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Micro-Raman characterization of Zn-diffused channel waveguides in Tm3+:LiNbO3
Marta Quintanilla, Emma Martín Rodríguez, Eugenio Cantelar, Fernando Cussó, and Concepción Domingo »View Author Affiliations
1Departamento de Física de Materiales (Módulo 04), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Avda. Francisco Tomás y Valiente 7. 28049 Madrid, Spain.
2Instituto de Estructura de la Materia, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), C/ Serrano 121, 28006 Madrid, Spain.
*Corresponding author: marta.quintanilla@uam.es
Optics Express, Vol. 18, Issue 6, pp. 5449-5458 (2010)
http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/OE.18.005449
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Abstract
In this work micro-Raman scattering experiments have been performed in LiNbO3:Tm3+ samples with waveguides fabricated by Zn2+ in-diffusion. The results shown that Zn2+ ions enter the lattice in Li+ sites, but also in interstitial positions. This produces a compaction of the lattice close to the surface of the sample, generating the waveguide. It is shown that this region is surrounded by a different area in which the lattice is relaxed to recover the characteristic lattice parameters of LiNbO3:Tm3+.
© 2010 OSA
OCIS Codes
(130.0130) Integrated optics : Integrated optics
(300.0300) Spectroscopy : Spectroscopy
ToC Category:
Integrated Optics
History
Original Manuscript: December 7, 2009
Revised Manuscript: January 20, 2010
Manuscript Accepted: January 29, 2010
Published: March 2, 2010
Citation
Marta Quintanilla, Emma Martín Rodríguez, Eugenio Cantelar, Fernando Cussó, and Concepción Domingo, "Micro-Raman characterization of Zn-diffused channel waveguides in Tm3+:LiNbO3," Opt. Express 18, 5449-5458 (2010)
http://www.opticsinfobase.org/oe/abstract.cfm?URI=oe-18-6-5449
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References
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- E. Cantelar, G. A. Torchia, J. A. Sanz-García, P. L. Pernas, G. Lifante, and F. Cussó, “Tm3+-doped Zn-diffused LiNbO3 channel waveguides,” Phys. Scr. T 118, 69–71 (2005). [CrossRef]
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- A. Rodenas, L.M. Maestro, M.O. Ramirez, G.A. Torchia, L. Roso, F. Chen, and D. Jaque, “Anisotropic lattice changes in femtosecond laser inscribed Nd3+:MgO:LiNbO3 optical waveguides,” 106, 013110 (2009).
- D. Jaque and F. Chen, “High resolution fluorescence imaging of damage regions in H+ ion implanted Nd:MgO:LiNbO3 channel waveguides,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 94(1), 011109 (2009). [CrossRef]
- F. Chen, “Photonic guiding structures in lithium niobate crystals produced by energetic ion beams,” J. Appl. Phys. 106(8), 081101 (2009). [CrossRef]
- D. Jaque, F. Chen, and Y. Tan, “Scanning confocal fluorescnce imaging and micro-Raman investigations of oxygen implanted channel waveguides in Nd:MgO:LiNbO3,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 92(16), 161908 (2008). [CrossRef]
- C.-T. Chia, M.-L. Sun, M.-L. Hu, J.-Y. Chang, W.-S. Tse, Z.-P. Yang, and H.-H. Chen, “Room temperature A1(TO) and OH- absorption spectra of Zn-doped lithium niobate crystals,” Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 42(Part 1, No. 9B), 6234–6237 (2003). [CrossRef]
- C.-Y. Chen, J.-C. Chen, and C.-T. Chia, “Growth and optical properties of different compositions of LiNbO3 single crystal fibers,” Opt. Mater. 30(3), 393–398 (2007). [CrossRef]
- T. S. Chernaya, T. R. Volk, I. A. Verin, and V. I. Simonov, “Threshold Concentrations in Zn-Doped Lithium Niobate Crystals and Their Structural Conditionality,” Crystallogr. Rep. 53(4), 573–578 (2008). [CrossRef]
- T. S. Chernaya, B. A. Maksimov, T. R. Volk, N. M. Rubinina, and V. I. Simonov, “Zn atoms in lithium niobate and mechanism of their insertion into crystals,” JETP Lett. 73(2), 103–106 (2001). [CrossRef]
- C.-Y. Chen, J.-C. Chen, and C.-T. Chia, “Growth and optical properties of different compositions of LiNbO3 single crystal fibers,” Opt. Mater. 30(3), 393–398 (2007). [CrossRef]
- C.-T. Chia, M.-L. Sun, M.-L. Hu, J.-Y. Chang, W.-S. Tse, Z.-P. Yang, and H.-H. Chen, “Room temperature A1(TO) and OH- absorption spectra of Zn-doped lithium niobate crystals,” Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 42(Part 1, No. 9B), 6234–6237 (2003). [CrossRef]
- R. Paschotta, N. Moore, W. A. Clarkson, A. C. Tropper, D. C. Hanna, and G. Mazé, “230 mW of blue light from a thulium-doped upconversion fiber laser,” IEEE J. Quantum Electron. 3(4), 1100–1102 (1997). [CrossRef]
- M. Quintanilla, E. Martín Rodríguez, E. Cantelar, D. Jaque, J. A. Sanz-García, G. Lifante, and F. Cussó, “Confocal micro-luminescence of Zn-diffused LiNbO3:Tm3+ channel waveguides,” J. Lumin. 129(12), 1698–1701 (2009). [CrossRef]
- E. Cantelar, G. A. Torchia, J. A. Sanz-García, P. L. Pernas, G. Lifante, and F. Cussó, “Tm3+-doped Zn-diffused LiNbO3 channel waveguides,” Phys. Scr. T 118, 69–71 (2005). [CrossRef]
- E. Cantelar, J. A. Sanz-García, G. Lifante, F. Cussó, and P. L. Pernas, “Single polarized Tm3+ laser in Zn-diffused LiNbO3 channel waveguides,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 86(16), 161119 (2005). [CrossRef]
- R. Nevado, C. Sada, F. Segato, F. Caccavale, A. Kling, J. C. Soares, E. Cantelar, F. Cussó, and G. Lifante, “Compositional characterization of Zn-diffused lithium niobate waveguides,” Appl. Phys. B 73, 555–558 (2001).
- V. A. Fedorov, Yu. N. Korkishko, G. Lifante, and F. Cussó, “Optical and structural characterization of Zinc vapour diffused waveguides in LiNbO3 crystals,” J. Eur. Ceram. Soc. 19(6-7), 1563–1567 (1999). [CrossRef]
- A. S. Gouveia-Neto, L. A. Bueno, R. F. do Nascimento, E. A. da Silva, E. B. da Costa, and V. B. do Nascimento, “White light generation by frequency upconversion in Tm3+/Ho3+/Yb3+- codoped fluorolead germanate glass,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 91(9), 091114 (2007). [CrossRef]
- A. S. Gouveia-Neto, L. A. Bueno, R. F. do Nascimento, E. A. da Silva, E. B. da Costa, and V. B. do Nascimento, “White light generation by frequency upconversion in Tm3+/Ho3+/Yb3+- codoped fluorolead germanate glass,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 91(9), 091114 (2007). [CrossRef]
- B. K. Das, H. Suche, and W. Sohler, “Single-frequency Ti:Er:LiNbO3 distributed Bragg reflector waveguide laser with thermally fixed photorefractive cavity,” Appl. Phys. B 73, 439–442 (2001).
- A. Guarino, G. Poberaj, D. Rezzonico, R. Degl’innocenti, and P. Günter, “Electro-optically tunable microring resonators in lithium niobate,” Nat. Photonics 1(7), 407–410 (2007). [CrossRef]
- V. Dierolf and C. Sandmann, “Inspection of periodically poled waveguide devices by confocal luminescence microscopy,” Appl. Phys. B 78(3-4), 363–366 (2004). [CrossRef]
- V. Dierolf and C. Sandmann, “Confocal two-photon emission microscopy: a new approach to waveguide imaging,” J. Lumin. 102–103, 201–205 (2003). [CrossRef]
- A. S. Gouveia-Neto, L. A. Bueno, R. F. do Nascimento, E. A. da Silva, E. B. da Costa, and V. B. do Nascimento, “White light generation by frequency upconversion in Tm3+/Ho3+/Yb3+- codoped fluorolead germanate glass,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 91(9), 091114 (2007). [CrossRef]
- A. S. Gouveia-Neto, L. A. Bueno, R. F. do Nascimento, E. A. da Silva, E. B. da Costa, and V. B. do Nascimento, “White light generation by frequency upconversion in Tm3+/Ho3+/Yb3+- codoped fluorolead germanate glass,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 91(9), 091114 (2007). [CrossRef]
- V. A. Fedorov, Yu. N. Korkishko, G. Lifante, and F. Cussó, “Optical and structural characterization of Zinc vapour diffused waveguides in LiNbO3 crystals,” J. Eur. Ceram. Soc. 19(6-7), 1563–1567 (1999). [CrossRef]
- F. Abdi, M. Aillerie, M. Fontana, P. Bourson, T. Volk, B. Maximov, S. Sulyanov, N. Rubinina, and M. Wöhlecke, “Influence of Zn doping on electrooptical properties and structure parameters of lithium niobate crystals,” Appl. Phys. B 68(5), 795–799 (1999). [CrossRef]
- F. Abdi, M. D. Fontana, M. Aillerie, and P. Bourson, “Coexistence of Li and Nb vacancies in the defect structure of pure LiNbO3 and its relationship to optical properties,” Appl. Phys., A Mater. Sci. Process. 83(3), 427–434 (2006). [CrossRef]
- R. Mouras, P. Bourson, M. D. Fontana, and G. Boulon, “Raman spectroscopy as a probe of rare-earth ions location in LiNbO3 crystals,” Opt. Commun. 197(4-6), 439–444 (2001). [CrossRef]
- R. Mouras, M. D. Fontana, P. Bourson, and A. V. Postnikov, “Lattice site of Mg ion in LiNbO3 crystal determined by Raman spectroscopy,” J. Phys. Condens. Matter 12(23), 5053–5059 (2000). [CrossRef]
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- V. A. Fedorov, Yu. N. Korkishko, G. Lifante, and F. Cussó, “Optical and structural characterization of Zinc vapour diffused waveguides in LiNbO3 crystals,” J. Eur. Ceram. Soc. 19(6-7), 1563–1567 (1999). [CrossRef]
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- W. Sohler, H. Hu, R. Ricken, V. Quiring, C. Vannahme, H. Herrmann, D. Büchter, S. Reza, W. Grundkötter, S. Orlov, H. Suche, R. Nouroozi, and Y. Min, “Optical Devices in Lithium Niobate,” Opt. Photon. News 19(1), 24–31 (2008). [CrossRef]
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- A. Rodenas, L.M. Maestro, M.O. Ramirez, G.A. Torchia, L. Roso, F. Chen, and D. Jaque, “Anisotropic lattice changes in femtosecond laser inscribed Nd3+:MgO:LiNbO3 optical waveguides,” 106, 013110 (2009).
- A. Rodenas, L.M. Maestro, M.O. Ramirez, G.A. Torchia, L. Roso, F. Chen, and D. Jaque, “Anisotropic lattice changes in femtosecond laser inscribed Nd3+:MgO:LiNbO3 optical waveguides,” 106, 013110 (2009).
- A. Lorenzo, H. Jaffrezic, B. Roux, G. Boulon, and J. García-Solé, “Lattice location of rare-earth ions in LiNbO3,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 67(25), 3735–3737 (1995). [CrossRef]
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- E. Cantelar, G. A. Torchia, J. A. Sanz-García, P. L. Pernas, G. Lifante, and F. Cussó, “Tm3+-doped Zn-diffused LiNbO3 channel waveguides,” Phys. Scr. T 118, 69–71 (2005). [CrossRef]
- E. Cantelar, J. A. Sanz-García, G. Lifante, F. Cussó, and P. L. Pernas, “Single polarized Tm3+ laser in Zn-diffused LiNbO3 channel waveguides,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 86(16), 161119 (2005). [CrossRef]
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- T. S. Chernaya, T. R. Volk, I. A. Verin, and V. I. Simonov, “Threshold Concentrations in Zn-Doped Lithium Niobate Crystals and Their Structural Conditionality,” Crystallogr. Rep. 53(4), 573–578 (2008). [CrossRef]
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- R. Nevado, C. Sada, F. Segato, F. Caccavale, A. Kling, J. C. Soares, E. Cantelar, F. Cussó, and G. Lifante, “Compositional characterization of Zn-diffused lithium niobate waveguides,” Appl. Phys. B 73, 555–558 (2001).
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- F. Abdi, M. Aillerie, M. Fontana, P. Bourson, T. Volk, B. Maximov, S. Sulyanov, N. Rubinina, and M. Wöhlecke, “Influence of Zn doping on electrooptical properties and structure parameters of lithium niobate crystals,” Appl. Phys. B 68(5), 795–799 (1999). [CrossRef]
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- E. Cantelar, G. A. Torchia, J. A. Sanz-García, P. L. Pernas, G. Lifante, and F. Cussó, “Tm3+-doped Zn-diffused LiNbO3 channel waveguides,” Phys. Scr. T 118, 69–71 (2005). [CrossRef]
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- R. Paschotta, N. Moore, W. A. Clarkson, A. C. Tropper, D. C. Hanna, and G. Mazé, “230 mW of blue light from a thulium-doped upconversion fiber laser,” IEEE J. Quantum Electron. 3(4), 1100–1102 (1997). [CrossRef]
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- T. S. Chernaya, T. R. Volk, I. A. Verin, and V. I. Simonov, “Threshold Concentrations in Zn-Doped Lithium Niobate Crystals and Their Structural Conditionality,” Crystallogr. Rep. 53(4), 573–578 (2008). [CrossRef]
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- D. Xue and X. He, “Dopant occupancy and structural stability of doped lithium niobate crystals,” Phys. Rev. B 73(6), 064113 (2006). [CrossRef]
- C.-T. Chia, M.-L. Sun, M.-L. Hu, J.-Y. Chang, W.-S. Tse, Z.-P. Yang, and H.-H. Chen, “Room temperature A1(TO) and OH- absorption spectra of Zn-doped lithium niobate crystals,” Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 42(Part 1, No. 9B), 6234–6237 (2003). [CrossRef]
- W. Que, S. Lim, L. Zhang, and X. Yao, “The magnesium diffused layer characteristics of a lithium niobate single crystal with magnesium-ion indiffusion,” Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 37(Part 1, No. 3A), 903–907 (1998). [CrossRef]
- W. Que, S. Lim, L. Zhang, and X. Yao, “The magnesium diffused layer characteristics of a lithium niobate single crystal with magnesium-ion indiffusion,” Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 37(Part 1, No. 3A), 903–907 (1998). [CrossRef]
- L. Zhao, X. Wang, B. Wang, W. Wen, and T.-Y. Zhang, “ZnO-doped LiNbO3 single crystals studied by X-ray and density measurements,” Appl. Phys. B 78(6), 769–774 (2004). [CrossRef]
- Y. Zhang, L. Guilbert, and P. Bourson, “Characterization of Ti:LiNbO3 waveguides by micro-Raman and luminescence spectroscopy,” Appl. Phys. B 78(3-4), 355–361 (2004). [CrossRef]
- L. Zhao, X. Wang, B. Wang, W. Wen, and T.-Y. Zhang, “ZnO-doped LiNbO3 single crystals studied by X-ray and density measurements,” Appl. Phys. B 78(6), 769–774 (2004). [CrossRef]
- Y. Avrahami and E. Zolotoyabko, “Diffusion and structural modification of Ti:LiNbO3, studied by high-resolution x-ray diffraction,” J. Appl. Phys. 85(9), 6447–6452 (1999). [CrossRef]
Appl. Phys. B
- B. K. Das, H. Suche, and W. Sohler, “Single-frequency Ti:Er:LiNbO3 distributed Bragg reflector waveguide laser with thermally fixed photorefractive cavity,” Appl. Phys. B 73, 439–442 (2001).
- V. Dierolf and C. Sandmann, “Inspection of periodically poled waveguide devices by confocal luminescence microscopy,” Appl. Phys. B 78(3-4), 363–366 (2004). [CrossRef]
- Y. Zhang, L. Guilbert, and P. Bourson, “Characterization of Ti:LiNbO3 waveguides by micro-Raman and luminescence spectroscopy,” Appl. Phys. B 78(3-4), 355–361 (2004). [CrossRef]
- D. Jaque, E. Cantelar, and G. Lifante, “Lattice micro-modifications induced by Zn diffusion in Nd:LiNbO3 channel waveguides probed by Nd3+ confocal micro-luminescence,” Appl. Phys. B 88(2), 201–204 (2007). [CrossRef]
- F. Abdi, M. Aillerie, M. Fontana, P. Bourson, T. Volk, B. Maximov, S. Sulyanov, N. Rubinina, and M. Wöhlecke, “Influence of Zn doping on electrooptical properties and structure parameters of lithium niobate crystals,” Appl. Phys. B 68(5), 795–799 (1999). [CrossRef]
- L. Zhao, X. Wang, B. Wang, W. Wen, and T.-Y. Zhang, “ZnO-doped LiNbO3 single crystals studied by X-ray and density measurements,” Appl. Phys. B 78(6), 769–774 (2004). [CrossRef]
- R. Nevado, C. Sada, F. Segato, F. Caccavale, A. Kling, J. C. Soares, E. Cantelar, F. Cussó, and G. Lifante, “Compositional characterization of Zn-diffused lithium niobate waveguides,” Appl. Phys. B 73, 555–558 (2001).
Appl. Phys. Express
- I. Suárez and G. Lifante, “Detailed study of the two steps for fabricating LiNbO3:Zn optical waveguides,” Appl. Phys. Express 2, 022202 (2009). [CrossRef]
Appl. Phys. Lett.
- D. Jaque and F. Chen, “High resolution fluorescence imaging of damage regions in H+ ion implanted Nd:MgO:LiNbO3 channel waveguides,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 94(1), 011109 (2009). [CrossRef]
- D. Jaque, F. Chen, and Y. Tan, “Scanning confocal fluorescnce imaging and micro-Raman investigations of oxygen implanted channel waveguides in Nd:MgO:LiNbO3,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 92(16), 161908 (2008). [CrossRef]
- E. Cantelar, J. A. Sanz-García, G. Lifante, F. Cussó, and P. L. Pernas, “Single polarized Tm3+ laser in Zn-diffused LiNbO3 channel waveguides,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 86(16), 161119 (2005). [CrossRef]
- A. S. Gouveia-Neto, L. A. Bueno, R. F. do Nascimento, E. A. da Silva, E. B. da Costa, and V. B. do Nascimento, “White light generation by frequency upconversion in Tm3+/Ho3+/Yb3+- codoped fluorolead germanate glass,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 91(9), 091114 (2007). [CrossRef]
- A. Lorenzo, H. Jaffrezic, B. Roux, G. Boulon, and J. García-Solé, “Lattice location of rare-earth ions in LiNbO3,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 67(25), 3735–3737 (1995). [CrossRef]
Appl. Phys., A Mater. Sci. Process.
- J. Burghoff, S. Nolte, and A. Tünnermann, “Origins of waveguiding in femtosecond laser-structured LiNbO3,” Appl. Phys., A Mater. Sci. Process. 89(1), 127–132 (2007). [CrossRef]
- R. Nevado and G. Lifante, “Low-loss, damage-resistant optical wave-guide in Zn-diffused LiNbO3 by a two step procedure,” Appl. Phys., A Mater. Sci. Process. 72(6), 725–728 (2001). [CrossRef]
- F. Abdi, M. D. Fontana, M. Aillerie, and P. Bourson, “Coexistence of Li and Nb vacancies in the defect structure of pure LiNbO3 and its relationship to optical properties,” Appl. Phys., A Mater. Sci. Process. 83(3), 427–434 (2006). [CrossRef]
Crystallogr. Rep.
- T. S. Chernaya, T. R. Volk, I. A. Verin, and V. I. Simonov, “Threshold Concentrations in Zn-Doped Lithium Niobate Crystals and Their Structural Conditionality,” Crystallogr. Rep. 53(4), 573–578 (2008). [CrossRef]
IEEE J. Quantum Electron.
- R. Paschotta, N. Moore, W. A. Clarkson, A. C. Tropper, D. C. Hanna, and G. Mazé, “230 mW of blue light from a thulium-doped upconversion fiber laser,” IEEE J. Quantum Electron. 3(4), 1100–1102 (1997). [CrossRef]
- J. A. Mackenzie, “Dielectric solid-state planar waveguide lasers: a review,” IEEE J. Quantum Electron. 13(3), 626–637 (2007). [CrossRef]
J. Appl. Phys.
- F. Chen, “Photonic guiding structures in lithium niobate crystals produced by energetic ion beams,” J. Appl. Phys. 106(8), 081101 (2009). [CrossRef]
- A. Jayaraman and A. A. Ballman, “Effect of pressure on the Raman modes in LiNbO3 and LiTaO3,” J. Appl. Phys. 60(3), 1208–1210 (1986). [CrossRef]
- Y. Avrahami and E. Zolotoyabko, “Diffusion and structural modification of Ti:LiNbO3, studied by high-resolution x-ray diffraction,” J. Appl. Phys. 85(9), 6447–6452 (1999). [CrossRef]
J. Eur. Ceram. Soc.
- V. A. Fedorov, Yu. N. Korkishko, G. Lifante, and F. Cussó, “Optical and structural characterization of Zinc vapour diffused waveguides in LiNbO3 crystals,” J. Eur. Ceram. Soc. 19(6-7), 1563–1567 (1999). [CrossRef]
J. Lightwave Technol.
- S. Aozasa, H. Masuda, M. Shimizu, and M. Yamada, “Highly efficient S-Band thulium-doped fiber amplifier employing high-thulium-concentration technique,” J. Lightwave Technol. 25(8), 2108–2114 (2007). [CrossRef]
J. Lumin.
- V. Dierolf and C. Sandmann, “Confocal two-photon emission microscopy: a new approach to waveguide imaging,” J. Lumin. 102–103, 201–205 (2003). [CrossRef]
- M. Quintanilla, E. Martín Rodríguez, E. Cantelar, D. Jaque, J. A. Sanz-García, G. Lifante, and F. Cussó, “Confocal micro-luminescence of Zn-diffused LiNbO3:Tm3+ channel waveguides,” J. Lumin. 129(12), 1698–1701 (2009). [CrossRef]
J. Phys. Condens. Matter
- R. Mouras, M. D. Fontana, P. Bourson, and A. V. Postnikov, “Lattice site of Mg ion in LiNbO3 crystal determined by Raman spectroscopy,” J. Phys. Condens. Matter 12(23), 5053–5059 (2000). [CrossRef]
JETP Lett.
- T. S. Chernaya, B. A. Maksimov, T. R. Volk, N. M. Rubinina, and V. I. Simonov, “Zn atoms in lithium niobate and mechanism of their insertion into crystals,” JETP Lett. 73(2), 103–106 (2001). [CrossRef]
Jpn. J. Appl. Phys.
- C.-T. Chia, M.-L. Sun, M.-L. Hu, J.-Y. Chang, W.-S. Tse, Z.-P. Yang, and H.-H. Chen, “Room temperature A1(TO) and OH- absorption spectra of Zn-doped lithium niobate crystals,” Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 42(Part 1, No. 9B), 6234–6237 (2003). [CrossRef]
- W. Que, S. Lim, L. Zhang, and X. Yao, “The magnesium diffused layer characteristics of a lithium niobate single crystal with magnesium-ion indiffusion,” Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 37(Part 1, No. 3A), 903–907 (1998). [CrossRef]
Nat. Photonics
- A. Guarino, G. Poberaj, D. Rezzonico, R. Degl’innocenti, and P. Günter, “Electro-optically tunable microring resonators in lithium niobate,” Nat. Photonics 1(7), 407–410 (2007). [CrossRef]
Opt. Commun.
- R. Mouras, P. Bourson, M. D. Fontana, and G. Boulon, “Raman spectroscopy as a probe of rare-earth ions location in LiNbO3 crystals,” Opt. Commun. 197(4-6), 439–444 (2001). [CrossRef]
Opt. Express
- A. Ródenas, A. H. Nejadmalayeri, D. Jaque, and P. Herman, “Confocal Raman imaging of optical waveguides in LiNbO3 fabricated by ultrafast high-repetition rate laser-writing,” Opt. Express 16(18), 13979–13989 (2008). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Opt. Lett.
- E. Lallier, J. P. Pocholle, M. Papuchon, M. de Micheli, M. J. Li, Q. He, D. B. Ostrowsky, C. Grezes-Besset, and E. P. Pelletier, “Nd:MgO:LiNbO(3) waveguide laser and amplifier,” Opt. Lett. 15(12), 682–684 (1990). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Opt. Mater.
- C.-Y. Chen, J.-C. Chen, and C.-T. Chia, “Growth and optical properties of different compositions of LiNbO3 single crystal fibers,” Opt. Mater. 30(3), 393–398 (2007). [CrossRef]
Opt. Photon. News
- W. Sohler, H. Hu, R. Ricken, V. Quiring, C. Vannahme, H. Herrmann, D. Büchter, S. Reza, W. Grundkötter, S. Orlov, H. Suche, R. Nouroozi, and Y. Min, “Optical Devices in Lithium Niobate,” Opt. Photon. News 19(1), 24–31 (2008). [CrossRef]
Phys. Lett.
- M. V. Hobden and J. Warner, “The temperature dependence of the refractive indices of pure lithium niobate,” Phys. Lett. 22(3), 243–244 (1966). [CrossRef]
Phys. Rev. B
- D. Xue and X. He, “Dopant occupancy and structural stability of doped lithium niobate crystals,” Phys. Rev. B 73(6), 064113 (2006). [CrossRef]
- V. Caciuc, A. Postnikov, and G. Borstel, “Ab initio structure and zone-center phonons in LiNbO3,” Phys. Rev. B 61(13), 8806–8813 (2000). [CrossRef]
Phys. Scr. T
- E. Cantelar, G. A. Torchia, J. A. Sanz-García, P. L. Pernas, G. Lifante, and F. Cussó, “Tm3+-doped Zn-diffused LiNbO3 channel waveguides,” Phys. Scr. T 118, 69–71 (2005). [CrossRef]
Other
- A. Rodenas, L.M. Maestro, M.O. Ramirez, G.A. Torchia, L. Roso, F. Chen, and D. Jaque, “Anisotropic lattice changes in femtosecond laser inscribed Nd3+:MgO:LiNbO3 optical waveguides,” 106, 013110 (2009).
- A. Harhira, Y. Zhang, P. Bourson, L. Guilbert, M. D. Fontana, M. P. De Micheli, “Raman probing of proton exchange waveguides in lithium niobate,” 352, 153–157 (2007).
2009, Chen, J. Appl. Phys.
- F. Chen, “Photonic guiding structures in lithium niobate crystals produced by energetic ion beams,” J. Appl. Phys. 106(8), 081101 (2009). [CrossRef]
- M. Quintanilla, E. Martín Rodríguez, E. Cantelar, D. Jaque, J. A. Sanz-García, G. Lifante, and F. Cussó, “Confocal micro-luminescence of Zn-diffused LiNbO3:Tm3+ channel waveguides,” J. Lumin. 129(12), 1698–1701 (2009). [CrossRef]
- D. Jaque and F. Chen, “High resolution fluorescence imaging of damage regions in H+ ion implanted Nd:MgO:LiNbO3 channel waveguides,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 94(1), 011109 (2009). [CrossRef]
- I. Suárez and G. Lifante, “Detailed study of the two steps for fabricating LiNbO3:Zn optical waveguides,” Appl. Phys. Express 2, 022202 (2009). [CrossRef]
- A. Rodenas, L.M. Maestro, M.O. Ramirez, G.A. Torchia, L. Roso, F. Chen, and D. Jaque, “Anisotropic lattice changes in femtosecond laser inscribed Nd3+:MgO:LiNbO3 optical waveguides,” 106, 013110 (2009).
- D. Jaque, F. Chen, and Y. Tan, “Scanning confocal fluorescnce imaging and micro-Raman investigations of oxygen implanted channel waveguides in Nd:MgO:LiNbO3,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 92(16), 161908 (2008). [CrossRef]
- T. S. Chernaya, T. R. Volk, I. A. Verin, and V. I. Simonov, “Threshold Concentrations in Zn-Doped Lithium Niobate Crystals and Their Structural Conditionality,” Crystallogr. Rep. 53(4), 573–578 (2008). [CrossRef]
- W. Sohler, H. Hu, R. Ricken, V. Quiring, C. Vannahme, H. Herrmann, D. Büchter, S. Reza, W. Grundkötter, S. Orlov, H. Suche, R. Nouroozi, and Y. Min, “Optical Devices in Lithium Niobate,” Opt. Photon. News 19(1), 24–31 (2008). [CrossRef]
- A. Guarino, G. Poberaj, D. Rezzonico, R. Degl’innocenti, and P. Günter, “Electro-optically tunable microring resonators in lithium niobate,” Nat. Photonics 1(7), 407–410 (2007). [CrossRef]
- J. A. Mackenzie, “Dielectric solid-state planar waveguide lasers: a review,” IEEE J. Quantum Electron. 13(3), 626–637 (2007). [CrossRef]
- A. S. Gouveia-Neto, L. A. Bueno, R. F. do Nascimento, E. A. da Silva, E. B. da Costa, and V. B. do Nascimento, “White light generation by frequency upconversion in Tm3+/Ho3+/Yb3+- codoped fluorolead germanate glass,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 91(9), 091114 (2007). [CrossRef]
- C.-Y. Chen, J.-C. Chen, and C.-T. Chia, “Growth and optical properties of different compositions of LiNbO3 single crystal fibers,” Opt. Mater. 30(3), 393–398 (2007). [CrossRef]
- D. Jaque, E. Cantelar, and G. Lifante, “Lattice micro-modifications induced by Zn diffusion in Nd:LiNbO3 channel waveguides probed by Nd3+ confocal micro-luminescence,” Appl. Phys. B 88(2), 201–204 (2007). [CrossRef]
- J. Burghoff, S. Nolte, and A. Tünnermann, “Origins of waveguiding in femtosecond laser-structured LiNbO3,” Appl. Phys., A Mater. Sci. Process. 89(1), 127–132 (2007). [CrossRef]
- F. Abdi, M. D. Fontana, M. Aillerie, and P. Bourson, “Coexistence of Li and Nb vacancies in the defect structure of pure LiNbO3 and its relationship to optical properties,” Appl. Phys., A Mater. Sci. Process. 83(3), 427–434 (2006). [CrossRef]
- D. Xue and X. He, “Dopant occupancy and structural stability of doped lithium niobate crystals,” Phys. Rev. B 73(6), 064113 (2006). [CrossRef]
- E. Cantelar, G. A. Torchia, J. A. Sanz-García, P. L. Pernas, G. Lifante, and F. Cussó, “Tm3+-doped Zn-diffused LiNbO3 channel waveguides,” Phys. Scr. T 118, 69–71 (2005). [CrossRef]
- E. Cantelar, J. A. Sanz-García, G. Lifante, F. Cussó, and P. L. Pernas, “Single polarized Tm3+ laser in Zn-diffused LiNbO3 channel waveguides,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 86(16), 161119 (2005). [CrossRef]
- V. Dierolf and C. Sandmann, “Inspection of periodically poled waveguide devices by confocal luminescence microscopy,” Appl. Phys. B 78(3-4), 363–366 (2004). [CrossRef]
- Y. Zhang, L. Guilbert, and P. Bourson, “Characterization of Ti:LiNbO3 waveguides by micro-Raman and luminescence spectroscopy,” Appl. Phys. B 78(3-4), 355–361 (2004). [CrossRef]
- L. Zhao, X. Wang, B. Wang, W. Wen, and T.-Y. Zhang, “ZnO-doped LiNbO3 single crystals studied by X-ray and density measurements,” Appl. Phys. B 78(6), 769–774 (2004). [CrossRef]
- C.-T. Chia, M.-L. Sun, M.-L. Hu, J.-Y. Chang, W.-S. Tse, Z.-P. Yang, and H.-H. Chen, “Room temperature A1(TO) and OH- absorption spectra of Zn-doped lithium niobate crystals,” Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 42(Part 1, No. 9B), 6234–6237 (2003). [CrossRef]
- V. Dierolf and C. Sandmann, “Confocal two-photon emission microscopy: a new approach to waveguide imaging,” J. Lumin. 102–103, 201–205 (2003). [CrossRef]
- R. Nevado and G. Lifante, “Low-loss, damage-resistant optical wave-guide in Zn-diffused LiNbO3 by a two step procedure,” Appl. Phys., A Mater. Sci. Process. 72(6), 725–728 (2001). [CrossRef]
- B. K. Das, H. Suche, and W. Sohler, “Single-frequency Ti:Er:LiNbO3 distributed Bragg reflector waveguide laser with thermally fixed photorefractive cavity,” Appl. Phys. B 73, 439–442 (2001).
- T. S. Chernaya, B. A. Maksimov, T. R. Volk, N. M. Rubinina, and V. I. Simonov, “Zn atoms in lithium niobate and mechanism of their insertion into crystals,” JETP Lett. 73(2), 103–106 (2001). [CrossRef]
- R. Mouras, P. Bourson, M. D. Fontana, and G. Boulon, “Raman spectroscopy as a probe of rare-earth ions location in LiNbO3 crystals,” Opt. Commun. 197(4-6), 439–444 (2001). [CrossRef]
- R. Nevado, C. Sada, F. Segato, F. Caccavale, A. Kling, J. C. Soares, E. Cantelar, F. Cussó, and G. Lifante, “Compositional characterization of Zn-diffused lithium niobate waveguides,” Appl. Phys. B 73, 555–558 (2001).
- V. Caciuc, A. Postnikov, and G. Borstel, “Ab initio structure and zone-center phonons in LiNbO3,” Phys. Rev. B 61(13), 8806–8813 (2000). [CrossRef]
- R. Mouras, M. D. Fontana, P. Bourson, and A. V. Postnikov, “Lattice site of Mg ion in LiNbO3 crystal determined by Raman spectroscopy,” J. Phys. Condens. Matter 12(23), 5053–5059 (2000). [CrossRef]
- V. A. Fedorov, Yu. N. Korkishko, G. Lifante, and F. Cussó, “Optical and structural characterization of Zinc vapour diffused waveguides in LiNbO3 crystals,” J. Eur. Ceram. Soc. 19(6-7), 1563–1567 (1999). [CrossRef]
- F. Abdi, M. Aillerie, M. Fontana, P. Bourson, T. Volk, B. Maximov, S. Sulyanov, N. Rubinina, and M. Wöhlecke, “Influence of Zn doping on electrooptical properties and structure parameters of lithium niobate crystals,” Appl. Phys. B 68(5), 795–799 (1999). [CrossRef]
- Y. Avrahami and E. Zolotoyabko, “Diffusion and structural modification of Ti:LiNbO3, studied by high-resolution x-ray diffraction,” J. Appl. Phys. 85(9), 6447–6452 (1999). [CrossRef]
- W. Que, S. Lim, L. Zhang, and X. Yao, “The magnesium diffused layer characteristics of a lithium niobate single crystal with magnesium-ion indiffusion,” Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 37(Part 1, No. 3A), 903–907 (1998). [CrossRef]
- R. Paschotta, N. Moore, W. A. Clarkson, A. C. Tropper, D. C. Hanna, and G. Mazé, “230 mW of blue light from a thulium-doped upconversion fiber laser,” IEEE J. Quantum Electron. 3(4), 1100–1102 (1997). [CrossRef]
- A. Lorenzo, H. Jaffrezic, B. Roux, G. Boulon, and J. García-Solé, “Lattice location of rare-earth ions in LiNbO3,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 67(25), 3735–3737 (1995). [CrossRef]
- A. Jayaraman and A. A. Ballman, “Effect of pressure on the Raman modes in LiNbO3 and LiTaO3,” J. Appl. Phys. 60(3), 1208–1210 (1986). [CrossRef]
- M. V. Hobden and J. Warner, “The temperature dependence of the refractive indices of pure lithium niobate,” Phys. Lett. 22(3), 243–244 (1966). [CrossRef]
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