged glass waveguides and devices,” Physics and Chemistry of Glasses-European Journal of Glass Science and Technology Part B 47, 110–120 (2006).
- J. M. Auxier, M. M. Morrell, B. R. West, S. Honkanen, A. Schulzgen, N. Peyghambarian, S. Sen, and N. F. Borrelli, “Ion-exchanged waveguides in glass doped with PbS quantum dots,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 85(25), 6098–6100 (2004). [CrossRef]
- E. L. Wooten, K. M. Kissa, A. Yi-Yan, E. J. Murphy, D. A. Lafaw, P. F. Hallemeier, D. Maack, D. V. Attanasio, D. J. Fritz, G. J. McBrien, and D. E. Bossi, “A review of lithium niobate modulators for fiber-optic communications systems,” IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron. 6(1), 69–82 (2000). [CrossRef]
- Y. Enami, P. Poyhonen, D. L. Mathine, A. Bashar, P. Madasamy, S. Honkanen, B. Kippelen, N. Peyghambarian, S. R. Marder, A. K. Y. Jen, and J. Wu, “Poling of soda-lime glass for hybrid glass/polymer electro-optic modulators,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 76(9), 1086–1088 (2000). [CrossRef]
- E. L. Wooten, K. M. Kissa, A. Yi-Yan, E. J. Murphy, D. A. Lafaw, P. F. Hallemeier, D. Maack, D. V. Attanasio, D. J. Fritz, G. J. McBrien, and D. E. Bossi, “A review of lithium niobate modulators for fiber-optic communications systems,” IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron. 6(1), 69–82 (2000). [CrossRef]
- S. Honkanen, B. R. West, S. Yliniemi, P. Madasamy, M. Morrell, J. Auxier, A. Schulzgen, N. Peyghambarian, J. Carriere, J. Frantz, R. Kostuk, J. Castro, and D. Geraghty, “Recent advances in ion exchanged glass waveguides and devices,” Physics and Chemistry of Glasses-European Journal of Glass Science and Technology Part B 47, 110–120 (2006).
- S. Yliniemi, J. Albert, Q. Wang, and S. Honkanen, “UV-exposed Bragg gratings for laser applications in silver-sodium ion-exchanged phosphate glass waveguides,” Opt. Express 14(7), 2898–2903 (2006). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- S. W. Ahn, W. H. Steier, Y. H. Kuo, M. C. Oh, H. J. Lee, C. Zhang, and H. R. Fetterman, “Integration of electro-optic polymer modulators with low-loss fluorinated polymer waveguides,” Opt. Lett. 27(23), 2109–2111 (2002). [CrossRef]
- H. Zhang, M. C. Oh, A. Szep, W. H. Steier, C. Zhang, L. R. Dalton, H. Erlig, Y. Chang, D. H. Chang, and H. R. Fetterman, “Push-pull electro-optic polymer modulators with low half-wave voltage and low loss at both 1310 and 1550 nm,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 78(20), 3136–3138 (2001). [CrossRef]
- H. Zhang, M. C. Oh, A. Szep, W. H. Steier, C. Zhang, L. R. Dalton, H. Erlig, Y. Chang, D. H. Chang, and H. R. Fetterman, “Push-pull electro-optic polymer modulators with low half-wave voltage and low loss at both 1310 and 1550 nm,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 78(20), 3136–3138 (2001). [CrossRef]
- J. D. Luo, X. H. Zhou, and A. K. Y. Jen, “Rational molecular design and supramolecular assembly of highly efficient organic electro-optic materials,” J. Mater. Chem. 19(40), 7410–7424 (2009). [CrossRef]
Appl. Phys. Lett.
- D. T. Chen, H. R. Fetterman, A. T. Chen, W. H. Steier, L. R. Dalton, W. S. Wang, and Y. Q. Shi, “Demonstration of 110 GHz electro-optic polymer modulators,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 70(25), 3335–3337 (1997). [CrossRef]
- H. Zhang, M. C. Oh, A. Szep, W. H. Steier, C. Zhang, L. R. Dalton, H. Erlig, Y. Chang, D. H. Chang, and H. R. Fetterman, “Push-pull electro-optic polymer modulators with low half-wave voltage and low loss at both 1310 and 1550 nm,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 78(20), 3136–3138 (2001). [CrossRef]
- Y. Enami, P. Poyhonen, D. L. Mathine, A. Bashar, P. Madasamy, S. Honkanen, B. Kippelen, N. Peyghambarian, S. R. Marder, A. K. Y. Jen, and J. Wu, “Poling of soda-lime glass for hybrid glass/polymer electro-optic modulators,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 76(9), 1086–1088 (2000). [CrossRef]
- J. M. Auxier, M. M. Morrell, B. R. West, S. Honkanen, A. Schulzgen, N. Peyghambarian, S. Sen, and N. F. Borrelli, “Ion-exchanged waveguides in glass doped with PbS quantum dots,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 85(25), 6098–6100 (2004). [CrossRef]
- P. Madasamy, S. Honkanen, D. F. Geraghty, and N. Peyghambarian, “Single-mode tapered waveguide laser in Er-doped glass with multimode-diode pumping,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 82(9), 1332–1334 (2003). [CrossRef]
- C. C. Teng and H. T. Man, “Simple reflection technique for measuring the electrooptic coefficient of poled polymers,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 56(18), 1734–1736 (1990). [CrossRef]
IEEE J. Quantum Electron.
- R. Song, H. C. Song, W. H. Steier, and C. H. Cox, “Analysis and demonstration of Mach-Zehnder polymer modulators using in-plane coplanar waveguide structure,” IEEE J. Quantum Electron. 43(8), 633–640 (2007). [CrossRef]
IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron.
- E. L. Wooten, K. M. Kissa, A. Yi-Yan, E. J. Murphy, D. A. Lafaw, P. F. Hallemeier, D. Maack, D. V. Attanasio, D. J. Fritz, G. J. McBrien, and D. E. Bossi, “A review of lithium niobate modulators for fiber-optic communications systems,” IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron. 6(1), 69–82 (2000). [CrossRef]
IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett.
- W. S. Wang, D. T. Chen, H. R. Fetterman, Y. Q. Shi, W. H. Steier, and L. R. Dalton, “40-GHz polymer electrooptic phase modulators,” IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett. 7(6), 638–640 (1995). [CrossRef]
- C. T. DeRose, D. Mathine, Y. Enami, R. A. Norwood, J. Luo, A. K. Y. Jen, and N. Peyghambarian, “Electrooptic polymer modulator with single-mode to multimode waveguide transitions,” IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett. 20(12), 1051–1053 (2008). [CrossRef]
- Y. D. Hu, S. B. Jiang, T. Luo, K. Seneschal, M. Morrell, F. Smektala, S. Honkanen, J. Lucas, and N. Peyghambarian, “Performance of high-concentration Er3+-Yb3+-codoped phosphate fiber amplifiers,” IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett. 13(7), 657–659 (2001). [CrossRef]
- A. S. Sudbo, “Numerically stable formulation of the transverse resonance method for vector mode-field calculations in dielectric wave-guides,” IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett. 5(3), 342–344 (1993). [CrossRef]
J. Appl. Phys.
- M. Stähelin, C. A. Walsh, D. M. Burland, R. D. Miller, R. J. Twieg, and W. Volksen, “Orientational decay in poled second-order nonlinear optical guest-host polymers: Temperature dependence and effects of poling geometry,” J. Appl. Phys. 73(12), 8471–8479 (1993). [CrossRef]
J. Mater. Chem.
- J. D. Luo, X. H. Zhou, and A. K. Y. Jen, “Rational molecular design and supramolecular assembly of highly efficient organic electro-optic materials,” J. Mater. Chem. 19(40), 7410–7424 (2009). [CrossRef]
Nat. Photonics
- Y. Enami, C. T. Derose, D. Mathine, C. Loychik, C. Greenlee, R. A. Norwood, T. D. Kim, J. Luo, Y. Tian, A. K. Y. Jen, and N. Peyghambarian, “Hybrid polymer/sol-gel waveguide modulators with exceptionally large electro-optic coefficients,” Nat. Photonics 1(3), 180–185 (2007). [CrossRef]
Opt. Commun.
- O. Soppera, P. J. Moreira, P. V. S. Marques, and A. P. Leite, “Influence of temperature and environment humidity on the transmission spectrum of sol-gel hybrid channel waveguides,” Opt. Commun. 271(2), 430–435 (2007). [CrossRef]
Opt. Eng.
- P. Madasamy, G. N. Conti, P. Poyhonen, Y. Hu, M. M. Morrell, D. F. Geraghty, S. Honkanen, and N. Peyghambarian, “Waveguide distributed Bragg reflector laser arrays in erbium doped glass made by dry Ag film ion exchange,” Opt. Eng. 41(5), 1084–1086 (2002). [CrossRef]
Opt. Express
- G. Della Valle, A. Festa, G. Sorbello, K. Ennser, C. Cassagnetes, D. Barbier, and S. Taccheo, “Single-mode and high power waveguide lasers fabricated by ion-exchange,” Opt. Express 16(16), 12334–12341 (2008). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- C. T. DeRose, R. Himmelhuber, D. Mathine, R. A. Norwood, J. Luo, A. K. Y. Jen, and N. Peyghambarian, “High Deltan strip-loaded electro-optic polymer waveguide modulator with low insertion loss,” Opt. Express 17(5), 3316–3321 (2009). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- S. Yliniemi, J. Albert, Q. Wang, and S. Honkanen, “UV-exposed Bragg gratings for laser applications in silver-sodium ion-exchanged phosphate glass waveguides,” Opt. Express 14(7), 2898–2903 (2006). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Opt. Lett.
- S. W. Ahn, W. H. Steier, Y. H. Kuo, M. C. Oh, H. J. Lee, C. Zhang, and H. R. Fetterman, “Integration of electro-optic polymer modulators with low-loss fluorinated polymer waveguides,” Opt. Lett. 27(23), 2109–2111 (2002). [CrossRef]
Physics and Chemistry of Glasses-European Journal of Glass Science and Technology Part B
- S. Honkanen, B. R. West, S. Yliniemi, P. Madasamy, M. Morrell, J. Auxier, A. Schulzgen, N. Peyghambarian, J. Carriere, J. Frantz, R. Kostuk, J. Castro, and D. Geraghty, “Recent advances in ion exchanged glass waveguides and devices,” Physics and Chemistry of Glasses-European Journal of Glass Science and Technology Part B 47, 110–120 (2006).
Rev. Sci. Instrum.
- L. Eldada, “Optical communication components,” Rev. Sci. Instrum. 75(3), 575–593 (2004). [CrossRef]
Other
- H. Zhong, T. Suning, A. Dechang, S. Lin, L. Xuejun, S. Zan, Z. Qingjun, and C. R. T., “High-speed traveling-wave electrodes for polymeric electro-optic modulators,” (Proc. of SPIE, 1999), p. 354.
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- I. E. Araci, R. A. Norwood, J. D. Luo, A. K.-Y. Jen, and P. N, “Alignment-free Fabrication of a Hybrid Electro-Optic Polymer Modulator Platform,” in Integrated Photonics Research (Monterey, CA, 2010).
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2009, DeRose, Opt. Express
- J. D. Luo, X. H. Zhou, and A. K. Y. Jen, “Rational molecular design and supramolecular assembly of highly efficient organic electro-optic materials,” J. Mater. Chem. 19(40), 7410–7424 (2009). [CrossRef]
- C. T. DeRose, D. Mathine, Y. Enami, R. A. Norwood, J. Luo, A. K. Y. Jen, and N. Peyghambarian, “Electrooptic polymer modulator with single-mode to multimode waveguide transitions,” IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett. 20(12), 1051–1053 (2008). [CrossRef]
- R. Song, H. C. Song, W. H. Steier, and C. H. Cox, “Analysis and demonstration of Mach-Zehnder polymer modulators using in-plane coplanar waveguide structure,” IEEE J. Quantum Electron. 43(8), 633–640 (2007). [CrossRef]
- O. Soppera, P. J. Moreira, P. V. S. Marques, and A. P. Leite, “Influence of temperature and environment humidity on the transmission spectrum of sol-gel hybrid channel waveguides,” Opt. Commun. 271(2), 430–435 (2007). [CrossRef]
- Y. Enami, C. T. Derose, D. Mathine, C. Loychik, C. Greenlee, R. A. Norwood, T. D. Kim, J. Luo, Y. Tian, A. K. Y. Jen, and N. Peyghambarian, “Hybrid polymer/sol-gel waveguide modulators with exceptionally large electro-optic coefficients,” Nat. Photonics 1(3), 180–185 (2007). [CrossRef]
- S. Honkanen, B. R. West, S. Yliniemi, P. Madasamy, M. Morrell, J. Auxier, A. Schulzgen, N. Peyghambarian, J. Carriere, J. Frantz, R. Kostuk, J. Castro, and D. Geraghty, “Recent advances in ion exchanged glass waveguides and devices,” Physics and Chemistry of Glasses-European Journal of Glass Science and Technology Part B 47, 110–120 (2006).
- J. M. Auxier, M. M. Morrell, B. R. West, S. Honkanen, A. Schulzgen, N. Peyghambarian, S. Sen, and N. F. Borrelli, “Ion-exchanged waveguides in glass doped with PbS quantum dots,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 85(25), 6098–6100 (2004). [CrossRef]
- L. Eldada, “Optical communication components,” Rev. Sci. Instrum. 75(3), 575–593 (2004). [CrossRef]
- P. Madasamy, S. Honkanen, D. F. Geraghty, and N. Peyghambarian, “Single-mode tapered waveguide laser in Er-doped glass with multimode-diode pumping,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 82(9), 1332–1334 (2003). [CrossRef]
- P. Madasamy, G. N. Conti, P. Poyhonen, Y. Hu, M. M. Morrell, D. F. Geraghty, S. Honkanen, and N. Peyghambarian, “Waveguide distributed Bragg reflector laser arrays in erbium doped glass made by dry Ag film ion exchange,” Opt. Eng. 41(5), 1084–1086 (2002). [CrossRef]
- H. Zhang, M. C. Oh, A. Szep, W. H. Steier, C. Zhang, L. R. Dalton, H. Erlig, Y. Chang, D. H. Chang, and H. R. Fetterman, “Push-pull electro-optic polymer modulators with low half-wave voltage and low loss at both 1310 and 1550 nm,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 78(20), 3136–3138 (2001). [CrossRef]
- Y. D. Hu, S. B. Jiang, T. Luo, K. Seneschal, M. Morrell, F. Smektala, S. Honkanen, J. Lucas, and N. Peyghambarian, “Performance of high-concentration Er3+-Yb3+-codoped phosphate fiber amplifiers,” IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett. 13(7), 657–659 (2001). [CrossRef]
- Y. Enami, P. Poyhonen, D. L. Mathine, A. Bashar, P. Madasamy, S. Honkanen, B. Kippelen, N. Peyghambarian, S. R. Marder, A. K. Y. Jen, and J. Wu, “Poling of soda-lime glass for hybrid glass/polymer electro-optic modulators,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 76(9), 1086–1088 (2000). [CrossRef]
- E. L. Wooten, K. M. Kissa, A. Yi-Yan, E. J. Murphy, D. A. Lafaw, P. F. Hallemeier, D. Maack, D. V. Attanasio, D. J. Fritz, G. J. McBrien, and D. E. Bossi, “A review of lithium niobate modulators for fiber-optic communications systems,” IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron. 6(1), 69–82 (2000). [CrossRef]
- D. T. Chen, H. R. Fetterman, A. T. Chen, W. H. Steier, L. R. Dalton, W. S. Wang, and Y. Q. Shi, “Demonstration of 110 GHz electro-optic polymer modulators,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 70(25), 3335–3337 (1997). [CrossRef]
- W. S. Wang, D. T. Chen, H. R. Fetterman, Y. Q. Shi, W. H. Steier, and L. R. Dalton, “40-GHz polymer electrooptic phase modulators,” IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett. 7(6), 638–640 (1995). [CrossRef]
- M. Stähelin, C. A. Walsh, D. M. Burland, R. D. Miller, R. J. Twieg, and W. Volksen, “Orientational decay in poled second-order nonlinear optical guest-host polymers: Temperature dependence and effects of poling geometry,” J. Appl. Phys. 73(12), 8471–8479 (1993). [CrossRef]
- A. S. Sudbo, “Numerically stable formulation of the transverse resonance method for vector mode-field calculations in dielectric wave-guides,” IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett. 5(3), 342–344 (1993). [CrossRef]
- C. C. Teng and H. T. Man, “Simple reflection technique for measuring the electrooptic coefficient of poled polymers,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 56(18), 1734–1736 (1990). [CrossRef]
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