Controllable energy transfer in fluorescence upconversion of NdF<sub>3</sub> and NaNdF<sub>4</sub> nanocrystals

doi:10.1364/OE.18.003364

Controllable energy transfer in fluorescence upconversion of NdF₃ and NaNdF₄ nanocrystals

M. Li, Z.-H. Hao, X.-N. Peng, J.-B. Li, X.-F. Yu, and Q.-Q. Wang »View Author Affiliations

Optics Express, Vol. 18, Issue 4, pp. 3364-3369 (2010)
http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/OE.18.003364

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Abstract

The synthesized Nd fluoride nanocrystals exhibited different upconversion behaviors as dispersed and aggregated samples due to the different energy transfer mechanisms. When they were dispersed in water, the NaNdF₄ nanocrystals exhibited ~400 times stronger upconversion fluorescence than the NdF₃ nanocrystals. Remarkable upconversion behaviors were found when the nanocrystals were aggregated in the films. For the NdF₃ nanocrystals, the energy transfer processes ⁴I_13/2 ← ⁴F_3/2 → ⁴G_7/2 in the films generated avalanche upconversion emissions with a high slope of ~12.0, which could be due to the large avalanche cross relaxation rates and spectral broadening effect. In contrast, the spectral broadening effect in the NaNdF₄ NCs films increased the energy transfer ⁴I_15/2 ← ⁴F_3/2 → ⁴G_5/2 of the Nd³⁺ ions, and induced a new upconversion emission at ~680 nm with the slope increased from 1.0 to 3.2.

OCIS Codes
(190.7220) Nonlinear optics : Upconversion
(300.2530) Spectroscopy : Fluorescence, laser-induced
(160.4236) Materials : Nanomaterials

ToC Category:
Nonlinear Optics

History
Original Manuscript: November 23, 2009
Revised Manuscript: December 26, 2009
Manuscript Accepted: January 20, 2010
Published: February 2, 2010

Citation
M. Li, Z.-H. Hao, X.-N. Peng, J.-B. Li, X.-F. Yu, and Q.-Q. Wang, "Controllable energy transfer in fluorescence upconversion of NdF₃ and NaNdF₄ nanocrystals," Opt. Express 18, 3364-3369 (2010)
http://www.opticsinfobase.org/oe/abstract.cfm?URI=oe-18-4-3364

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References

H. X. Zhang, C. H. Kam, Y. Zhou, X. Q. Han, S. Buddhudu, Q. Xiang, Y. L. Lam, and Y. C. Chan, “Green upconversion luminescence in Er3+:BaTiO3 films,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 77(5), 609–611 (2000). [CrossRef]
S. F. Lim, R. Riehn, W. S. Ryu, N. Khanarian, C. K. Tung, D. Tank, and R. H. Austin, “In vivo and scanning electron microscopy imaging of up-converting nanophosphors in Caenorhabditis elegans,” Nano Lett. 6(2), 169–174 (2006). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
S. Sivakumar, F. C. J. M. van Veggel, and P. S. May, “Near-infrared (NIR) to red and green up-conversion emission from silica sol-gel thin films made with La0.45Yb0.50Er0.05F3 nanoparticles, hetero-looping-enhanced energy transfer (Hetero-LEET): a new up-conversion process,” J. Am. Chem. Soc. 129(3), 620–625 (2007). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
C. J. Sun, Z. Xu, B. Hu, G. S. Yi, G. M. Chow, and J. Shen, “Application of NaYF4:Yb, Er upconversion fluorescence nanocrystals for solution-processed near infrared photodetectors,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 91(19), 191113 (2007). [CrossRef]
B. Ahrens, P. T. Miclea, and S. Schweizer, “Upconverted fluorescence in Nd3+-doped barium chloride single crystals,” J. Phys. Condens. Matter 21(12), 125501 (2009). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
D. K. Chatterjee, A. J. Rufaihah, and Y. Zhang, “Upconversion fluorescence imaging of cells and small animals using lanthanide doped nanocrystals,” Biomaterials 29(7), 937–943 (2008). [CrossRef]
A. A. Kaminskii, Laser Crystals, 2nd ed., Springer Series in Optical Sciences Vol. 14, edited by D. L. MacAdam (Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1990).
M. J. Weber, “Science and technology of laser glass,” J. Non-Cryst. Solids 123(1-3), 208–222 (1990). [CrossRef]
S. Guy, M. F. Joubert, B. Jacquier, and M. Bouazaoui, “Excited-state absorption in BaY2F8:Nd3+,” Phys. Rev. B 47(17), 11001–11006 (1993). [CrossRef]
C. Jacinto, S. L. Oliveira, T. Catundab, A. A. Andrade, J. D. Myers, and M. J. Myers, “Upconversion effect on fluorescence quantum efficiency and heat generation in Nd3+-doped materials,” Opt. Express 13(6), 2040–2046 (2005). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
R. Balda, M. Sanz, A. Mendioroz, J. Fernández, L. S. Griscom, and J. L. Adam, “Infrared-to-visible upconversion in Nd3+-doped chalcohalide glasses,” Phys. Rev. B 64(14), 144101 (2001). [CrossRef]
Y. Guyot, H. Manaa, J. Y. Rivoire, R. Moncorgé, N. Garnier, E. Descroix, M. Bon, and P. Laporte, “Excited-state-absorption and upconversion studies of Nd3+-doped single crystals Y3Al5O12,YLiF4, and LaMgAl11O19,” Phys. Rev. B 51(2), 784–799 (1995). [CrossRef]
T. Chuang and H. R. Verdún, “Energy-transfer up-conversion and excited-state absorption of laser-radiation in Nd:YLF laser crystals,” IEEE J. Quantum Electron. 32(1), 79–91 (1996). [CrossRef]
X. Wang, J. Song, H. Sun, Z. Xu, and J. Qiu, “Multiphoton-excited upconversion luminescence of Nd:YVO(4).,” Opt. Express 15(3), 1384–1389 (2007). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
A. Mendioroz, R. Balda, M. Voda, M. Al-Saleh, and J. Fernández, “Infrared to visible and ultraviolet upconversion processes in Nd3+-doped potassium lead chloride crystal,” Opt. Mater. 26(4), 351–357 (2004). [CrossRef]
O. S. Wenger, D. R. Gamelin, H. U. Güdel, A. V. Butashin, and A. A. Kaminskii, “Site-selective yellow to violet and near-infrared to green upconversion in BaLu2F8:Nd3+,” Phys. Rev. B 61(24), 16530–16537 (2000). [CrossRef]
J. Fernández, R. Balda, A. Mendioroz, M. Sanz, and J. L. Adam, “Upconversion processes in Nd3+-doped fluorochloride glasses,” J. Non-Cryst. Solids 287(1-3), 437–443 (2001). [CrossRef]
D. L. Russell and K. Holliday, “Upconversion and energy transfer dynamics in Nd3+: KLiYF5,” Opt. Commun. 191(3-6), 277–294 (2001). [CrossRef]
L. de S. Menezes, C. B. de Araújo, G. S. Maciel, Y. Messaddeq, and M. A. Aegerter, “Continuous wave ultraviolet frequency upconversion due to triads of Nd3+ ions in fluoroindate glass,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 70(6), 683–685 (1997). [CrossRef]
O. V. Kudryavtseva, L. S. Garashina, K. K. Rivkina, and B. P. Sobolev, “Solubility of LnF3 in lanthanum fluoride,” Sov. Phys. Crystallogr. 18, 531 (1974).
N. O. Nuñez and M. Ocaña, “An ionic liquid based synthesis method for uniform luminescent lanthanide ﬂuoride nanoparticles,” Nanotechnology 18(45), 455606 (2007). [CrossRef]
L. Zhu, Q. Li, X. Liu, J. Li, Y. Zhang, J. Meng, and X. Cao, “Morphological Control and Luminescent Properties of CeF3 Nanocrystals,” J. Phys. Chem. C 111(16), 5898–5903 (2007). [CrossRef]
H. Deng, S. H. Yang, S. Xiao, H. M. Gong, and Q. Q. Wang, “Controlled synthesis and upconverted avalanche luminescence of cerium(III) and neodymium(III) orthovanadate nanocrystals with high uniformity of size and shape,” J. Am. Chem. Soc. 130(6), 2032–2040 (2008). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
R. B. Yu, K. H. Yu, W. Wei, X. Xu, X. Qiu, S. Liu, W. Huang, G. Tang, H. Ford, and B. Peng, “Nd2O3 nanoparticles modified with a silane coupling agent as a liquid laser medium,” Adv. Mater. 19(6), 838–842 (2007). [CrossRef]
X. F. Yu, L. D. Chen, M. Li, M. Y. Xie, L. Zhou, Y. Li, and Q. Q. Wang, “Highly efficient fluorescence of NdF3/SiO2 Core/Shell nanoparticles and the applications for in vivo NIR detection,” Adv. Mater. 20(21), 4118–4123 (2008). [CrossRef]
H. Yang, H. Wang, H. M. Luo, D. M. Feldmann, P. C. Dowden, R. F. DePaula, and Q. X. Jia, “Structural and dielectric properties of epitaxial Sm2O3 thin films,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 92(6), 062905 (2008). [CrossRef]
M. Y. Xie, X. N. Peng, X. F. Fu, J. J. Zhang, G. L. Li, and X. F. Yu, “Synthesis of Yb3+/Er3+ co-doped MnF2 nanocrystals with bright red up-converted fluorescence,” Scr. Mater. 60(3), 190–193 (2009). [CrossRef]
W. F. Auzel, “Optical constants of the noble metals,” Proc. IEEE 61, 758–787 (1973). [CrossRef]
F. Wang and X. Liu, “Recent advances in the chemistry of lanthanide-doped upconversion nanocrystals,” Chem. Soc. Rev. 38(4), 976–989 (2009). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
G. A. Kumar, C. W. Chen, J. Ballato, and R. E. Riman, “Optical characterization of infrared emitting rare-earth-doped fluoride nanocrystals and their transparent nanocomposites,” Chem. Mater. 19(6), 1523–1528 (2007). [CrossRef]
M.-Y. Xie, L. Yu, H. He, and X.-F. Yu, “Synthesis of highly fluorescent LaF3:Ln3+/LaF3 core/shell nanocrystals by a surfactant-free aqueous solution route,” J. Solid State Chem. 182(3), 597–601 (2009). [CrossRef]
B. R. Reddy and P. Venkateswarlu, “Quenching, thermalisation and energy up-conversion in LaF3:Nd3+,” J. Phys. C Solid State Phys. 18(20), 3873–3879 (1985). [CrossRef]

Adam, J. L.
Aegerter, M. A.
Ahrens, B.
Al-Saleh, M.
Andrade, A. A.
Austin, R. H.
Auzel, W. F.
Balda, R.
Ballato, J.
Bon, M.
Bouazaoui, M.
Buddhudu, S.
Butashin, A. V.
Cao, X.
Catundab, T.
Chan, Y. C.
Chatterjee, D. K.
Chen, C. W.
Chen, L. D.
Chow, G. M.
Chuang, T.
de Araújo, C. B.
Deng, H.
DePaula, R. F.
Descroix, E.
Dowden, P. C.
Feldmann, D. M.
Fernández, J.
Ford, H.
Fu, X. F.
Gamelin, D. R.
Garashina, L. S.
Garnier, N.
Gong, H. M.
Griscom, L. S.
Güdel, H. U.
Guy, S.
Guyot, Y.
Han, X. Q.
He, H.
Holliday, K.
Hu, B.
Huang, W.
Jacinto, C.
Jacquier, B.
Jia, Q. X.
Joubert, M. F.
Kam, C. H.
Kaminskii, A. A.
Khanarian, N.
Kudryavtseva, O. V.
Kumar, G. A.
Lam, Y. L.
Laporte, P.
Li, G. L.
Li, J.
Li, M.
Li, Q.
Li, Y.
Lim, S. F.
Liu, S.
Liu, X.
Luo, H. M.
Maciel, G. S.
Manaa, H.
May, P. S.
Mendioroz, A.
Menezes, L. de S.
Meng, J.
Messaddeq, Y.
Miclea, P. T.
Moncorgé, R.
Myers, J. D.
Myers, M. J.
Nuñez, N. O.
Ocaña, M.
Oliveira, S. L.
Peng, B.
Peng, X. N.
Qiu, J.
Qiu, X.
Reddy, B. R.
Riehn, R.
Riman, R. E.
Rivkina, K. K.
Rivoire, J. Y.
Rufaihah, A. J.
Russell, D. L.
Ryu, W. S.
Sanz, M.
Schweizer, S.
Shen, J.
Sivakumar, S.
Sobolev, B. P.
Song, J.
Sun, C. J.
Sun, H.
Tang, G.
Tank, D.
Tung, C. K.
van Veggel, F. C. J. M.
Venkateswarlu, P.
Verdún, H. R.
Voda, M.
Wang, F.
Wang, H.
Wang, Q. Q.
Wang, X.
Weber, M. J.
Wei, W.
Wenger, O. S.
Xiang, Q.
Xiao, S.
Xie, M. Y.
Xie, M.-Y.
Xu, X.
Xu, Z.
Yang, H.
Yang, S. H.
Yi, G. S.
Yu, K. H.
Yu, L.
Yu, R. B.
Yu, X. F.
Yu, X.-F.
Zhang, H. X.
Zhang, J. J.
Zhang, Y.
Zhou, L.
Zhou, Y.
Zhu, L.

Adv. Mater.

R. B. Yu, K. H. Yu, W. Wei, X. Xu, X. Qiu, S. Liu, W. Huang, G. Tang, H. Ford, and B. Peng, “Nd2O3 nanoparticles modified with a silane coupling agent as a liquid laser medium,” Adv. Mater. 19(6), 838–842 (2007). [CrossRef]
X. F. Yu, L. D. Chen, M. Li, M. Y. Xie, L. Zhou, Y. Li, and Q. Q. Wang, “Highly efficient fluorescence of NdF3/SiO2 Core/Shell nanoparticles and the applications for in vivo NIR detection,” Adv. Mater. 20(21), 4118–4123 (2008). [CrossRef]

Appl. Phys. Lett.

H. Yang, H. Wang, H. M. Luo, D. M. Feldmann, P. C. Dowden, R. F. DePaula, and Q. X. Jia, “Structural and dielectric properties of epitaxial Sm2O3 thin films,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 92(6), 062905 (2008). [CrossRef]
L. de S. Menezes, C. B. de Araújo, G. S. Maciel, Y. Messaddeq, and M. A. Aegerter, “Continuous wave ultraviolet frequency upconversion due to triads of Nd3+ ions in fluoroindate glass,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 70(6), 683–685 (1997). [CrossRef]
H. X. Zhang, C. H. Kam, Y. Zhou, X. Q. Han, S. Buddhudu, Q. Xiang, Y. L. Lam, and Y. C. Chan, “Green upconversion luminescence in Er3+:BaTiO3 films,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 77(5), 609–611 (2000). [CrossRef]
C. J. Sun, Z. Xu, B. Hu, G. S. Yi, G. M. Chow, and J. Shen, “Application of NaYF4:Yb, Er upconversion fluorescence nanocrystals for solution-processed near infrared photodetectors,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 91(19), 191113 (2007). [CrossRef]

Biomaterials

D. K. Chatterjee, A. J. Rufaihah, and Y. Zhang, “Upconversion fluorescence imaging of cells and small animals using lanthanide doped nanocrystals,” Biomaterials 29(7), 937–943 (2008). [CrossRef]

Chem. Mater.

G. A. Kumar, C. W. Chen, J. Ballato, and R. E. Riman, “Optical characterization of infrared emitting rare-earth-doped fluoride nanocrystals and their transparent nanocomposites,” Chem. Mater. 19(6), 1523–1528 (2007). [CrossRef]

Chem. Soc. Rev.

F. Wang and X. Liu, “Recent advances in the chemistry of lanthanide-doped upconversion nanocrystals,” Chem. Soc. Rev. 38(4), 976–989 (2009). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

IEEE J. Quantum Electron.

T. Chuang and H. R. Verdún, “Energy-transfer up-conversion and excited-state absorption of laser-radiation in Nd:YLF laser crystals,” IEEE J. Quantum Electron. 32(1), 79–91 (1996). [CrossRef]

J. Am. Chem. Soc.

H. Deng, S. H. Yang, S. Xiao, H. M. Gong, and Q. Q. Wang, “Controlled synthesis and upconverted avalanche luminescence of cerium(III) and neodymium(III) orthovanadate nanocrystals with high uniformity of size and shape,” J. Am. Chem. Soc. 130(6), 2032–2040 (2008). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
S. Sivakumar, F. C. J. M. van Veggel, and P. S. May, “Near-infrared (NIR) to red and green up-conversion emission from silica sol-gel thin films made with La0.45Yb0.50Er0.05F3 nanoparticles, hetero-looping-enhanced energy transfer (Hetero-LEET): a new up-conversion process,” J. Am. Chem. Soc. 129(3), 620–625 (2007). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

J. Non-Cryst. Solids

J. Fernández, R. Balda, A. Mendioroz, M. Sanz, and J. L. Adam, “Upconversion processes in Nd3+-doped fluorochloride glasses,” J. Non-Cryst. Solids 287(1-3), 437–443 (2001). [CrossRef]
M. J. Weber, “Science and technology of laser glass,” J. Non-Cryst. Solids 123(1-3), 208–222 (1990). [CrossRef]

J. Phys. C Solid State Phys.

B. R. Reddy and P. Venkateswarlu, “Quenching, thermalisation and energy up-conversion in LaF3:Nd3+,” J. Phys. C Solid State Phys. 18(20), 3873–3879 (1985). [CrossRef]

J. Phys. Chem. C

L. Zhu, Q. Li, X. Liu, J. Li, Y. Zhang, J. Meng, and X. Cao, “Morphological Control and Luminescent Properties of CeF3 Nanocrystals,” J. Phys. Chem. C 111(16), 5898–5903 (2007). [CrossRef]

J. Phys. Condens. Matter

B. Ahrens, P. T. Miclea, and S. Schweizer, “Upconverted fluorescence in Nd3+-doped barium chloride single crystals,” J. Phys. Condens. Matter 21(12), 125501 (2009). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

J. Solid State Chem.

M.-Y. Xie, L. Yu, H. He, and X.-F. Yu, “Synthesis of highly fluorescent LaF3:Ln3+/LaF3 core/shell nanocrystals by a surfactant-free aqueous solution route,” J. Solid State Chem. 182(3), 597–601 (2009). [CrossRef]

Nano Lett.

S. F. Lim, R. Riehn, W. S. Ryu, N. Khanarian, C. K. Tung, D. Tank, and R. H. Austin, “In vivo and scanning electron microscopy imaging of up-converting nanophosphors in Caenorhabditis elegans,” Nano Lett. 6(2), 169–174 (2006). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

Nanotechnology

N. O. Nuñez and M. Ocaña, “An ionic liquid based synthesis method for uniform luminescent lanthanide ﬂuoride nanoparticles,” Nanotechnology 18(45), 455606 (2007). [CrossRef]

Opt. Commun.

D. L. Russell and K. Holliday, “Upconversion and energy transfer dynamics in Nd3+: KLiYF5,” Opt. Commun. 191(3-6), 277–294 (2001). [CrossRef]

Opt. Express

Opt. Mater.

A. Mendioroz, R. Balda, M. Voda, M. Al-Saleh, and J. Fernández, “Infrared to visible and ultraviolet upconversion processes in Nd3+-doped potassium lead chloride crystal,” Opt. Mater. 26(4), 351–357 (2004). [CrossRef]

Phys. Rev. B

O. S. Wenger, D. R. Gamelin, H. U. Güdel, A. V. Butashin, and A. A. Kaminskii, “Site-selective yellow to violet and near-infrared to green upconversion in BaLu2F8:Nd3+,” Phys. Rev. B 61(24), 16530–16537 (2000). [CrossRef]
R. Balda, M. Sanz, A. Mendioroz, J. Fernández, L. S. Griscom, and J. L. Adam, “Infrared-to-visible upconversion in Nd3+-doped chalcohalide glasses,” Phys. Rev. B 64(14), 144101 (2001). [CrossRef]
Y. Guyot, H. Manaa, J. Y. Rivoire, R. Moncorgé, N. Garnier, E. Descroix, M. Bon, and P. Laporte, “Excited-state-absorption and upconversion studies of Nd3+-doped single crystals Y3Al5O12,YLiF4, and LaMgAl11O19,” Phys. Rev. B 51(2), 784–799 (1995). [CrossRef]
S. Guy, M. F. Joubert, B. Jacquier, and M. Bouazaoui, “Excited-state absorption in BaY2F8:Nd3+,” Phys. Rev. B 47(17), 11001–11006 (1993). [CrossRef]

Proc. IEEE

W. F. Auzel, “Optical constants of the noble metals,” Proc. IEEE 61, 758–787 (1973). [CrossRef]

Scr. Mater.

M. Y. Xie, X. N. Peng, X. F. Fu, J. J. Zhang, G. L. Li, and X. F. Yu, “Synthesis of Yb3+/Er3+ co-doped MnF2 nanocrystals with bright red up-converted fluorescence,” Scr. Mater. 60(3), 190–193 (2009). [CrossRef]

Sov. Phys. Crystallogr.

O. V. Kudryavtseva, L. S. Garashina, K. K. Rivkina, and B. P. Sobolev, “Solubility of LnF3 in lanthanum fluoride,” Sov. Phys. Crystallogr. 18, 531 (1974).

Other

A. A. Kaminskii, Laser Crystals, 2nd ed., Springer Series in Optical Sciences Vol. 14, edited by D. L. MacAdam (Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1990).

2009, Xie, Scr. Mater.
2009, Wang, Chem. Soc. Rev.
2009, Xie, J. Solid State Chem.
2009, Ahrens, J. Phys. Condens. Matter
2008, Chatterjee, Biomaterials
2008, Deng, J. Am. Chem. Soc.
2008, Yu, Adv. Mater.
2008, Yang, Appl. Phys. Lett.
2007, Yu, Adv. Mater.
2007, Kumar, Chem. Mater.
2007, Nuñez, Nanotechnology
2007, Zhu, J. Phys. Chem. C
2007, Sivakumar, J. Am. Chem. Soc.
2007, Sun, Appl. Phys. Lett.
2007, Wang, Opt. Express
2006, Lim, Nano Lett.
2005, Jacinto, Opt. Express
2004, Mendioroz, Opt. Mater.
2001, Fernández, J. Non-Cryst. Solids
2001, Russell, Opt. Commun.
2001, Balda, Phys. Rev. B
2000, Zhang, Appl. Phys. Lett.
2000, Wenger, Phys. Rev. B
1997, Menezes, Appl. Phys. Lett.
1996, Chuang, IEEE J. Quantum Electron.
1995, Guyot, Phys. Rev. B
1993, Guy, Phys. Rev. B
1990, Weber, J. Non-Cryst. Solids
1985, Reddy, J. Phys. C Solid State Phys.
1974, Kudryavtseva, Sov. Phys. Crystallogr.
1973, Auzel, Proc. IEEE

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[1] H. X. Zhang, C. H. Kam, Y. Zhou, X. Q. Han, S. Buddhudu, Q. Xiang, Y. L. Lam, and Y. C. Chan, “Green upconversion luminescence in Er3+:BaTiO3 films,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 77(5), 609–611 (2000). [CrossRef]

[2] S. F. Lim, R. Riehn, W. S. Ryu, N. Khanarian, C. K. Tung, D. Tank, and R. H. Austin, “In vivo and scanning electron microscopy imaging of up-converting nanophosphors in Caenorhabditis elegans,” Nano Lett. 6(2), 169–174 (2006). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

[3] S. Sivakumar, F. C. J. M. van Veggel, and P. S. May, “Near-infrared (NIR) to red and green up-conversion emission from silica sol-gel thin films made with La0.45Yb0.50Er0.05F3 nanoparticles, hetero-looping-enhanced energy transfer (Hetero-LEET): a new up-conversion process,” J. Am. Chem. Soc. 129(3), 620–625 (2007). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

[4] C. J. Sun, Z. Xu, B. Hu, G. S. Yi, G. M. Chow, and J. Shen, “Application of NaYF4:Yb, Er upconversion fluorescence nanocrystals for solution-processed near infrared photodetectors,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 91(19), 191113 (2007). [CrossRef]

[5] B. Ahrens, P. T. Miclea, and S. Schweizer, “Upconverted fluorescence in Nd3+-doped barium chloride single crystals,” J. Phys. Condens. Matter 21(12), 125501 (2009). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

[6] D. K. Chatterjee, A. J. Rufaihah, and Y. Zhang, “Upconversion fluorescence imaging of cells and small animals using lanthanide doped nanocrystals,” Biomaterials 29(7), 937–943 (2008). [CrossRef]

[7] A. A. Kaminskii, Laser Crystals, 2nd ed., Springer Series in Optical Sciences Vol. 14, edited by D. L. MacAdam (Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1990).

[8] M. J. Weber, “Science and technology of laser glass,” J. Non-Cryst. Solids 123(1-3), 208–222 (1990). [CrossRef]

[9] S. Guy, M. F. Joubert, B. Jacquier, and M. Bouazaoui, “Excited-state absorption in BaY2F8:Nd3+,” Phys. Rev. B 47(17), 11001–11006 (1993). [CrossRef]

[10] C. Jacinto, S. L. Oliveira, T. Catundab, A. A. Andrade, J. D. Myers, and M. J. Myers, “Upconversion effect on fluorescence quantum efficiency and heat generation in Nd3+-doped materials,” Opt. Express 13(6), 2040–2046 (2005). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

[11] R. Balda, M. Sanz, A. Mendioroz, J. Fernández, L. S. Griscom, and J. L. Adam, “Infrared-to-visible upconversion in Nd3+-doped chalcohalide glasses,” Phys. Rev. B 64(14), 144101 (2001). [CrossRef]

[12] Y. Guyot, H. Manaa, J. Y. Rivoire, R. Moncorgé, N. Garnier, E. Descroix, M. Bon, and P. Laporte, “Excited-state-absorption and upconversion studies of Nd3+-doped single crystals Y3Al5O12,YLiF4, and LaMgAl11O19,” Phys. Rev. B 51(2), 784–799 (1995). [CrossRef]

[13] T. Chuang and H. R. Verdún, “Energy-transfer up-conversion and excited-state absorption of laser-radiation in Nd:YLF laser crystals,” IEEE J. Quantum Electron. 32(1), 79–91 (1996). [CrossRef]

[14] X. Wang, J. Song, H. Sun, Z. Xu, and J. Qiu, “Multiphoton-excited upconversion luminescence of Nd:YVO(4).,” Opt. Express 15(3), 1384–1389 (2007). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

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Controllable energy transfer in fluorescence upconversion of NdF3 and NaNdF4 nanocrystals