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Near-field and far-field analysis of an azimuthally polarized slow Bloch mode microlaserThanh-Phong Vo, Adel Rahmani, Ali Belarouci, Christian Seassal, Dusan Nedeljkovic, and Ségolène Callard »View Author Affiliations
Thanh-Phong Vo,1
Adel Rahmani,2
Ali Belarouci,1
Christian Seassal,1
Dusan Nedeljkovic,3
and Ségolène Callard1,*
1Université de Lyon, Institut des nanotechnologies de Lyon INL-UMR 5270,CNRS, Ecole Centrale de Lyon, Avenue Guy de Collongue, F-69134 Cedex, France 2Department of Mathematical Science, University of Technology, Sydney, NSW 2007 Australia 3Lovalite s.a.s.18 rue Alain Savary, 25000 Besançon, France *Corresponding author: segolene.callard@ec-lyon.fr |
Optics Express, Vol. 18, Issue 26, pp. 26879-26886 (2010)
http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/OE.18.026879
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Abstract
We report on the near- and far-field investigation of the slow Bloch modes associated with the Γ point of the Brillouin zone, for a honeycomb lattice photonic crystal, using near-field scanning optical microscopy (NSOM) and infra-red CCD camera. The array of doughnut-shaped monopolar mode (mode M) inside each unit cell, predicted previously by numerical simulation, is experimentally observed in the near-field by means of a metal-coated NSOM tip. In far-field, we detect the azimuthal polarization of the doughnut laser beam due to destructive and constructive interference of the mode radiating from the surface (mode TEM01*). A divergence of 2° for the laser beam and a mode size of (12.8 ± 1) µm for the slow Bloch mode at the surface of the crystal are also estimated.
© 2010 OSA
OCIS Codes
(250.7270) Optoelectronics : Vertical emitting lasers
(350.4238) Other areas of optics : Nanophotonics and photonic crystals
(180.4243) Microscopy : Near-field microscopy
ToC Category:
Lasers and Laser Optics
History
Original Manuscript: October 19, 2010
Revised Manuscript: November 25, 2010
Manuscript Accepted: December 1, 2010
Published: December 4, 2010
Citation
Thanh-Phong Vo, Adel Rahmani, Ali Belarouci, Christian Seassal, Dusan Nedeljkovic, and Ségolène Callard, "Near-field and far-field analysis of an azimuthally polarized slow Bloch mode microlaser," Opt. Express 18, 26879-26886 (2010)
http://www.opticsinfobase.org/oe/abstract.cfm?URI=oe-18-26-26879
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References
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- E. Miyai, K. Sakai, T. Okano, W. Kunishi, D. Ohnishi, and S. Noda, “Photonics: lasers producing tailored beams,” Nature 441(7096), 946 (2006). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- S.-H. Kwon and Y.-H. Lee, “High Index-Contrast 2D Photonic Band-Edge Laser,” IEICE Trans. Electron. 87, 308 (2004).
- C. Monat, C. Seassal, X. Letartre, P. Regreny, M. Gendry, P. R Romeo, P. Viktorovitch, M. Le Vassor d'Yerville, D. Cassagne, J. P. Albert, E. Jalaguier, S. Pocas, and B. Aspar, “Two-dimensional hexagonal-shaped microcavities formed in a two-dimensional photonic crystal on an InP membrane,” J. Appl. Phys. 93(1), 23 (2003). [CrossRef]
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- P. Viktorovitch, B. B. Bakir, S. Boutami, J. L. Leclercq, X. Letartre, P. R. Romeo, C. Seassal, M. Zussy, L. Di Cioccio, and J. M. Fedeli, “3-D harnessing of light with 2.5 D photonic Crystals,” Laser Photon. Rev. 4(3), 401–413 (2010). [CrossRef]
- X. Letartre, J. Mouette, J. L. Leclercq, P. R. Romeo, C. Seassal, and P. Viktorovitch, “Switching devices with spatial and spectral resolution combining photonic crystal and MOEMS structures,” J. Lightwave Technol. 21(7), 1691–1699 (2003). [CrossRef]
- S.-H. Kwon and Y.-H. Lee, “High Index-Contrast 2D Photonic Band-Edge Laser,” IEICE Trans. Electron. 87, 308 (2004).
- B. B. Bakir, Ch. X. Letartre, P. Viktorovitch, M. Zussy, L. Di Cioccio, and J. M. Fedeli, “Surface-emitting microlaser combining two-dimensional photonic crystal membrane and vertical Bragg mirror,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 88, 8 (2006).
- P. Viktorovitch, B. B. Bakir, S. Boutami, J. L. Leclercq, X. Letartre, P. R. Romeo, C. Seassal, M. Zussy, L. Di Cioccio, and J. M. Fedeli, “3-D harnessing of light with 2.5 D photonic Crystals,” Laser Photon. Rev. 4(3), 401–413 (2010). [CrossRef]
- A. Belarouci, T. Benyattou, X. Letartre, and P. Viktorovitch, “3D light harnessing based on coupling engineering between 1D-2D Photonic Crystal membranes and metallic nano-antenna,” Opt. Express 18(S3), A381–A394 (2010). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- F. Raineri, C. Cojocaru, R. Raj, P. Monnier, A. Levenson, C. Seassal, X. Letartre, and P. Viktorovitch, “Tuning a two-dimensional photonic crystal resonance via optical carrier injection,” Opt. Lett. 30(1), 64–66 (2005). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- N. Louvion, D. Gérard, J. Mouette, F. de Fornel, C. Seassal, X. Letartre, A. Rahmani, and S. Callard, “Local observation and spectroscopy of optical modes in an active photonic-crystal microcavity,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 94(11), 113907 (2005). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- C. Monat, C. Seassal, X. Letartre, P. Regreny, M. Gendry, P. R Romeo, P. Viktorovitch, M. Le Vassor d'Yerville, D. Cassagne, J. P. Albert, E. Jalaguier, S. Pocas, and B. Aspar, “Two-dimensional hexagonal-shaped microcavities formed in a two-dimensional photonic crystal on an InP membrane,” J. Appl. Phys. 93(1), 23 (2003). [CrossRef]
- X. Letartre, J. Mouette, J. L. Leclercq, P. R. Romeo, C. Seassal, and P. Viktorovitch, “Switching devices with spatial and spectral resolution combining photonic crystal and MOEMS structures,” J. Lightwave Technol. 21(7), 1691–1699 (2003). [CrossRef]
- C. Monat, C. Seassal, X. Letartre, P. Regreny, P. Rojo Romeo, P. Viktorovitch, M. Le Vassor d'Yerville, D. Cassagne, J. P. Albert, E. Jalaguier, S. Pocas, and B. Aspar, “InP-based two-dimensionnal photonic crystal on silicon: InP-plane Bloch mode laser,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 81(27), 5102 (2002). [CrossRef]
- N. Louvion, D. Gérard, J. Mouette, F. de Fornel, C. Seassal, X. Letartre, A. Rahmani, and S. Callard, “Local observation and spectroscopy of optical modes in an active photonic-crystal microcavity,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 94(11), 113907 (2005). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- G. Machavariani, Y. Lumer, I. Moshe, and S. Jackel, “Transforming the (0,1)* LG mode with radial polarization to a nearly Gaussian beam by use of a spiral phase element and spatial filter,” Proc. SPIE 6346, 63461W (2006). [CrossRef]
- G. Machavariani, Y. Lumer, I. Moshe, and S. Jackel, “Transforming the (0,1)* LG mode with radial polarization to a nearly Gaussian beam by use of a spiral phase element and spatial filter,” Proc. SPIE 6346, 63461W (2006). [CrossRef]
- E. Miyai, K. Sakai, T. Okano, W. Kunishi, D. Ohnishi, and S. Noda, “Photonics: lasers producing tailored beams,” Nature 441(7096), 946 (2006). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- K. Sakai, E. Miyai, T. Sakaguchi, D. Ohnishi, T. Okano, and S. Noda, “Lasing band-edge identification for a surface-emitting photonic crystal laser,” IEEE J. Sel. Areas Comm. 23(7), 1335–1340 (2005). [CrossRef]
- C. Monat, C. Seassal, X. Letartre, P. Regreny, M. Gendry, P. R Romeo, P. Viktorovitch, M. Le Vassor d'Yerville, D. Cassagne, J. P. Albert, E. Jalaguier, S. Pocas, and B. Aspar, “Two-dimensional hexagonal-shaped microcavities formed in a two-dimensional photonic crystal on an InP membrane,” J. Appl. Phys. 93(1), 23 (2003). [CrossRef]
- C. Monat, C. Seassal, X. Letartre, P. Regreny, P. Rojo Romeo, P. Viktorovitch, M. Le Vassor d'Yerville, D. Cassagne, J. P. Albert, E. Jalaguier, S. Pocas, and B. Aspar, “InP-based two-dimensionnal photonic crystal on silicon: InP-plane Bloch mode laser,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 81(27), 5102 (2002). [CrossRef]
- G. Machavariani, Y. Lumer, I. Moshe, and S. Jackel, “Transforming the (0,1)* LG mode with radial polarization to a nearly Gaussian beam by use of a spiral phase element and spatial filter,” Proc. SPIE 6346, 63461W (2006). [CrossRef]
- N. Louvion, D. Gérard, J. Mouette, F. de Fornel, C. Seassal, X. Letartre, A. Rahmani, and S. Callard, “Local observation and spectroscopy of optical modes in an active photonic-crystal microcavity,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 94(11), 113907 (2005). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- X. Letartre, J. Mouette, J. L. Leclercq, P. R. Romeo, C. Seassal, and P. Viktorovitch, “Switching devices with spatial and spectral resolution combining photonic crystal and MOEMS structures,” J. Lightwave Technol. 21(7), 1691–1699 (2003). [CrossRef]
- K. Sakai and S. Noda, “Optical trapping of metal particles in doughnut-shaped beam emitted by photonic-crystal laser,” Electron. Lett. 43(2), 107 (2007). [CrossRef]
- E. Miyai, K. Sakai, T. Okano, W. Kunishi, D. Ohnishi, and S. Noda, “Photonics: lasers producing tailored beams,” Nature 441(7096), 946 (2006). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- K. Sakai, E. Miyai, T. Sakaguchi, D. Ohnishi, T. Okano, and S. Noda, “Lasing band-edge identification for a surface-emitting photonic crystal laser,” IEEE J. Sel. Areas Comm. 23(7), 1335–1340 (2005). [CrossRef]
- M. Notomi, “Manipulating light with strongly modulated photonic crystals,” Rep. Prog. Phys. 73(9), 096501 (2010). [CrossRef]
- E. Miyai, K. Sakai, T. Okano, W. Kunishi, D. Ohnishi, and S. Noda, “Photonics: lasers producing tailored beams,” Nature 441(7096), 946 (2006). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- K. Sakai, E. Miyai, T. Sakaguchi, D. Ohnishi, T. Okano, and S. Noda, “Lasing band-edge identification for a surface-emitting photonic crystal laser,” IEEE J. Sel. Areas Comm. 23(7), 1335–1340 (2005). [CrossRef]
- E. Miyai, K. Sakai, T. Okano, W. Kunishi, D. Ohnishi, and S. Noda, “Photonics: lasers producing tailored beams,” Nature 441(7096), 946 (2006). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- K. Sakai, E. Miyai, T. Sakaguchi, D. Ohnishi, T. Okano, and S. Noda, “Lasing band-edge identification for a surface-emitting photonic crystal laser,” IEEE J. Sel. Areas Comm. 23(7), 1335–1340 (2005). [CrossRef]
- C. Monat, C. Seassal, X. Letartre, P. Regreny, M. Gendry, P. R Romeo, P. Viktorovitch, M. Le Vassor d'Yerville, D. Cassagne, J. P. Albert, E. Jalaguier, S. Pocas, and B. Aspar, “Two-dimensional hexagonal-shaped microcavities formed in a two-dimensional photonic crystal on an InP membrane,” J. Appl. Phys. 93(1), 23 (2003). [CrossRef]
- C. Monat, C. Seassal, X. Letartre, P. Regreny, P. Rojo Romeo, P. Viktorovitch, M. Le Vassor d'Yerville, D. Cassagne, J. P. Albert, E. Jalaguier, S. Pocas, and B. Aspar, “InP-based two-dimensionnal photonic crystal on silicon: InP-plane Bloch mode laser,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 81(27), 5102 (2002). [CrossRef]
- G. Le Gac, A. Rahmani, C. Seassal, E. Picard, E. Hadji, and S. Callard, “Tuning of an active photonic crystal cavity by an hybrid silica/silicon near-field probe,” Opt. Express 17(24), 21672–21679 (2009). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- F. Bordas, M. J. Steel, C. Seassal, and A. Rahmani, “Confinement of band-edge modes in a photonic crystal slab,” Opt. Express 15(17), 10890–10902 (2007). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- N. Louvion, D. Gérard, J. Mouette, F. de Fornel, C. Seassal, X. Letartre, A. Rahmani, and S. Callard, “Local observation and spectroscopy of optical modes in an active photonic-crystal microcavity,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 94(11), 113907 (2005). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
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- C. Monat, C. Seassal, X. Letartre, P. Regreny, M. Gendry, P. R Romeo, P. Viktorovitch, M. Le Vassor d'Yerville, D. Cassagne, J. P. Albert, E. Jalaguier, S. Pocas, and B. Aspar, “Two-dimensional hexagonal-shaped microcavities formed in a two-dimensional photonic crystal on an InP membrane,” J. Appl. Phys. 93(1), 23 (2003). [CrossRef]
- P. Viktorovitch, B. B. Bakir, S. Boutami, J. L. Leclercq, X. Letartre, P. R. Romeo, C. Seassal, M. Zussy, L. Di Cioccio, and J. M. Fedeli, “3-D harnessing of light with 2.5 D photonic Crystals,” Laser Photon. Rev. 4(3), 401–413 (2010). [CrossRef]
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- K. Sakai, E. Miyai, T. Sakaguchi, D. Ohnishi, T. Okano, and S. Noda, “Lasing band-edge identification for a surface-emitting photonic crystal laser,” IEEE J. Sel. Areas Comm. 23(7), 1335–1340 (2005). [CrossRef]
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- F. Bordas, M. J. Steel, C. Seassal, and A. Rahmani, “Confinement of band-edge modes in a photonic crystal slab,” Opt. Express 15(17), 10890–10902 (2007). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- N. Louvion, D. Gérard, J. Mouette, F. de Fornel, C. Seassal, X. Letartre, A. Rahmani, and S. Callard, “Local observation and spectroscopy of optical modes in an active photonic-crystal microcavity,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 94(11), 113907 (2005). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- F. Raineri, C. Cojocaru, R. Raj, P. Monnier, A. Levenson, C. Seassal, X. Letartre, and P. Viktorovitch, “Tuning a two-dimensional photonic crystal resonance via optical carrier injection,” Opt. Lett. 30(1), 64–66 (2005). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
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- C. Monat, C. Seassal, X. Letartre, P. Regreny, M. Gendry, P. R Romeo, P. Viktorovitch, M. Le Vassor d'Yerville, D. Cassagne, J. P. Albert, E. Jalaguier, S. Pocas, and B. Aspar, “Two-dimensional hexagonal-shaped microcavities formed in a two-dimensional photonic crystal on an InP membrane,” J. Appl. Phys. 93(1), 23 (2003). [CrossRef]
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Appl. Opt.
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Electron. Lett.
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IEEE J. Sel. Areas Comm.
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Laser Photon. Rev.
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Nature
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Opt. Express
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- A. Belarouci, T. Benyattou, X. Letartre, and P. Viktorovitch, “3D light harnessing based on coupling engineering between 1D-2D Photonic Crystal membranes and metallic nano-antenna,” Opt. Express 18(S3), A381–A394 (2010). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
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Phys. Rev. Lett.
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Proc. SPIE
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2010, Notomi, Rep. Prog. Phys.
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- K. Sakai and S. Noda, “Optical trapping of metal particles in doughnut-shaped beam emitted by photonic-crystal laser,” Electron. Lett. 43(2), 107 (2007). [CrossRef]
- E. Miyai, K. Sakai, T. Okano, W. Kunishi, D. Ohnishi, and S. Noda, “Photonics: lasers producing tailored beams,” Nature 441(7096), 946 (2006). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- B. B. Bakir, Ch. X. Letartre, P. Viktorovitch, M. Zussy, L. Di Cioccio, and J. M. Fedeli, “Surface-emitting microlaser combining two-dimensional photonic crystal membrane and vertical Bragg mirror,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 88, 8 (2006).
- G. Machavariani, Y. Lumer, I. Moshe, and S. Jackel, “Transforming the (0,1)* LG mode with radial polarization to a nearly Gaussian beam by use of a spiral phase element and spatial filter,” Proc. SPIE 6346, 63461W (2006). [CrossRef]
- K. Sakai, E. Miyai, T. Sakaguchi, D. Ohnishi, T. Okano, and S. Noda, “Lasing band-edge identification for a surface-emitting photonic crystal laser,” IEEE J. Sel. Areas Comm. 23(7), 1335–1340 (2005). [CrossRef]
- N. Louvion, D. Gérard, J. Mouette, F. de Fornel, C. Seassal, X. Letartre, A. Rahmani, and S. Callard, “Local observation and spectroscopy of optical modes in an active photonic-crystal microcavity,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 94(11), 113907 (2005). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- S.-H. Kwon and Y.-H. Lee, “High Index-Contrast 2D Photonic Band-Edge Laser,” IEICE Trans. Electron. 87, 308 (2004).
- C. Monat, C. Seassal, X. Letartre, P. Regreny, M. Gendry, P. R Romeo, P. Viktorovitch, M. Le Vassor d'Yerville, D. Cassagne, J. P. Albert, E. Jalaguier, S. Pocas, and B. Aspar, “Two-dimensional hexagonal-shaped microcavities formed in a two-dimensional photonic crystal on an InP membrane,” J. Appl. Phys. 93(1), 23 (2003). [CrossRef]
- C. Monat, C. Seassal, X. Letartre, P. Regreny, P. Rojo Romeo, P. Viktorovitch, M. Le Vassor d'Yerville, D. Cassagne, J. P. Albert, E. Jalaguier, S. Pocas, and B. Aspar, “InP-based two-dimensionnal photonic crystal on silicon: InP-plane Bloch mode laser,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 81(27), 5102 (2002). [CrossRef]
- R. Stöckle, C. Fokas, V. Deckert, R. Zenobi, B. Sick, B. Hecht, and U. P. Wild, “High-quality near-field optical probes by tube etching,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 75(2), 160 (1999). [CrossRef]
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