The aim of this paper is to present an overview of the recent achievements of our group in the fabrication and optical characterizations of As₂S₃ microstructured optical fibers (MOFs). Firstly, we study the synthesis of high purity arsenic sulfide glasses. Then we describe the use of a versatile process using mechanical drilling for the preparation of preforms and then the drawing of MOFs including suspended core fibers. Low losses MOFs are obtained by this way, with background level of losses reaching less than 0.5 dB/m. Optical characterizations of these fibers are then reported, especially dispersion measurements. The feasibility of all-optical regeneration based on a Mamyshev regenerator is investigated, and the generation of a broadband spectrum between 1 µm and 2.6 µm by femto second pumping around 1.5 µm is presented.

© 2010 OSA

1. J. C. Knight, T. A. Birks, P. St. J. Russell, and D. M. Atkin, “All-silica single-mode optical fiber with photonic crystal cladding,” Opt. Lett. 21(19), 1547–1549 (1996). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
2. G. P. Agrawal, Application of nonlinear fiber optics”, Academic Press, Boston (2001).
3. P. St. J. Russell, “Photonic crystal fibers,” Science 299(5605), 358–362 (2003). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
4. J. C. Knight, “Photonic crystal fibres,” Nature 424(6950), 847–851 (2003). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
5. F. Smektala, C. Quémard, L. LeNeindre, J. Lucas, A. Barthélémy, and C. De Angelis, “Chalcogenide glasses with large non-linear refractive indices,” J. Non-Cryst. Solids 239(1-3), 139–142 (1998). [CrossRef]
6. F. Smektala, C. Quémard, V. Couderc, and A. Barthélémy, “Non-linear optical properties of chalcogenide glasses measured by Z-scan,” J. Non-Cryst. Solids 274(1-3), 232–237 (2000). [CrossRef]
7. T. M. Monro, Y. D. West, D. W. Hewak, N. G. R. Broderick, and D. J. Richardson, “Chalcogenide holey fibres,” Electron. Lett. 36(24), 1998–2000 (2000). [CrossRef]
8. F. Désévédavy, G. Renversez, L. Brilland, P. Houizot, J. Troles, Q. Coulombier, F. Smektala, N. Traynor, and J. L. Adam, “Small-core chalcogenide microstructured fibers for the infrared,” Appl. Opt. 47(32), 6014–6021 (2008). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
9. F. Smektala, F. Désévédavy, L. Brilland, P. Houizot, J. Troles, and N. Traynor, “Advances in the elaboration of chalcogenide photonic crystal fibers for the mid infrared,” SPIE 6588, 58803 (2007).
10. J. S. Sanghera, L. B. Shaw, and I. D. Aggarwal, “Chalcogenide Glass-Fiber-Based Mid-IR Sources and Applications,” IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron. 15(1), 114–119 (2009). [CrossRef]
11. X. Feng, A. K. Mairaj, D. W. Hewak, and T. M. Monro, “Non silica Glasses for Holey Fibers,” J. Lightwave Technol. 23(6), 2046–2053 (2005).
12. R. Frerichs, “New optical glasses with good transparency in the infrared,” J. Opt. Soc. Am. 43(12), 1153–1157 (1953). [CrossRef]
13. J. A. Savage, “Optical properties of chalcogenide glasses,” J. Non-Cryst. Solids 47(1), 101–115 (1982). [CrossRef]
14. S. Shibata, T. Manabe, and M. Horiguchi, “Preparation of Ge-S Glass Fibers with Reduced OH, SH Content,” Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 20(1), 13–16 (1981). [CrossRef]
15. C. T. Moynihan, P. B. Macedo, N. S. Maklad, R. Mohr, and R. Howard, “Intrinsic and impurity infrared absorption in As-Se glass,” J. Non-Cryst. Solids 17(3), 369–385 (1975). [CrossRef]
16. S. Shibata, Y. Terunuma, and T. Manabe, “Sulfide glass fibers for infrared transmission,” Mater. Res. Bull. 16(6), 703–714 (1981). [CrossRef]
17. G. G. Devyatykh, E. M. Dianov, V. G. Plotnichenko, I. V. Scripachev, and M. F. Churbanov, “Fiber waveguides from high purity chalcogenide glass,” Russ. High Purity Substances J. 1, 7–36 (1991).
18. D. L. Wood and J. Tauc, “Weak absorption tails in amorphous semiconductors,” Phys. Rev. B 5(8), 3144–3151 (1972). [CrossRef]
19. M. F. Churbanov, “High purity chalcogenide glasses as materials for fiber optics,” J. Non-Cryst. Solids 184, 25–29 (1995). [CrossRef]
20. G. G. Devyatykh, M. F. Churbanov, I. V. Scripachev, G. E. Snopatin, E. M. Dianov, and V. G. Plotnichenko, “Recent developments in As-S glass fibres,” J. of Non-Cryst. Solids 256&257, 318–22 (1999).
21. M. F. Churbanov, I. V. Scripatchev, G. E. Snopatin, V. S. Shiryaev, and V. G. Plotnichenko, “High purity glasses based on arsenic chalcogenides,” J. Optoelectron.Adv. Mater. 3, 341–349 (2001).
22. G. E. Snopatin, M. F. Churbanov, A. A. Pushkin, V. V. Gerasimenko, E. M. Dianov, and V. G. Plotnichenko, “High purity arsenic-sulfide glasses and fibers with minimum attenuation of 12 dB/km,” Optoelectron. Adv. Mate. Rapid Commun. 3(7), 669–671 (2009).
23. M. C. J. Large, L. Poladian, G. Barton, and M. Eijkelenborg, “Microstructured polymer optical fibers”, Springer (2008).
24. M. R. E. Lamont, B. Luther-Davies, D. Y. Choi, S. Madden, and B. J. Eggleton, “Supercontinuum generation in dispersion engineered highly nonlinear (γ = 10 /W/m) As2S3) chalcogenide planar waveguide,” Opt. Express 16(19), 14938–14944 (2008). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
25. G. Boudebs, F. Sanchez, J. Troles, and F. Smektala, “Nonlinear optical properties of chalcogenide glasses: comparison between Mach–Zehnder interferometry and Z-scan techniques,” Opt. Commun. 199(5-6), 425–433 (2001). [CrossRef]
26. V. G. Borisevich, V. G. Plotnichenko, I. V. Scripachev, and M. F. Churbanov, “Extension coefficient of SH groups in vitreous arsenic sulphide,” Russ. High Purity Substances J.. 4, 759–762 (1990).
27. L. Brilland, J. Troles, P. Houizot, F. Désévédavy, Q. Coulombier, G. Renversez, T. Chartier, T. N. Nuyen, J.-L. Adam, and N. Traynor, “Interfaces impact on the transmission of chalcogenides photonic crystal fibres,” J. Ceram. Soc. Jpn. 116(1358), 1024–1027 (2008). [CrossRef]
28. J. Troles, L. Brilland, F. Smektala, P. Houizot, F. Désévédavy, Q. Coulombier, N. Traynor, T. Chartier, T. N. Nguyen, J. L. Adam, and G. Renversez, “Chalcogenide Microstructured Fibers for Infrared Systems, Elaboration Modelization, and Characterization,” Fiber Inter. Opt. 28(1), 11–26 (2009). [CrossRef]
29. M. El-Amraoui, J. Fatome, J. C. Jules, B. Kibler, G. Gadret, C. Fortier, F. Smektala, I. Skripatchev, C. F. Polacchini, Y. Messaddeq, J. Troles, L. Brilland, M. Szpulak, and G. Renversez, “Strong infrared spectral broadening in low-loss As-S chalcogenide suspended core microstructured optical fibers,” Opt. Express 18(5), 4547–4556 (2010). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
30. J. Fatome, C. Fortier, T. N. Nguyen, T. Chartier, F. Smektala, K. Messaad, B. Kibler, S. Pitois, G. Gadret, C. Finot, J. Troles, F. Desevedavy, P. Houizot, G. Renversez, L. Brilland, and N. Traynor, “Linear and Nonlinear Characterizations of Chalcogenide Photonic Crystal Fibers,” J. Lightwave Technol. 27(11), 1707–1715 (2009). [CrossRef]
31. M. Szpulak and S. Février, “Chalcogenide As2S3 Suspended Core Fiber for Mid-IR Wavelength Conversion Based on Degenerate Four-Wave Mixing,” IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett. 21(13), 884–886 (2009). [CrossRef]
32. P. V. Mamyshev, “All-optical data regeneration based on self-phase modulation effect,” Proc. European Conference on Optical Communication, ECOC 98, 475–476 (1998).
33. L. Fu, M. Rochette, V. Ta’eed, D. Moss, and B. Eggleton, “Investigation of self-phase modulation based optical regeneration in single mode As2Se3 chalcogenide glass fiber,” Opt. Express 13(19), 7637–7644 (2005). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
34. L. A. Provost, C. Finot, P. Petropoulos, K. Mukasa, and D. J. Richardson, “Design scaling rules for 2R-optical self-phase modulation-based regenerators,” Opt. Express 15(8), 5100–5113 (2007). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
35. C. Finot, T. N. Nguyen, J. Fatome, T. Chartier, L. Bramerie, M. Gay, S. Pitois, and J. C. Simon, “Numerical study of an optical regenerator exploiting self-phase modulation and spectral offset filtering at 40 Gbit/s,” Opt. Commun. 281(8), 2252–2264 (2008). [CrossRef]
36. M. Liao, C. Chaudhari, G. Qin, X. Yan, T. Suzuki, and Y. Ohishi, “Tellurite microstructure fibers with small hexagonal core for supercontinuum generation,” Opt. Express 17(14), 12174–12182 (2009). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

Appl. Opt.

• F. Désévédavy, G. Renversez, L. Brilland, P. Houizot, J. Troles, Q. Coulombier, F. Smektala, N. Traynor, and J. L. Adam, “Small-core chalcogenide microstructured fibers for the infrared,” Appl. Opt. 47(32), 6014–6021 (2008). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

Electron. Lett.

• T. M. Monro, Y. D. West, D. W. Hewak, N. G. R. Broderick, and D. J. Richardson, “Chalcogenide holey fibres,” Electron. Lett. 36(24), 1998–2000 (2000). [CrossRef]

Fiber Inter. Opt.

• J. Troles, L. Brilland, F. Smektala, P. Houizot, F. Désévédavy, Q. Coulombier, N. Traynor, T. Chartier, T. N. Nguyen, J. L. Adam, and G. Renversez, “Chalcogenide Microstructured Fibers for Infrared Systems, Elaboration Modelization, and Characterization,” Fiber Inter. Opt. 28(1), 11–26 (2009). [CrossRef]

IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron.

• J. S. Sanghera, L. B. Shaw, and I. D. Aggarwal, “Chalcogenide Glass-Fiber-Based Mid-IR Sources and Applications,” IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron. 15(1), 114–119 (2009). [CrossRef]

IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett.

• M. Szpulak and S. Février, “Chalcogenide As2S3 Suspended Core Fiber for Mid-IR Wavelength Conversion Based on Degenerate Four-Wave Mixing,” IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett. 21(13), 884–886 (2009). [CrossRef]

J. Ceram. Soc. Jpn.

• L. Brilland, J. Troles, P. Houizot, F. Désévédavy, Q. Coulombier, G. Renversez, T. Chartier, T. N. Nuyen, J.-L. Adam, and N. Traynor, “Interfaces impact on the transmission of chalcogenides photonic crystal fibres,” J. Ceram. Soc. Jpn. 116(1358), 1024–1027 (2008). [CrossRef]

J. Lightwave Technol.

• X. Feng, A. K. Mairaj, D. W. Hewak, and T. M. Monro, “Non silica Glasses for Holey Fibers,” J. Lightwave Technol. 23(6), 2046–2053 (2005).
• J. Fatome, C. Fortier, T. N. Nguyen, T. Chartier, F. Smektala, K. Messaad, B. Kibler, S. Pitois, G. Gadret, C. Finot, J. Troles, F. Desevedavy, P. Houizot, G. Renversez, L. Brilland, and N. Traynor, “Linear and Nonlinear Characterizations of Chalcogenide Photonic Crystal Fibers,” J. Lightwave Technol. 27(11), 1707–1715 (2009). [CrossRef]

J. Non-Cryst. Solids

• J. A. Savage, “Optical properties of chalcogenide glasses,” J. Non-Cryst. Solids 47(1), 101–115 (1982). [CrossRef]
• C. T. Moynihan, P. B. Macedo, N. S. Maklad, R. Mohr, and R. Howard, “Intrinsic and impurity infrared absorption in As-Se glass,” J. Non-Cryst. Solids 17(3), 369–385 (1975). [CrossRef]
• F. Smektala, C. Quémard, L. LeNeindre, J. Lucas, A. Barthélémy, and C. De Angelis, “Chalcogenide glasses with large non-linear refractive indices,” J. Non-Cryst. Solids 239(1-3), 139–142 (1998). [CrossRef]
• F. Smektala, C. Quémard, V. Couderc, and A. Barthélémy, “Non-linear optical properties of chalcogenide glasses measured by Z-scan,” J. Non-Cryst. Solids 274(1-3), 232–237 (2000). [CrossRef]
• M. F. Churbanov, “High purity chalcogenide glasses as materials for fiber optics,” J. Non-Cryst. Solids 184, 25–29 (1995). [CrossRef]

J. Opt. Soc. Am.

• R. Frerichs, “New optical glasses with good transparency in the infrared,” J. Opt. Soc. Am. 43(12), 1153–1157 (1953). [CrossRef]

J. Optoelectron.Adv. Mater.

• M. F. Churbanov, I. V. Scripatchev, G. E. Snopatin, V. S. Shiryaev, and V. G. Plotnichenko, “High purity glasses based on arsenic chalcogenides,” J. Optoelectron.Adv. Mater. 3, 341–349 (2001).

Jpn. J. Appl. Phys.

• S. Shibata, T. Manabe, and M. Horiguchi, “Preparation of Ge-S Glass Fibers with Reduced OH, SH Content,” Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 20(1), 13–16 (1981). [CrossRef]

Mater. Res. Bull.

• S. Shibata, Y. Terunuma, and T. Manabe, “Sulfide glass fibers for infrared transmission,” Mater. Res. Bull. 16(6), 703–714 (1981). [CrossRef]

Nature

• J. C. Knight, “Photonic crystal fibres,” Nature 424(6950), 847–851 (2003). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

Opt. Commun.

• G. Boudebs, F. Sanchez, J. Troles, and F. Smektala, “Nonlinear optical properties of chalcogenide glasses: comparison between Mach–Zehnder interferometry and Z-scan techniques,” Opt. Commun. 199(5-6), 425–433 (2001). [CrossRef]
• C. Finot, T. N. Nguyen, J. Fatome, T. Chartier, L. Bramerie, M. Gay, S. Pitois, and J. C. Simon, “Numerical study of an optical regenerator exploiting self-phase modulation and spectral offset filtering at 40 Gbit/s,” Opt. Commun. 281(8), 2252–2264 (2008). [CrossRef]

Opt. Express

• M. Liao, C. Chaudhari, G. Qin, X. Yan, T. Suzuki, and Y. Ohishi, “Tellurite microstructure fibers with small hexagonal core for supercontinuum generation,” Opt. Express 17(14), 12174–12182 (2009). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
• L. Fu, M. Rochette, V. Ta’eed, D. Moss, and B. Eggleton, “Investigation of self-phase modulation based optical regeneration in single mode As2Se3 chalcogenide glass fiber,” Opt. Express 13(19), 7637–7644 (2005). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
• L. A. Provost, C. Finot, P. Petropoulos, K. Mukasa, and D. J. Richardson, “Design scaling rules for 2R-optical self-phase modulation-based regenerators,” Opt. Express 15(8), 5100–5113 (2007). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
• M. El-Amraoui, J. Fatome, J. C. Jules, B. Kibler, G. Gadret, C. Fortier, F. Smektala, I. Skripatchev, C. F. Polacchini, Y. Messaddeq, J. Troles, L. Brilland, M. Szpulak, and G. Renversez, “Strong infrared spectral broadening in low-loss As-S chalcogenide suspended core microstructured optical fibers,” Opt. Express 18(5), 4547–4556 (2010). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
• M. R. E. Lamont, B. Luther-Davies, D. Y. Choi, S. Madden, and B. J. Eggleton, “Supercontinuum generation in dispersion engineered highly nonlinear (γ = 10 /W/m) As2S3) chalcogenide planar waveguide,” Opt. Express 16(19), 14938–14944 (2008). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

Opt. Lett.

• J. C. Knight, T. A. Birks, P. St. J. Russell, and D. M. Atkin, “All-silica single-mode optical fiber with photonic crystal cladding,” Opt. Lett. 21(19), 1547–1549 (1996). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

Optoelectron. Adv. Mate. Rapid Commun.

• G. E. Snopatin, M. F. Churbanov, A. A. Pushkin, V. V. Gerasimenko, E. M. Dianov, and V. G. Plotnichenko, “High purity arsenic-sulfide glasses and fibers with minimum attenuation of 12 dB/km,” Optoelectron. Adv. Mate. Rapid Commun. 3(7), 669–671 (2009).

Phys. Rev. B

• D. L. Wood and J. Tauc, “Weak absorption tails in amorphous semiconductors,” Phys. Rev. B 5(8), 3144–3151 (1972). [CrossRef]

Russ. High Purity Substances J.

• G. G. Devyatykh, E. M. Dianov, V. G. Plotnichenko, I. V. Scripachev, and M. F. Churbanov, “Fiber waveguides from high purity chalcogenide glass,” Russ. High Purity Substances J. 1, 7–36 (1991).

Russ. High Purity Substances J..

• V. G. Borisevich, V. G. Plotnichenko, I. V. Scripachev, and M. F. Churbanov, “Extension coefficient of SH groups in vitreous arsenic sulphide,” Russ. High Purity Substances J.. 4, 759–762 (1990).

Science

• P. St. J. Russell, “Photonic crystal fibers,” Science 299(5605), 358–362 (2003). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

SPIE

• F. Smektala, F. Désévédavy, L. Brilland, P. Houizot, J. Troles, and N. Traynor, “Advances in the elaboration of chalcogenide photonic crystal fibers for the mid infrared,” SPIE 6588, 58803 (2007).

Other

• G. P. Agrawal, Application of nonlinear fiber optics”, Academic Press, Boston (2001).
• M. C. J. Large, L. Poladian, G. Barton, and M. Eijkelenborg, “Microstructured polymer optical fibers”, Springer (2008).
• G. G. Devyatykh, M. F. Churbanov, I. V. Scripachev, G. E. Snopatin, E. M. Dianov, and V. G. Plotnichenko, “Recent developments in As-S glass fibres,” J. of Non-Cryst. Solids 256&257, 318–22 (1999).
• P. V. Mamyshev, “All-optical data regeneration based on self-phase modulation effect,” Proc. European Conference on Optical Communication, ECOC 98, 475–476 (1998).

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