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Full-field optical coherence microscopy for identifying live cancer cells by quantitative measurement of refractive index distributionWoo June Choi, Do In Jeon, Sang-Gun Ahn, Jung-Hoon Yoon, Sungho Kim, and Byeong Ha Lee »View Author Affiliations
Woo June Choi,1
Do In Jeon,2
Sang-Gun Ahn,2
Jung-Hoon Yoon,2
Sungho Kim,1
and Byeong Ha Lee1,*
1Department of Information and Communications, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, 261 Chemdan-gwagiro, Buk-Gu, Gwangju, 500-712, Republic of Korea 2Department of Pathology, School of Dentistry, Research Center for Oral Disease Regulation of the Aged, Chosun University, Gwangju 501-759, Republic of Korea *Corresponding author: leebh@gist.ac.kr |
Optics Express, Vol. 18, Issue 22, pp. 23285-23295 (2010)
http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/OE.18.023285
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Abstract
The feasibility of identifying cancer cells by measuring the refractive index (RI) distribution across a single live cell with ultrahigh resolution full-field optical coherence microscopy (FF-OCM) is presented. The FF-OCM is utilized to quantify integral RI distributions of unmodified cells without any cell treatments and used as a biophysical indicator for diagnosing cell malignancy. Firstly, the physical thickness distribution of the cell adherent to a culture dish is measured by taking a series of 0.6 µm resolved en-face tomograms. Subsequently, from the en-face image of the bottom surface of the cell or the top surface of the dish, the phase gain image of the cell is extracted. Then, from these two measurements the axially averaged RI map of the cell is extracted. The implemented FF-OCM system had a 0.8 µm axial resolution and the phase measurement sensitivity of the system was around 124 mrad. With the system, RI maps of several living cell lines of normal and cancer cells were constructed and quantitatively analyzed. The experiments showed that cancer cells had higher RI than normal ones. This approach using the FF-OCM has significant potential for cancer diagnosis and dynamic cell analysis as in situ label-free biophysical assay.
© 2010 OSA
OCIS Codes
(170.1530) Medical optics and biotechnology : Cell analysis
(170.4500) Medical optics and biotechnology : Optical coherence tomography
(170.4580) Medical optics and biotechnology : Optical diagnostics for medicine
ToC Category:
Medical Optics and Biotechnology
History
Original Manuscript: August 2, 2010
Revised Manuscript: October 7, 2010
Manuscript Accepted: October 9, 2010
Published: October 20, 2010
Virtual Issues
Vol. 6, Iss. 1 Virtual Journal for Biomedical Optics
Citation
Woo June Choi, Do In Jeon, Sang-Gun Ahn, Jung-Hoon Yoon, Sungho Kim, and Byeong Ha Lee, "Full-field optical coherence microscopy for identifying live cancer cells by quantitative measurement of refractive index distribution," Opt. Express 18, 23285-23295 (2010)
http://www.opticsinfobase.org/oe/abstract.cfm?URI=oe-18-22-23285
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Akiba, M.
Allman, B. E.
Ananthakrishnan, R.
Arendt, J. T.
Ayi, T. C.
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Badizadegan, K.
Barer, R.
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Chang, W.
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Lee, B. H.
Lee, C.-W.
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Lekki, J.
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- J. Guck, S. Schinkinger, B. Lincoln, F. Wottawah, S. Ebert, M. Romeyke, D. Lenz, H. M. Erickson, R. Ananthakrishnan, D. Mitchell, J. Käs, S. Ulvick, and C. Bilby, “Optical deformability as an inherent cell marker for testing malignant transformation and metastatic competence,” Biophys. J. 88(5), 3689–3698 (2005). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Y.-H. Moon, J.-H. Park, S.-A. Kim, J.-B. Lee, S.-G. Ahn, and J.-H. Yoon, “Anticancer effect of photodynamic therapy with hexenyl ester of 5-aminolevulinic acid in oral squamous cell carcinoma,” Head Neck 32(9), 1136–1142 (2010). [CrossRef]
- V. Backman, M. B. Wallace, L. T. Perelman, J. T. Arendt, R. Gurjar, M. G. Müller, Q. Zhang, G. Zonios, E. Kline, J. A. McGilligan, S. Shapshay, T. Valdez, K. Badizadegan, J. M. Crawford, M. Fitzmaurice, S. Kabani, H. S. Levin, M. Seiler, R. R. Dasari, I. Itzkan, J. Van Dam, M. S. Feld, and T. McGillican, “Detection of preinvasive cancer cells,” Nature 406(6791), 35–36 (2000). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- J. Na, W. J. Choi, H. Y. Choi, S. Y. Ryu, E. S. Choi, and B. H. Lee, “Thickness and Refractive Index Measurements by Full-Field Optical Coherence Microscopy,” IEEE Sens. J. 9(12), 1996–1997 (2009). [CrossRef]
- W. J. Choi, J. Na, S. Y. Ryu, B. H. Lee, and D.-S. Ko, “Realization of 3-D Topographic and Tomographic Images with Ultrahigh-resolution Full-field Optical Coherence Tomography,” J. Opt. Soc. Korea 11(1), 18–25 (2007). [CrossRef]
- L. K. Chin, A. Q. Liu, C. S. Lim, X. M. Zhang, J. H. Ng, J. Z. Hao, and S. Takahashi, “Differential single living cell refractometry using grating resonant cavity with optical trap,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 91(24), 243901 (2007). [CrossRef]
- M. Akiba, N. Maeda, K. Yumikake, T. Soma, K. Nishida, Y. Tano, and K. P. Chan, “Ultrahigh-resolution imaging of human donor cornea using full-field optical coherence tomography,” J. Biomed. Opt. 12(4), 041202 (2007). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- C. L. Curl, C. J. Bellair, T. Harris, B. E. Allman, P. J. Harris, A. G. Stewart, A. Roberts, K. A. Nugent, and L. M. D. Delbridge, “Refractive index measurement in viable cells using quantitative phase-amplitude microscopy and confocal microscopy,” Cytometry A 65A(1), 88–92 (2005). [CrossRef]
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- S.-A. Kim, H.-W. Kim, D.-K. Kim, S.-G. Kim, J.-C. Park, D.-W. Kang, S.-W. Kim, S.-G. Ahn, and J.-H. Yoon, “Rapid induction of malignant tumor in Sprague-Dawley rats by injection of RK3E-ras cells,” Cancer Lett. 235(1), 53–59 (2006). [CrossRef]
- Y.-H. Moon, J.-H. Park, S.-A. Kim, J.-B. Lee, S.-G. Ahn, and J.-H. Yoon, “Anticancer effect of photodynamic therapy with hexenyl ester of 5-aminolevulinic acid in oral squamous cell carcinoma,” Head Neck 32(9), 1136–1142 (2010). [CrossRef]
- S. Park, D. Koch, R. Cardenas, J. Käs, and C. K. Shih, “Cell motility and local viscoelasticity of fibroblasts,” Biophys. J. 89(6), 4330–4342 (2005). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- V. Backman, M. B. Wallace, L. T. Perelman, J. T. Arendt, R. Gurjar, M. G. Müller, Q. Zhang, G. Zonios, E. Kline, J. A. McGilligan, S. Shapshay, T. Valdez, K. Badizadegan, J. M. Crawford, M. Fitzmaurice, S. Kabani, H. S. Levin, M. Seiler, R. R. Dasari, I. Itzkan, J. Van Dam, M. S. Feld, and T. McGillican, “Detection of preinvasive cancer cells,” Nature 406(6791), 35–36 (2000). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- N. Lue, W. Choi, G. Popescu, Z. Yaqoob, K. Badizadegan, R. R. Dasari, and M. S. Feld, “Live cell refractometry using Hilbert phase microscopy and confocal reflectance microscopy,” J. Phys. Chem. A 113(47), 13327–13330 (2009). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- N. Lue, G. Popescu, T. Ikeda, R. R. Dasari, K. Badizadegan, and M. S. Feld, “Live cell refractometry using microfluidic devices,” Opt. Lett. 31(18), 2759–2761 (2006). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- H. Iwai, C. Fang-Yen, G. Popescu, A. Wax, K. Badizadegan, R. R. Dasari, and M. S. Feld, “Quantitative phase imaging using actively stabilized phase-shifting low-coherence interferometry,” Opt. Lett. 29(20), 2399–2401 (2004). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- D. Huang, E. A. Swanson, C. P. Lin, J. S. Schuman, W. G. Stinson, W. Chang, M. R. Hee, T. Flotte, K. Gregory, C. A. Puliafito, and J. G. Fujimoto, “Optical coherence tomography,” Science 254(5035), 1178–1181 (1991). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- C. L. Curl, C. J. Bellair, T. Harris, B. E. Allman, P. J. Harris, A. G. Stewart, A. Roberts, K. A. Nugent, and L. M. D. Delbridge, “Refractive index measurement in viable cells using quantitative phase-amplitude microscopy and confocal microscopy,” Cytometry A 65A(1), 88–92 (2005). [CrossRef]
- J. Guck, S. Schinkinger, B. Lincoln, F. Wottawah, S. Ebert, M. Romeyke, D. Lenz, H. M. Erickson, R. Ananthakrishnan, D. Mitchell, J. Käs, S. Ulvick, and C. Bilby, “Optical deformability as an inherent cell marker for testing malignant transformation and metastatic competence,” Biophys. J. 88(5), 3689–3698 (2005). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- M. J. Rosenbluth, W. A. Lam, and D. A. Fletcher, “Force Microscopy of Nonadherent Cells: A Comparison of Leukemia Cell Deformability,” Biophys. J. 90(8), 2994–3003 (2006). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- R. Barer, K. F. A. Ross, and S. Tkaczyk, “Refractometry of living cells,” Nature 171(4356), 720–724 (1953). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- J. Na, W. J. Choi, H. Y. Choi, S. Y. Ryu, E. S. Choi, and B. H. Lee, “Thickness and Refractive Index Measurements by Full-Field Optical Coherence Microscopy,” IEEE Sens. J. 9(12), 1996–1997 (2009). [CrossRef]
- W. J. Choi, J. Na, S. Y. Ryu, B. H. Lee, and D.-S. Ko, “Realization of 3-D Topographic and Tomographic Images with Ultrahigh-resolution Full-field Optical Coherence Tomography,” J. Opt. Soc. Korea 11(1), 18–25 (2007). [CrossRef]
- J. Guck, S. Schinkinger, B. Lincoln, F. Wottawah, S. Ebert, M. Romeyke, D. Lenz, H. M. Erickson, R. Ananthakrishnan, D. Mitchell, J. Käs, S. Ulvick, and C. Bilby, “Optical deformability as an inherent cell marker for testing malignant transformation and metastatic competence,” Biophys. J. 88(5), 3689–3698 (2005). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- D. Huang, E. A. Swanson, C. P. Lin, J. S. Schuman, W. G. Stinson, W. Chang, M. R. Hee, T. Flotte, K. Gregory, C. A. Puliafito, and J. G. Fujimoto, “Optical coherence tomography,” Science 254(5035), 1178–1181 (1991). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- V. Backman, M. B. Wallace, L. T. Perelman, J. T. Arendt, R. Gurjar, M. G. Müller, Q. Zhang, G. Zonios, E. Kline, J. A. McGilligan, S. Shapshay, T. Valdez, K. Badizadegan, J. M. Crawford, M. Fitzmaurice, S. Kabani, H. S. Levin, M. Seiler, R. R. Dasari, I. Itzkan, J. Van Dam, M. S. Feld, and T. McGillican, “Detection of preinvasive cancer cells,” Nature 406(6791), 35–36 (2000). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- S. Suresh, J. Spatz, J. P. Mills, A. Micoulet, M. Dao, C. T. Lim, M. Beil, and T. Seufferlein, “Connections between single-cell biomechanics and human disease states: gastrointestinal cancer and malaria,” Acta Biomater. 1(1), 15–30 (2005). [CrossRef]
- V. Backman, M. B. Wallace, L. T. Perelman, J. T. Arendt, R. Gurjar, M. G. Müller, Q. Zhang, G. Zonios, E. Kline, J. A. McGilligan, S. Shapshay, T. Valdez, K. Badizadegan, J. M. Crawford, M. Fitzmaurice, S. Kabani, H. S. Levin, M. Seiler, R. R. Dasari, I. Itzkan, J. Van Dam, M. S. Feld, and T. McGillican, “Detection of preinvasive cancer cells,” Nature 406(6791), 35–36 (2000). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- S. Park, D. Koch, R. Cardenas, J. Käs, and C. K. Shih, “Cell motility and local viscoelasticity of fibroblasts,” Biophys. J. 89(6), 4330–4342 (2005). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- M. Akiba, N. Maeda, K. Yumikake, T. Soma, K. Nishida, Y. Tano, and K. P. Chan, “Ultrahigh-resolution imaging of human donor cornea using full-field optical coherence tomography,” J. Biomed. Opt. 12(4), 041202 (2007). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- W. Z. Song, X. M. Zhang, A. Q. Liu, C. S. Lim, P. H. Yap, and H. M. M. Hosseini, “Refractive index measurement of single living cells using on-chip Fabry-Perot cavity,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 89(20), 203901 (2006). [CrossRef]
- S. Suresh, J. Spatz, J. P. Mills, A. Micoulet, M. Dao, C. T. Lim, M. Beil, and T. Seufferlein, “Connections between single-cell biomechanics and human disease states: gastrointestinal cancer and malaria,” Acta Biomater. 1(1), 15–30 (2005). [CrossRef]
- M. Lekka, P. Laidler, D. Gil, J. Lekki, Z. Stachura, and A. Z. Hrynkiewicz, “Elasticity of normal and cancerous human bladder cells studied by scanning force microscopy,” Eur. Biophys. J. 28(4), 312–316 (1999). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- C. L. Curl, C. J. Bellair, T. Harris, B. E. Allman, P. J. Harris, A. G. Stewart, A. Roberts, K. A. Nugent, and L. M. D. Delbridge, “Refractive index measurement in viable cells using quantitative phase-amplitude microscopy and confocal microscopy,” Cytometry A 65A(1), 88–92 (2005). [CrossRef]
- D. Huang, E. A. Swanson, C. P. Lin, J. S. Schuman, W. G. Stinson, W. Chang, M. R. Hee, T. Flotte, K. Gregory, C. A. Puliafito, and J. G. Fujimoto, “Optical coherence tomography,” Science 254(5035), 1178–1181 (1991). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- S. Suresh, “Biomechanics and biophysics of cancer cells,” Acta Biomater. 3(4), 413–438 (2007). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- S. Suresh, J. Spatz, J. P. Mills, A. Micoulet, M. Dao, C. T. Lim, M. Beil, and T. Seufferlein, “Connections between single-cell biomechanics and human disease states: gastrointestinal cancer and malaria,” Acta Biomater. 1(1), 15–30 (2005). [CrossRef]
- D. Huang, E. A. Swanson, C. P. Lin, J. S. Schuman, W. G. Stinson, W. Chang, M. R. Hee, T. Flotte, K. Gregory, C. A. Puliafito, and J. G. Fujimoto, “Optical coherence tomography,” Science 254(5035), 1178–1181 (1991). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- L. K. Chin, A. Q. Liu, C. S. Lim, X. M. Zhang, J. H. Ng, J. Z. Hao, and S. Takahashi, “Differential single living cell refractometry using grating resonant cavity with optical trap,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 91(24), 243901 (2007). [CrossRef]
- T. Yasokawa, I. Ishimaru, M. Kondo, S. Kuriyama, T. Masaki, K. Takegawa, and N. Tanaka, “A Method for Measuring the Three-Dimensional Refractive-Index Distribution of Single Cells Using Proximal Two-Beam Optical Tweezers and a Phase-Shifting Mach-Zehnder Interferometer,” Opt. Rev. 14(4), 161–164 (2007). [CrossRef]
- T. Yasokawa, I. Ishimaru, M. Kondo, S. Kuriyama, T. Masaki, K. Takegawa, and N. Tanaka, “A Method for Measuring the Three-Dimensional Refractive-Index Distribution of Single Cells Using Proximal Two-Beam Optical Tweezers and a Phase-Shifting Mach-Zehnder Interferometer,” Opt. Rev. 14(4), 161–164 (2007). [CrossRef]
- M. Akiba, N. Maeda, K. Yumikake, T. Soma, K. Nishida, Y. Tano, and K. P. Chan, “Ultrahigh-resolution imaging of human donor cornea using full-field optical coherence tomography,” J. Biomed. Opt. 12(4), 041202 (2007). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- F. Lanni, A. S. Waggoner, and D. L. Taylor, “Structural organization of interphase 3T3 fibroblasts studied by total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy,” J. Cell Biol. 100(4), 1091–1102 (1985). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- R. Barer, K. F. A. Ross, and S. Tkaczyk, “Refractometry of living cells,” Nature 171(4356), 720–724 (1953). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- J. Guck, S. Schinkinger, B. Lincoln, F. Wottawah, S. Ebert, M. Romeyke, D. Lenz, H. M. Erickson, R. Ananthakrishnan, D. Mitchell, J. Käs, S. Ulvick, and C. Bilby, “Optical deformability as an inherent cell marker for testing malignant transformation and metastatic competence,” Biophys. J. 88(5), 3689–3698 (2005). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- V. Backman, M. B. Wallace, L. T. Perelman, J. T. Arendt, R. Gurjar, M. G. Müller, Q. Zhang, G. Zonios, E. Kline, J. A. McGilligan, S. Shapshay, T. Valdez, K. Badizadegan, J. M. Crawford, M. Fitzmaurice, S. Kabani, H. S. Levin, M. Seiler, R. R. Dasari, I. Itzkan, J. Van Dam, M. S. Feld, and T. McGillican, “Detection of preinvasive cancer cells,” Nature 406(6791), 35–36 (2000). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- V. Backman, M. B. Wallace, L. T. Perelman, J. T. Arendt, R. Gurjar, M. G. Müller, Q. Zhang, G. Zonios, E. Kline, J. A. McGilligan, S. Shapshay, T. Valdez, K. Badizadegan, J. M. Crawford, M. Fitzmaurice, S. Kabani, H. S. Levin, M. Seiler, R. R. Dasari, I. Itzkan, J. Van Dam, M. S. Feld, and T. McGillican, “Detection of preinvasive cancer cells,” Nature 406(6791), 35–36 (2000). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- F. Lanni, A. S. Waggoner, and D. L. Taylor, “Structural organization of interphase 3T3 fibroblasts studied by total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy,” J. Cell Biol. 100(4), 1091–1102 (1985). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- V. Backman, M. B. Wallace, L. T. Perelman, J. T. Arendt, R. Gurjar, M. G. Müller, Q. Zhang, G. Zonios, E. Kline, J. A. McGilligan, S. Shapshay, T. Valdez, K. Badizadegan, J. M. Crawford, M. Fitzmaurice, S. Kabani, H. S. Levin, M. Seiler, R. R. Dasari, I. Itzkan, J. Van Dam, M. S. Feld, and T. McGillican, “Detection of preinvasive cancer cells,” Nature 406(6791), 35–36 (2000). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- J.-Y. Lee, C.-W. Lee, E.-H. Lin, and P.-K. Wei, “Single live cell refractometer using nanoparticle coated fiber tip,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 93(17), 173110 (2008). [CrossRef]
- J. Guck, S. Schinkinger, B. Lincoln, F. Wottawah, S. Ebert, M. Romeyke, D. Lenz, H. M. Erickson, R. Ananthakrishnan, D. Mitchell, J. Käs, S. Ulvick, and C. Bilby, “Optical deformability as an inherent cell marker for testing malignant transformation and metastatic competence,” Biophys. J. 88(5), 3689–3698 (2005). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- G. Zhang, M. Long, Z.-Z. Wu, and W.-Q. Yu, “Mechanical properties of hepatocellular carcinoma cells,” World J. Gastroenterol. 8(2), 243–246 (2002). [PubMed]
- X. J. Liang, A. Q. Liu, C. S. Lim, T. C. Ayi, and P. H. Yap, “Determining refractive index of single living cell using an integrated microchip,” Sens. Actuator A 133(2), 349–354 (2007). [CrossRef]
- W. Z. Song, X. M. Zhang, A. Q. Liu, C. S. Lim, P. H. Yap, and H. M. M. Hosseini, “Refractive index measurement of single living cells using on-chip Fabry-Perot cavity,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 89(20), 203901 (2006). [CrossRef]
- N. Lue, W. Choi, G. Popescu, Z. Yaqoob, K. Badizadegan, R. R. Dasari, and M. S. Feld, “Live cell refractometry using Hilbert phase microscopy and confocal reflectance microscopy,” J. Phys. Chem. A 113(47), 13327–13330 (2009). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- T. Yasokawa, I. Ishimaru, M. Kondo, S. Kuriyama, T. Masaki, K. Takegawa, and N. Tanaka, “A Method for Measuring the Three-Dimensional Refractive-Index Distribution of Single Cells Using Proximal Two-Beam Optical Tweezers and a Phase-Shifting Mach-Zehnder Interferometer,” Opt. Rev. 14(4), 161–164 (2007). [CrossRef]
- Y.-H. Moon, J.-H. Park, S.-A. Kim, J.-B. Lee, S.-G. Ahn, and J.-H. Yoon, “Anticancer effect of photodynamic therapy with hexenyl ester of 5-aminolevulinic acid in oral squamous cell carcinoma,” Head Neck 32(9), 1136–1142 (2010). [CrossRef]
- S.-A. Kim, S.-M. Kwon, J.-H. Yoon, and S.-G. Ahn, “The antitumor effect of PLK1 and HSF1 double knockdown on human oral carcinoma cells,” Int. J. Oncol. 36(4), 867–872 (2010). [PubMed]
- S.-A. Kim, H.-W. Kim, D.-K. Kim, S.-G. Kim, J.-C. Park, D.-W. Kang, S.-W. Kim, S.-G. Ahn, and J.-H. Yoon, “Rapid induction of malignant tumor in Sprague-Dawley rats by injection of RK3E-ras cells,” Cancer Lett. 235(1), 53–59 (2006). [CrossRef]
- G. Zhang, M. Long, Z.-Z. Wu, and W.-Q. Yu, “Mechanical properties of hepatocellular carcinoma cells,” World J. Gastroenterol. 8(2), 243–246 (2002). [PubMed]
- M. Akiba, N. Maeda, K. Yumikake, T. Soma, K. Nishida, Y. Tano, and K. P. Chan, “Ultrahigh-resolution imaging of human donor cornea using full-field optical coherence tomography,” J. Biomed. Opt. 12(4), 041202 (2007). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- G. Zhang, M. Long, Z.-Z. Wu, and W.-Q. Yu, “Mechanical properties of hepatocellular carcinoma cells,” World J. Gastroenterol. 8(2), 243–246 (2002). [PubMed]
- V. Backman, M. B. Wallace, L. T. Perelman, J. T. Arendt, R. Gurjar, M. G. Müller, Q. Zhang, G. Zonios, E. Kline, J. A. McGilligan, S. Shapshay, T. Valdez, K. Badizadegan, J. M. Crawford, M. Fitzmaurice, S. Kabani, H. S. Levin, M. Seiler, R. R. Dasari, I. Itzkan, J. Van Dam, M. S. Feld, and T. McGillican, “Detection of preinvasive cancer cells,” Nature 406(6791), 35–36 (2000). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- L. K. Chin, A. Q. Liu, C. S. Lim, X. M. Zhang, J. H. Ng, J. Z. Hao, and S. Takahashi, “Differential single living cell refractometry using grating resonant cavity with optical trap,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 91(24), 243901 (2007). [CrossRef]
- W. Z. Song, X. M. Zhang, A. Q. Liu, C. S. Lim, P. H. Yap, and H. M. M. Hosseini, “Refractive index measurement of single living cells using on-chip Fabry-Perot cavity,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 89(20), 203901 (2006). [CrossRef]
- V. Backman, M. B. Wallace, L. T. Perelman, J. T. Arendt, R. Gurjar, M. G. Müller, Q. Zhang, G. Zonios, E. Kline, J. A. McGilligan, S. Shapshay, T. Valdez, K. Badizadegan, J. M. Crawford, M. Fitzmaurice, S. Kabani, H. S. Levin, M. Seiler, R. R. Dasari, I. Itzkan, J. Van Dam, M. S. Feld, and T. McGillican, “Detection of preinvasive cancer cells,” Nature 406(6791), 35–36 (2000). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Acta Biomater.
- S. Suresh, J. Spatz, J. P. Mills, A. Micoulet, M. Dao, C. T. Lim, M. Beil, and T. Seufferlein, “Connections between single-cell biomechanics and human disease states: gastrointestinal cancer and malaria,” Acta Biomater. 1(1), 15–30 (2005). [CrossRef]
- S. Suresh, “Biomechanics and biophysics of cancer cells,” Acta Biomater. 3(4), 413–438 (2007). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Appl. Opt.
- A. Dubois, K. Grieve, G. Moneron, R. Lecaque, L. Vabre, and C. Boccara, “Ultrahigh-resolution full-field optical coherence tomography,” Appl. Opt. 43(14), 2874–2883 (2004). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Appl. Phys. Lett.
- W. Z. Song, X. M. Zhang, A. Q. Liu, C. S. Lim, P. H. Yap, and H. M. M. Hosseini, “Refractive index measurement of single living cells using on-chip Fabry-Perot cavity,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 89(20), 203901 (2006). [CrossRef]
- L. K. Chin, A. Q. Liu, C. S. Lim, X. M. Zhang, J. H. Ng, J. Z. Hao, and S. Takahashi, “Differential single living cell refractometry using grating resonant cavity with optical trap,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 91(24), 243901 (2007). [CrossRef]
- J.-Y. Lee, C.-W. Lee, E.-H. Lin, and P.-K. Wei, “Single live cell refractometer using nanoparticle coated fiber tip,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 93(17), 173110 (2008). [CrossRef]
Biophys. J.
- J. Guck, S. Schinkinger, B. Lincoln, F. Wottawah, S. Ebert, M. Romeyke, D. Lenz, H. M. Erickson, R. Ananthakrishnan, D. Mitchell, J. Käs, S. Ulvick, and C. Bilby, “Optical deformability as an inherent cell marker for testing malignant transformation and metastatic competence,” Biophys. J. 88(5), 3689–3698 (2005). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- M. J. Rosenbluth, W. A. Lam, and D. A. Fletcher, “Force Microscopy of Nonadherent Cells: A Comparison of Leukemia Cell Deformability,” Biophys. J. 90(8), 2994–3003 (2006). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- S. Park, D. Koch, R. Cardenas, J. Käs, and C. K. Shih, “Cell motility and local viscoelasticity of fibroblasts,” Biophys. J. 89(6), 4330–4342 (2005). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Cancer Lett.
- S.-A. Kim, H.-W. Kim, D.-K. Kim, S.-G. Kim, J.-C. Park, D.-W. Kang, S.-W. Kim, S.-G. Ahn, and J.-H. Yoon, “Rapid induction of malignant tumor in Sprague-Dawley rats by injection of RK3E-ras cells,” Cancer Lett. 235(1), 53–59 (2006). [CrossRef]
Cytometry A
- C. L. Curl, C. J. Bellair, T. Harris, B. E. Allman, P. J. Harris, A. G. Stewart, A. Roberts, K. A. Nugent, and L. M. D. Delbridge, “Refractive index measurement in viable cells using quantitative phase-amplitude microscopy and confocal microscopy,” Cytometry A 65A(1), 88–92 (2005). [CrossRef]
Eur. Biophys. J.
- M. Lekka, P. Laidler, D. Gil, J. Lekki, Z. Stachura, and A. Z. Hrynkiewicz, “Elasticity of normal and cancerous human bladder cells studied by scanning force microscopy,” Eur. Biophys. J. 28(4), 312–316 (1999). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Head Neck
- Y.-H. Moon, J.-H. Park, S.-A. Kim, J.-B. Lee, S.-G. Ahn, and J.-H. Yoon, “Anticancer effect of photodynamic therapy with hexenyl ester of 5-aminolevulinic acid in oral squamous cell carcinoma,” Head Neck 32(9), 1136–1142 (2010). [CrossRef]
IEEE Sens. J.
- J. Na, W. J. Choi, H. Y. Choi, S. Y. Ryu, E. S. Choi, and B. H. Lee, “Thickness and Refractive Index Measurements by Full-Field Optical Coherence Microscopy,” IEEE Sens. J. 9(12), 1996–1997 (2009). [CrossRef]
Int. J. Oncol.
- S.-A. Kim, S.-M. Kwon, J.-H. Yoon, and S.-G. Ahn, “The antitumor effect of PLK1 and HSF1 double knockdown on human oral carcinoma cells,” Int. J. Oncol. 36(4), 867–872 (2010). [PubMed]
J. Biomed. Opt.
- M. Akiba, N. Maeda, K. Yumikake, T. Soma, K. Nishida, Y. Tano, and K. P. Chan, “Ultrahigh-resolution imaging of human donor cornea using full-field optical coherence tomography,” J. Biomed. Opt. 12(4), 041202 (2007). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
J. Cell Biol.
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J. Opt. Soc. Am.
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