We have studied the whispering gallery mode (WGM) resonances of GaAs/AlGaAs microcavity pillars containing InAs quantum dots. High quality factor WGMs are observed from a wide range of pillars with diameters from 1.2 to 50 μm. Multimode lasing with sub-milliwatt thresholds and high beta-factors approaching unity is observed under optical pumping in a 4 μm diameter pillar. Mode splitting is observed in WGMs from pillars with diameters of 5 μm, 20 μm and 50 μm. We develop a model in which the mode splitting in the larger pillars is caused by resonant scattering from the quantum dots themselves. The model explains why splittings are observed in all of the larger pillars and that the splitting decreases with increasing wavelength. Numerical simulations by COMSOL confirm that the model is plausible. This mechanism of splitting should be general for all circular resonant structures containing quantum dots such as microdisks, rings, toroids, and microspheres.

© 2010 Optical Society of America

1. K. J. Vahala, “Optical microcavities,” Nature 424, 839–846 (2003). [CrossRef]
2. K. Vahala, ed., Optical Microcavities (World Scientific, 2004). [CrossRef]
3. L. Malecki, ed., Special Issue on Microresonantors, IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quant. Electron. 12, 1–155 (2006).
4. V. N. Astratov, ed., Focus Issue on Physics and Applications of Microresonators, Opt. Express 15, 17171–17457 (2007). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
5. G. Khitrova, H. M. Gibbs, M. Kira, S. W. Koch, and A. Scherer, “Vacuum Rabi splitting in semiconductors,” Nat. Phys. 2, 81–90 (2006). [CrossRef]
6. J. P. Reithmaier, “Strong exciton-photon coupling in semiconductor quantum dots systems,” Semicond. Sci. Technol. 23, 123001 (2008). [CrossRef]
7. S. L. McCall, A. F. J. Levi, R. E. Slusher, S. J. Pearton, and R. A. Logan, “Whispering gallery mode microdisk lasers,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 60, 289–291 (1992). [CrossRef]
8. R. E. Slusher, A. F. J. Levi, U. Mohideen, S. L. McCall, and R. A. Logan, “Threshold characteristics of semiconductor microdisk lasers,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 63, 1310–1312 (1993). [CrossRef]
9. M. K. Chin, D. Y. Chu, and S.-T. Ho, “Estimation of the spontaneous emission factor for microdisk lasers via the approximation of whispering gallery modes,” J. Appl. Phys. 75, 3302–3307 (1994). [CrossRef]
10. B. Gayral, J. M. Gerard, A. Lemaitre, C. Dupuis, L. Manin, and J. L. Pelouard, “High–Q wet-etched GaAs microdisks containing InAs quantum boxes,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 75, 1908–1910 (1999). [CrossRef]
11. J. Renner, L. Worschech, A. Forchel, S. Mahapatra, and K. Brunner, “Whispering gallery modes in high quality ZnSe/ZnMgSSe microdisks with CdSe quantum dots studied at room temperature,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 89, 091105 (2006). [CrossRef]
12. J. Renner, L. Worschech, A. Forchel, S. Mahapatra, and K. Brunner, “CdSe quantum dot microdisk laser,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 89, 231104 (2006). [CrossRef]
13. K. Srinivasan, M. Borselli, T. J. Johnson, P. E. Barclay, and O. Painter, “Optical loss and lasing characteristics of high–quality–factor AlGaAs microdisk resonators with embedded quantum dots,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 86, 151106 (2005). [CrossRef]
14. H. Cao, J. Y. Xu, W. H. Xiang, Y. Ma, S. H. Chang, S. T. Ho, and G. S. Solomon, “Optically pumped InAs quantum dot microdisk lasers,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 76, 3519–3521 (2000). [CrossRef]
15. B. Gayral, and J. M. Gerard, “Strong Purcell effect for InAs quantum boxes in high-Q wet-etched microdisks,” Physica E (Amsterdam) 7, 641–645 (2000).
16. E. Peter, P. Senellart, D. Martrou, A. Lemaitre, J. Hours, J. M. Gerard, and J. Bloch, “Exciton-photon strongcoupling regime for a single quantum dot embedded in a microcavity,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 95, 067401 (2005). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
17. S. Reitzenstein, and A. Forchel, “Quantum dot micropillars,” J. Phys. D Appl. Phys. 43, 033001 (2010). [CrossRef]
18. V. N. Astratov, S. Yang, S. Lam, B. D. Jones, D. Sanvitto, D. M. Whittaker, A. M. Fox, M. S. Skolnick, A. Tahraoui, P. W. Fry, and M. Hopkinson, “Whispering gallery resonances in semiconductor micropillars,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 91, 071115 (2007). [CrossRef]
19. Y. R. Nowicki-Bringuier, J. Claudon, C. Bockler, S. Reitzenstein, M. Kamp, A. Morand, A. Forchel, and J. M. Gerard, “High Q whispering gallery modes in GaAs/AlAs pillar microcavities,” Opt. Express 15, 17291–17304 (2007). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
20. P. Jaffrennou, J. Claudon, M. Bazin, N. S. Malik, S. Reitzenstein, L. Worschech, M. Kamp, A. Forchel, and J.-M. Gérard, “Whispering gallery mode lasing in high quality GaAs/AlAs pillar microcavities,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 96, 071103 (2010). [CrossRef]
21. A. Andronico, J. Claudon, J. M. Grard, V. Berger, and G. Leo, “Integrated terahertz source based on three-wave mixing of whispering-gallery modes,” Opt. Lett. 33, 2416–2418 (2008). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
22. K. R. Hiremath, and V. N. Astratov, “Perturbations of whispering gallery modes by nanoparticles embedded in microcavities,” Opt. Express 16, 5421–5426 (2008). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
23. A. Daraei, A. Tahraoui, D. Sanvitto, J. A. Timpson, P. W. Fry, M. Hopkinson, P. S. S. Guimaraes, H. Vinck, D. M. Whittaker, M. S. Skolnick, and A. M. Fox, “Control of polarized single quantum dot emission in high-qualityfactor microcavity pillars,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 88, 051113 (2006). [CrossRef]
24. P. W. Fry, I. E. Itskevich, D. J. Mowbray, M. S. Skolnick, J. J. Finley, J. A. Barker, E. P. O’Reilly, L. R. Wilson, I. A. Larkin, P. A. Maksym, M. Hopkinson, M. Al-Khafaji, J. P. R. David, A. G. Cullis, G. Hill, and J. C. Clark, “Inverted electron-hole alignment in InAs-GaAs self-assembled quantum dots,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 84, 733736 (2000). [CrossRef]
25. S. Cortez, O. Krebs, P. Voisin, and J. M. Gérard, “Polarization of the interband optical dipole in InAs/GaAs self-organized quantum dots,” Phys. Rev. B 63, 233306 (2001). [CrossRef]
26. J. Hendrickson, B. C. Richards, J. Sweet, S. Mosor, C. Christenson, D. Lam, G. Khitrova, and H. M. Gibbs, “Quantum dot photonic-crystal-slab nanocavities: quality factors and lasing,” Phys. Rev. B 72, 193303 (2005).
27. J. A. Timpson, D. Sanvitto, A. Daraei, P. S. S. Guimaraes, H. Vinck, S. Lam, D. M. Whittaker, M. S. Skolnick, A. M. Fox, C. Y. Hu, Y. L. D. Ho, R. Gibson, J. G. Rarity, S. Pellegrini, K. J. Gordon, R. E. Warburton, G. S. Guller, A. Tahraoui, P. W. Fry, and M. Hopkinson, “Single photon sources based upon single quantum dots in semiconductor microcavity pillars,” J. Mod. Opt. 54, 453–465 (2007). [CrossRef]
28. S. M. Ulrich, C. Gies, S. Ates, J. Wiersig, S. Reitzenstein, C. Hofmann, A. Lofler, A. Forchel, F. Jahnke, and P. Michler, “Photon statistics of semiconductor microcavity lasers,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 98, 043906 (2007). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
29. Y. Yamamoto, S. Machida, and G. Björk, “Microcavity semiconductor laser with enhanced spontaneous emission,” Phys. Rev. A 44, 657–668 (1991). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
30. J.-M. Lourtioz, H. Benisty, V. Berger, J.-M. Gérard, D. Maystre, and A. Tchelnokov, Photonic Crystals, 2nd ed. (Springer-Verlag, 2008).
31. W. H. Wang, S. Ghosh, F. M. Mendoza, X. Li, D. D. Awschalom, and N. Samarth, “Static and dynamic spectroscopy of (Al,Ga)As/GaAs microdisk lasers with interface fluctuation quantum dots,” Phys. Rev. B 71, 155306 (2005). [CrossRef]
32. J. M. Gérard, B. Sermage, B. Gayral, B. Legrand, E. Costard, and V. Thierry-Mieg, “Enhanced spontaneous emission by quantum boxes in a monolithic optical microcavity,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 81, 1110–1113 (1998). [CrossRef]
33. S. Kako, T. Someya, and Y. Arakawa, “Observation of enhanced spontaneous emission coupling factor in nitridebased vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 80, 722–724 (2002). [CrossRef]
34. A. Mazzei, S. Götzinger, L. de S. Menezes, G. Zumofen, O. Benson, and V. Sandoghar, “Controlled coupling of counterpropagating whispering-gallery modes by a single Rayleigh scatterer: a classical problem in a quantum optical light,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 99, 173603 (2007). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
35. J. Zhu, S. K. Ozdemir, Y.-F. Xiao, L. Li, L. He, D.-R. Chen, and L. Yang, “On-chip single nanoparticle detection and sizing by mode splitting in an ultrahigh-Q microresonator,” Nat. Photonics 4, 46–49 (2010). [CrossRef]
36. T. J. Kippenberg, “Microresonators: particle sizing by mode splitting,” Nat. Photonics 4, 9–10 (2010). [CrossRef]
37. X. Fan, P. Palingins, S. Lacey, H. Wang, and M.C. Lonergan, “Coupling semiconductor nanocrystals to a fusedsilica microsphere: a quantum-dot microcavity with extremely high Q factors,” Opt. Lett. 25, 1600–1602 (2000). [CrossRef]
38. L. Chantada, N. I. Nikolaev, A. L. Ivanov, P. Borri, and W. Langbein, “Optical resonances in microcylinders: response to perturbations for biosensing,” J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 25, 1312–1321 (2008). [CrossRef]
39. S. V. Goupalov, “Light scattering on exciton resonance in a semiconductor quantum dot: exact solution,” Phys. Rev. B 68, 125311 (2003). [CrossRef]
40. C. Gmachl, E. E. Narimanov, F. Capasso, J. N. Baillargeon, and A. Y. Cho, “Kolmogorov–Arnold–Moser transition and lasing action on scar modes in semiconductor diode lasers with deformed resonators,” Opt. Lett. 27, 824–826 (2002). [CrossRef]
41. M. Oxborrow, “Traceable 2-D finite-element simulation of the whispering-gallery modes of axisymmetric electromagnetic resonator,” IEEE Trans. Microw. Theory Tech. 55, 1209–1218 (2007). [CrossRef]
42. T. Carmon, H. G. L. Schwefel, L. Yang, M. Oxborrow, A. D. Stone, and K. J. Vahala, “Static envelope patterns in composite resonances generated by level crossing in optical toroidal microcavities,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 100, 103905 (2008). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
43. S. Adachi, “Optical disperson relations for GaP, GaAs, GaSb, InP, InAs, InSb, AlxGa1¡xAs, and In1¡xGaxAsyP1¡y,” J. Appl. Phys. 66, 6030–6040 (1989). [CrossRef]

Appl. Phys. Lett.

• S. L. McCall, A. F. J. Levi, R. E. Slusher, S. J. Pearton, and R. A. Logan, “Whispering gallery mode microdisk lasers,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 60, 289–291 (1992). [CrossRef]
• R. E. Slusher, A. F. J. Levi, U. Mohideen, S. L. McCall, and R. A. Logan, “Threshold characteristics of semiconductor microdisk lasers,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 63, 1310–1312 (1993). [CrossRef]
• B. Gayral, J. M. Gerard, A. Lemaitre, C. Dupuis, L. Manin, and J. L. Pelouard, “High–Q wet-etched GaAs microdisks containing InAs quantum boxes,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 75, 1908–1910 (1999). [CrossRef]
• J. Renner, L. Worschech, A. Forchel, S. Mahapatra, and K. Brunner, “Whispering gallery modes in high quality ZnSe/ZnMgSSe microdisks with CdSe quantum dots studied at room temperature,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 89, 091105 (2006). [CrossRef]
• J. Renner, L. Worschech, A. Forchel, S. Mahapatra, and K. Brunner, “CdSe quantum dot microdisk laser,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 89, 231104 (2006). [CrossRef]
• K. Srinivasan, M. Borselli, T. J. Johnson, P. E. Barclay, and O. Painter, “Optical loss and lasing characteristics of high–quality–factor AlGaAs microdisk resonators with embedded quantum dots,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 86, 151106 (2005). [CrossRef]
• H. Cao, J. Y. Xu, W. H. Xiang, Y. Ma, S. H. Chang, S. T. Ho, and G. S. Solomon, “Optically pumped InAs quantum dot microdisk lasers,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 76, 3519–3521 (2000). [CrossRef]
• V. N. Astratov, S. Yang, S. Lam, B. D. Jones, D. Sanvitto, D. M. Whittaker, A. M. Fox, M. S. Skolnick, A. Tahraoui, P. W. Fry, and M. Hopkinson, “Whispering gallery resonances in semiconductor micropillars,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 91, 071115 (2007). [CrossRef]
• P. Jaffrennou, J. Claudon, M. Bazin, N. S. Malik, S. Reitzenstein, L. Worschech, M. Kamp, A. Forchel, and J.-M. Gérard, “Whispering gallery mode lasing in high quality GaAs/AlAs pillar microcavities,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 96, 071103 (2010). [CrossRef]
• A. Daraei, A. Tahraoui, D. Sanvitto, J. A. Timpson, P. W. Fry, M. Hopkinson, P. S. S. Guimaraes, H. Vinck, D. M. Whittaker, M. S. Skolnick, and A. M. Fox, “Control of polarized single quantum dot emission in high-qualityfactor microcavity pillars,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 88, 051113 (2006). [CrossRef]
• S. Kako, T. Someya, and Y. Arakawa, “Observation of enhanced spontaneous emission coupling factor in nitridebased vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 80, 722–724 (2002). [CrossRef]

IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quant. Electron.

• L. Malecki, ed., Special Issue on Microresonantors, IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quant. Electron. 12, 1–155 (2006).

IEEE Trans. Microw. Theory Tech.

• M. Oxborrow, “Traceable 2-D finite-element simulation of the whispering-gallery modes of axisymmetric electromagnetic resonator,” IEEE Trans. Microw. Theory Tech. 55, 1209–1218 (2007). [CrossRef]

J. Appl. Phys.

• S. Adachi, “Optical disperson relations for GaP, GaAs, GaSb, InP, InAs, InSb, AlxGa1¡xAs, and In1¡xGaxAsyP1¡y,” J. Appl. Phys. 66, 6030–6040 (1989). [CrossRef]
• M. K. Chin, D. Y. Chu, and S.-T. Ho, “Estimation of the spontaneous emission factor for microdisk lasers via the approximation of whispering gallery modes,” J. Appl. Phys. 75, 3302–3307 (1994). [CrossRef]

J. Mod. Opt.

• J. A. Timpson, D. Sanvitto, A. Daraei, P. S. S. Guimaraes, H. Vinck, S. Lam, D. M. Whittaker, M. S. Skolnick, A. M. Fox, C. Y. Hu, Y. L. D. Ho, R. Gibson, J. G. Rarity, S. Pellegrini, K. J. Gordon, R. E. Warburton, G. S. Guller, A. Tahraoui, P. W. Fry, and M. Hopkinson, “Single photon sources based upon single quantum dots in semiconductor microcavity pillars,” J. Mod. Opt. 54, 453–465 (2007). [CrossRef]

J. Opt. Soc. Am. B

• L. Chantada, N. I. Nikolaev, A. L. Ivanov, P. Borri, and W. Langbein, “Optical resonances in microcylinders: response to perturbations for biosensing,” J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 25, 1312–1321 (2008). [CrossRef]

J. Phys. D Appl. Phys.

• S. Reitzenstein, and A. Forchel, “Quantum dot micropillars,” J. Phys. D Appl. Phys. 43, 033001 (2010). [CrossRef]

Nat. Photonics

• J. Zhu, S. K. Ozdemir, Y.-F. Xiao, L. Li, L. He, D.-R. Chen, and L. Yang, “On-chip single nanoparticle detection and sizing by mode splitting in an ultrahigh-Q microresonator,” Nat. Photonics 4, 46–49 (2010). [CrossRef]
• T. J. Kippenberg, “Microresonators: particle sizing by mode splitting,” Nat. Photonics 4, 9–10 (2010). [CrossRef]

Nat. Phys.

• G. Khitrova, H. M. Gibbs, M. Kira, S. W. Koch, and A. Scherer, “Vacuum Rabi splitting in semiconductors,” Nat. Phys. 2, 81–90 (2006). [CrossRef]

Nature

• K. J. Vahala, “Optical microcavities,” Nature 424, 839–846 (2003). [CrossRef]

Opt. Express

• V. N. Astratov, ed., Focus Issue on Physics and Applications of Microresonators, Opt. Express 15, 17171–17457 (2007). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
• Y. R. Nowicki-Bringuier, J. Claudon, C. Bockler, S. Reitzenstein, M. Kamp, A. Morand, A. Forchel, and J. M. Gerard, “High Q whispering gallery modes in GaAs/AlAs pillar microcavities,” Opt. Express 15, 17291–17304 (2007). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
• K. R. Hiremath, and V. N. Astratov, “Perturbations of whispering gallery modes by nanoparticles embedded in microcavities,” Opt. Express 16, 5421–5426 (2008). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

Opt. Lett.

• C. Gmachl, E. E. Narimanov, F. Capasso, J. N. Baillargeon, and A. Y. Cho, “Kolmogorov–Arnold–Moser transition and lasing action on scar modes in semiconductor diode lasers with deformed resonators,” Opt. Lett. 27, 824–826 (2002). [CrossRef]
• X. Fan, P. Palingins, S. Lacey, H. Wang, and M.C. Lonergan, “Coupling semiconductor nanocrystals to a fusedsilica microsphere: a quantum-dot microcavity with extremely high Q factors,” Opt. Lett. 25, 1600–1602 (2000). [CrossRef]
• A. Andronico, J. Claudon, J. M. Grard, V. Berger, and G. Leo, “Integrated terahertz source based on three-wave mixing of whispering-gallery modes,” Opt. Lett. 33, 2416–2418 (2008). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

Phys. Rev. A

• Y. Yamamoto, S. Machida, and G. Björk, “Microcavity semiconductor laser with enhanced spontaneous emission,” Phys. Rev. A 44, 657–668 (1991). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

Phys. Rev. B

• W. H. Wang, S. Ghosh, F. M. Mendoza, X. Li, D. D. Awschalom, and N. Samarth, “Static and dynamic spectroscopy of (Al,Ga)As/GaAs microdisk lasers with interface fluctuation quantum dots,” Phys. Rev. B 71, 155306 (2005). [CrossRef]
• S. Cortez, O. Krebs, P. Voisin, and J. M. Gérard, “Polarization of the interband optical dipole in InAs/GaAs self-organized quantum dots,” Phys. Rev. B 63, 233306 (2001). [CrossRef]
• J. Hendrickson, B. C. Richards, J. Sweet, S. Mosor, C. Christenson, D. Lam, G. Khitrova, and H. M. Gibbs, “Quantum dot photonic-crystal-slab nanocavities: quality factors and lasing,” Phys. Rev. B 72, 193303 (2005).
• S. V. Goupalov, “Light scattering on exciton resonance in a semiconductor quantum dot: exact solution,” Phys. Rev. B 68, 125311 (2003). [CrossRef]

Phys. Rev. Lett.

• T. Carmon, H. G. L. Schwefel, L. Yang, M. Oxborrow, A. D. Stone, and K. J. Vahala, “Static envelope patterns in composite resonances generated by level crossing in optical toroidal microcavities,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 100, 103905 (2008). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
• S. M. Ulrich, C. Gies, S. Ates, J. Wiersig, S. Reitzenstein, C. Hofmann, A. Lofler, A. Forchel, F. Jahnke, and P. Michler, “Photon statistics of semiconductor microcavity lasers,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 98, 043906 (2007). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
• P. W. Fry, I. E. Itskevich, D. J. Mowbray, M. S. Skolnick, J. J. Finley, J. A. Barker, E. P. O’Reilly, L. R. Wilson, I. A. Larkin, P. A. Maksym, M. Hopkinson, M. Al-Khafaji, J. P. R. David, A. G. Cullis, G. Hill, and J. C. Clark, “Inverted electron-hole alignment in InAs-GaAs self-assembled quantum dots,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 84, 733736 (2000). [CrossRef]
• J. M. Gérard, B. Sermage, B. Gayral, B. Legrand, E. Costard, and V. Thierry-Mieg, “Enhanced spontaneous emission by quantum boxes in a monolithic optical microcavity,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 81, 1110–1113 (1998). [CrossRef]
• A. Mazzei, S. Götzinger, L. de S. Menezes, G. Zumofen, O. Benson, and V. Sandoghar, “Controlled coupling of counterpropagating whispering-gallery modes by a single Rayleigh scatterer: a classical problem in a quantum optical light,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 99, 173603 (2007). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
• E. Peter, P. Senellart, D. Martrou, A. Lemaitre, J. Hours, J. M. Gerard, and J. Bloch, “Exciton-photon strongcoupling regime for a single quantum dot embedded in a microcavity,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 95, 067401 (2005). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

Physica E (Amsterdam)

• B. Gayral, and J. M. Gerard, “Strong Purcell effect for InAs quantum boxes in high-Q wet-etched microdisks,” Physica E (Amsterdam) 7, 641–645 (2000).

Semicond. Sci. Technol.

• J. P. Reithmaier, “Strong exciton-photon coupling in semiconductor quantum dots systems,” Semicond. Sci. Technol. 23, 123001 (2008). [CrossRef]

Other

• K. Vahala, ed., Optical Microcavities (World Scientific, 2004). [CrossRef]
• J.-M. Lourtioz, H. Benisty, V. Berger, J.-M. Gérard, D. Maystre, and A. Tchelnokov, Photonic Crystals, 2nd ed. (Springer-Verlag, 2008).

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