Bending loss of terahertz pipe waveguides

doi:10.1364/OE.18.026332

Bending loss of terahertz pipe waveguides

Jen-Tang Lu, Yu-Chun Hsueh, Yu-Ru Huang, Yuh-Jing Hwang, and Chi-Kuang Sun »View Author Affiliations

Optics Express, Vol. 18, Issue 25, pp. 26332-26338 (2010)
http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/OE.18.026332

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Abstract

We present an experimental study on the bending loss of terahertz (THz) pipe waveguide. Bending loss of pipe waveguides is investigated for various frequencies, polarizations, core diameters, cladding thicknesses, and cladding materials. Our results indicate that the pipe waveguides with lower guiding loss suffer lower bending loss due to stronger mode confinement. The unexpected low bending loss in the investigated simple leaky waveguide structure promises variety of flexible applications.

OCIS Codes
(130.2790) Integrated optics : Guided waves
(230.7370) Optical devices : Waveguides

ToC Category:
Integrated Optics

History
Original Manuscript: October 4, 2010
Revised Manuscript: November 6, 2010
Manuscript Accepted: November 7, 2010
Published: December 1, 2010

Citation
Jen-Tang Lu, Yu-Chun Hsueh, Yu-Ru Huang, Yuh-Jing Hwang, and Chi-Kuang Sun, "Bending loss of terahertz pipe waveguides," Opt. Express 18, 26332-26338 (2010)
http://www.opticsinfobase.org/oe/abstract.cfm?URI=oe-18-25-26332

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References

G. Gallot, S. P. Jamison, R. W. McGowan, and D. Grischkowsky, “Terahertz waveguides,” J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 17(5), 851–863 (2000). [CrossRef]
R. Mendis and D. Grischkowsky, “Plastic ribbon THz waveguides,” J. Appl. Phys. 88(7), 4449–4451 (2000). [CrossRef]
R. Mendis and D. Grischkowsky, “Undistorted guided-wave propagation of subpicosecond terahertz pulses,” Opt. Lett. 26(11), 846–848 (2001). [CrossRef]
H. Han, H. Park, M. Cho, and J. Kim, “THz pulse propagation in plastic photonic crystal fiber,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 80(15), 2634–2636 (2002). [CrossRef]
K. Wang and D. M. Mittleman, “Metal wires for terahertz wave guiding,” Nature 432(7015), 376–379 (2004). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
M. Goto, A. Quema, H. Takahashi, S. Ono, and N. Sarukura, “Teflon photonic crystal fiber as terahertz waveguide,” Jpn. J. Appl. Lett. 43(No. 2B), L317–L319 (2004). [CrossRef]
T. Hidaka, H. Minamide, H. Ito, J.-I. Nishizawa, K. Tamura, and S. Ichikawa, “Ferroelectric PVDF cladding terahertz waveguide,” J. Lightwave Technol. 23(8), 2469–2473 (2005). [CrossRef]
L.-J. Chen, H.-W. Chen, T.-F. Kao, J.-Y. Lu, and C.-K. Sun, “Low-loss subwavelength plastic fiber for terahertz waveguiding,” Opt. Lett. 31(3), 308–310 (2006). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
M. Nagel, A. Marchewka, and H. Kurz, “Low-index discontinuity terahertz waveguides,” Opt. Express 14(21), 9944–9954 (2006), http://www.opticsinfobase.org/oe/abstract.cfm?uri=oe-14-21-9944 . [CrossRef] [PubMed]
B. Bowden, J. A. Harrington, and O. Mitrofanov, “Silver/polystyrene-coated hollow glass waveguides for the transmission of terahertz radiation,” Opt. Lett. 32(20), 2945–2947 (2007). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
H.-W. Chen, Y.-T. Li, C. L. Pan, J. L. Kuo, J. Y. Lu, L. J. Chen, and C.-K. Sun, “Investigation on spectral loss characteristics of subwavelength terahertz fibers,” Opt. Lett. 32(9), 1017–1019 (2007). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
M. Skorobogatiy and A. Dupuis, “Ferroelectric all-polymer hollow Bragg fibers for terahertz guidance,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 90(11), 113514 (2007). [CrossRef]
R.-J. Yu, B. Zhang, Y.-Q. Zhang, C.-Q. Wu, Z.-G. Tian, and X.-Z. Bai, “Proposal for ultralow loss hollow-core plastic Bragg fiber with cobweb-structured cladding for terahertz waveguiding,” IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett. 19(12), 910–912 (2007). [CrossRef]
J.-Y. Lu, C.-P. Yu, H.-C. Chang, H.-W. Chen, Y.-T. Li, C.-L. Pan, and C.-K. Sun, “Terahertz air-core microstructure fiber,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 92(6), 064105 (2008). [CrossRef]
A. Hassani, A. Dupuis, and M. Skorobogatiy, “Porous polymer fibers for low-loss Terahertz guiding,” Opt. Express 16(9), 6340–6351 (2008), http://www.opticsinfobase.org/oe/abstract.cfm?uri=OE-16-9-6340 . [CrossRef] [PubMed]
S. Atakaramians, S. Afshar V, B. M. Fischer, D. Abbott, and T. M. Monro, “Porous fibers: a novel approach to low loss THz waveguides,” Opt. Express 16(12), 8845–8854 (2008), http://www.opticsinfobase.org/abstract.cfm?uri=oe-16-12-8845 . [CrossRef] [PubMed]
J.-Y. Lu, C.-M. Chiu, C.-C. Kuo, Y.-J. Hwang, C.-L. Pan, and C.-K. Sun, “Terahertz scanning imaging with a subwavelength plastic fiber,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 92(8), 084102 (2008). [CrossRef]
K. Nielsen, H. K. Rasmussen, A. J. Adam, P. C. Planken, O. Bang, and P. U. Jepsen, “Bendable, low-loss Topas fibers for the terahertz frequency range,” Opt. Express 17(10), 8592–8601 (2009), http://www.opticsinfobase.org/oe/abstract.cfm?uri=oe-17-10-8592 . [CrossRef] [PubMed]
H.-W. Chen, C.-M. Chiu, J.-L. Kuo, P.-J. Chiang, H.-C. Chang, and C.-K. Sun, “Subwavelength dielectric-fiber-based terahertz coupler,” J. Lightwave Technol. 27(11), 1489–1495 (2009). [CrossRef]
C.-H. Lai, Y.-C. Hsueh, H.-W. Chen, Y.-J. Huang, H.-C. Chang, and C.-K. Sun, “Low-index terahertz pipe waveguides,” Opt. Lett. 34(21), 3457–3459 (2009). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
C.-H. Lai, B. You, J.-Y. Lu, T.-A. Liu, J.-L. Peng, C.-K. Sun, and H.-C. Chang, “Modal characteristics of antiresonant reflecting pipe waveguides for terahertz waveguiding,” Opt. Express 18(1), 309–322 (2010), http://www.opticsinfobase.org/abstract.cfm?uri=oe-18-1-309 . [CrossRef] [PubMed]
N. M. Litchinitser, A. K. Abeeluck, C. Headley, and B. J. Eggleton, “Antiresonant reflecting photonic crystal optical waveguides,” Opt. Lett. 27(18), 1592–1594 (2002). [CrossRef]
S. Février, B. Beaudou, and P. Viale, “Understanding origin of loss in large pitch hollow-core photonic crystal fibers and their design simplification,” Opt. Express 18(5), 5142–5150 (2010), http://www.opticsinfobase.org/oe/abstract.cfm?URI=oe-18-5-5142 . [CrossRef] [PubMed]
F. Gérôme, R. Jamier, J.-L. Auguste, G. Humbert, and J.-M. Blondy, “Simplified hollow-core photonic crystal fiber,” Opt. Lett. 35(8), 1157–1159 (2010). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
M. Mbonye, R. Mendis, and D. M. Mittleman, “A terahertz two-wire waveguide with low bending loss,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 95(23), 233506 (2009). [CrossRef]
V. Astley, J. Scheiman, R. Mendis, and D. M. Mittleman, “Bending and coupling losses in terahertz wire waveguides,” Opt. Lett. 35(4), 553–555 (2010). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
J. A. Harrington, R. George, P. Pedersen, and E. Mueller, “Hollow polycarbonate waveguides with inner Cu coatings for delivery of terahertz radiation,” Opt. Express 12(21), 5263–5268 (2004), http://www.opticsinfobase.org/oe/abstrac t.cfm?URI = OPEX-12–21–5263.
T. Ito, Y. Matsuura, M. Miyagi, H. Minamide, and H. Ito, “Flexible terahertz fiber optics with low bend-induced losses,” J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 24(5), 1230–1235 (2007). [CrossRef]
http://www.ptfe-plastic.com.tw
J.-Y. Lu, C.-C. Kuo, C.-M. Chiu, H.-W. Chen, Y.-J. Hwang, C.-L. Pan, and C.-K. Sun, “THz interferometric imaging using subwavelength plastic fiber based THz endoscopes,” Opt. Express 16(4), 2494–2501 (2008), http://www.opticsinfobase.org/abstract.cfm?uri=oe-16-4-2494 . [CrossRef] [PubMed]
C.-M. Chiu, H.-W. Chen, Y.-R. Huang, Y.-J. Hwang, W.-J. Lee, H.-Y. Huang, and C.-K. Sun, “All-THz fiber-scanning near-field microscopy,” Opt. Lett. 34(7), 1084–1086 (2009). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Y.-W. Huang, T.-F. Tseng, C.-C. Kuo, Y.-J. Hwang, and C.-K. Sun, “Fiber-based swept-source terahertz radar,” Opt. Lett. 35(9), 1344–1346 (2010). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

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[1] G. Gallot, S. P. Jamison, R. W. McGowan, and D. Grischkowsky, “Terahertz waveguides,” J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 17(5), 851–863 (2000). [CrossRef]

[2] R. Mendis and D. Grischkowsky, “Plastic ribbon THz waveguides,” J. Appl. Phys. 88(7), 4449–4451 (2000). [CrossRef]

[3] R. Mendis and D. Grischkowsky, “Undistorted guided-wave propagation of subpicosecond terahertz pulses,” Opt. Lett. 26(11), 846–848 (2001). [CrossRef]

[4] H. Han, H. Park, M. Cho, and J. Kim, “THz pulse propagation in plastic photonic crystal fiber,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 80(15), 2634–2636 (2002). [CrossRef]

[5] K. Wang and D. M. Mittleman, “Metal wires for terahertz wave guiding,” Nature 432(7015), 376–379 (2004). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

[6] M. Goto, A. Quema, H. Takahashi, S. Ono, and N. Sarukura, “Teflon photonic crystal fiber as terahertz waveguide,” Jpn. J. Appl. Lett. 43(No. 2B), L317–L319 (2004). [CrossRef]

[7] T. Hidaka, H. Minamide, H. Ito, J.-I. Nishizawa, K. Tamura, and S. Ichikawa, “Ferroelectric PVDF cladding terahertz waveguide,” J. Lightwave Technol. 23(8), 2469–2473 (2005). [CrossRef]

[8] L.-J. Chen, H.-W. Chen, T.-F. Kao, J.-Y. Lu, and C.-K. Sun, “Low-loss subwavelength plastic fiber for terahertz waveguiding,” Opt. Lett. 31(3), 308–310 (2006). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

[9] M. Nagel, A. Marchewka, and H. Kurz, “Low-index discontinuity terahertz waveguides,” Opt. Express 14(21), 9944–9954 (2006), http://www.opticsinfobase.org/oe/abstract.cfm?uri=oe-14-21-9944 . [CrossRef] [PubMed]

[10] B. Bowden, J. A. Harrington, and O. Mitrofanov, “Silver/polystyrene-coated hollow glass waveguides for the transmission of terahertz radiation,” Opt. Lett. 32(20), 2945–2947 (2007). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

[11] H.-W. Chen, Y.-T. Li, C. L. Pan, J. L. Kuo, J. Y. Lu, L. J. Chen, and C.-K. Sun, “Investigation on spectral loss characteristics of subwavelength terahertz fibers,” Opt. Lett. 32(9), 1017–1019 (2007). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

[12] M. Skorobogatiy and A. Dupuis, “Ferroelectric all-polymer hollow Bragg fibers for terahertz guidance,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 90(11), 113514 (2007). [CrossRef]

[13] R.-J. Yu, B. Zhang, Y.-Q. Zhang, C.-Q. Wu, Z.-G. Tian, and X.-Z. Bai, “Proposal for ultralow loss hollow-core plastic Bragg fiber with cobweb-structured cladding for terahertz waveguiding,” IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett. 19(12), 910–912 (2007). [CrossRef]

[14] J.-Y. Lu, C.-P. Yu, H.-C. Chang, H.-W. Chen, Y.-T. Li, C.-L. Pan, and C.-K. Sun, “Terahertz air-core microstructure fiber,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 92(6), 064105 (2008). [CrossRef]

[15] A. Hassani, A. Dupuis, and M. Skorobogatiy, “Porous polymer fibers for low-loss Terahertz guiding,” Opt. Express 16(9), 6340–6351 (2008), http://www.opticsinfobase.org/oe/abstract.cfm?uri=OE-16-9-6340 . [CrossRef] [PubMed]

[16] S. Atakaramians, S. Afshar V, B. M. Fischer, D. Abbott, and T. M. Monro, “Porous fibers: a novel approach to low loss THz waveguides,” Opt. Express 16(12), 8845–8854 (2008), http://www.opticsinfobase.org/abstract.cfm?uri=oe-16-12-8845 . [CrossRef] [PubMed]

[17] J.-Y. Lu, C.-M. Chiu, C.-C. Kuo, Y.-J. Hwang, C.-L. Pan, and C.-K. Sun, “Terahertz scanning imaging with a subwavelength plastic fiber,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 92(8), 084102 (2008). [CrossRef]

[18] K. Nielsen, H. K. Rasmussen, A. J. Adam, P. C. Planken, O. Bang, and P. U. Jepsen, “Bendable, low-loss Topas fibers for the terahertz frequency range,” Opt. Express 17(10), 8592–8601 (2009), http://www.opticsinfobase.org/oe/abstract.cfm?uri=oe-17-10-8592 . [CrossRef] [PubMed]

[19] H.-W. Chen, C.-M. Chiu, J.-L. Kuo, P.-J. Chiang, H.-C. Chang, and C.-K. Sun, “Subwavelength dielectric-fiber-based terahertz coupler,” J. Lightwave Technol. 27(11), 1489–1495 (2009). [CrossRef]

[20] C.-H. Lai, Y.-C. Hsueh, H.-W. Chen, Y.-J. Huang, H.-C. Chang, and C.-K. Sun, “Low-index terahertz pipe waveguides,” Opt. Lett. 34(21), 3457–3459 (2009). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

[21] C.-H. Lai, B. You, J.-Y. Lu, T.-A. Liu, J.-L. Peng, C.-K. Sun, and H.-C. Chang, “Modal characteristics of antiresonant reflecting pipe waveguides for terahertz waveguiding,” Opt. Express 18(1), 309–322 (2010), http://www.opticsinfobase.org/abstract.cfm?uri=oe-18-1-309 . [CrossRef] [PubMed]

[22] N. M. Litchinitser, A. K. Abeeluck, C. Headley, and B. J. Eggleton, “Antiresonant reflecting photonic crystal optical waveguides,” Opt. Lett. 27(18), 1592–1594 (2002). [CrossRef]

[23] S. Février, B. Beaudou, and P. Viale, “Understanding origin of loss in large pitch hollow-core photonic crystal fibers and their design simplification,” Opt. Express 18(5), 5142–5150 (2010), http://www.opticsinfobase.org/oe/abstract.cfm?URI=oe-18-5-5142 . [CrossRef] [PubMed]

[24] F. Gérôme, R. Jamier, J.-L. Auguste, G. Humbert, and J.-M. Blondy, “Simplified hollow-core photonic crystal fiber,” Opt. Lett. 35(8), 1157–1159 (2010). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

[25] M. Mbonye, R. Mendis, and D. M. Mittleman, “A terahertz two-wire waveguide with low bending loss,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 95(23), 233506 (2009). [CrossRef]

[26] V. Astley, J. Scheiman, R. Mendis, and D. M. Mittleman, “Bending and coupling losses in terahertz wire waveguides,” Opt. Lett. 35(4), 553–555 (2010). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

[27] J. A. Harrington, R. George, P. Pedersen, and E. Mueller, “Hollow polycarbonate waveguides with inner Cu coatings for delivery of terahertz radiation,” Opt. Express 12(21), 5263–5268 (2004), http://www.opticsinfobase.org/oe/abstrac t.cfm?URI = OPEX-12–21–5263.

[28] T. Ito, Y. Matsuura, M. Miyagi, H. Minamide, and H. Ito, “Flexible terahertz fiber optics with low bend-induced losses,” J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 24(5), 1230–1235 (2007). [CrossRef]

[29] http://www.ptfe-plastic.com.tw

[30] J.-Y. Lu, C.-C. Kuo, C.-M. Chiu, H.-W. Chen, Y.-J. Hwang, C.-L. Pan, and C.-K. Sun, “THz interferometric imaging using subwavelength plastic fiber based THz endoscopes,” Opt. Express 16(4), 2494–2501 (2008), http://www.opticsinfobase.org/abstract.cfm?uri=oe-16-4-2494 . [CrossRef] [PubMed]

[31] C.-M. Chiu, H.-W. Chen, Y.-R. Huang, Y.-J. Hwang, W.-J. Lee, H.-Y. Huang, and C.-K. Sun, “All-THz fiber-scanning near-field microscopy,” Opt. Lett. 34(7), 1084–1086 (2009). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

[32] Y.-W. Huang, T.-F. Tseng, C.-C. Kuo, Y.-J. Hwang, and C.-K. Sun, “Fiber-based swept-source terahertz radar,” Opt. Lett. 35(9), 1344–1346 (2010). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

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Bending loss of terahertz pipe waveguides