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Real time random laser properties of Rhodamine-doped di-ureasil hybrids
Edison Pecoraro, Sara García-Revilla, Rute A. S. Ferreira, Rolindes Balda, Luís D. Carlos, and Joaquín Fernández »View Author Affiliations
Edison Pecoraro,1
Sara García-Revilla,2
Rute A. S. Ferreira,3
Rolindes Balda,2,4
Luís D. Carlos,3
and Joaquín Fernández2,4,*
1Instituto de Telecomunicações, Universidade de Aveiro, 3810 −193 Aveiro, Portugal
2Departamento de Física Aplicada I, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería, Alda. Urquijo s/n 48013 Bilbao, Spain
3Departamento de Física, CICECO, Universidade de Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
4Centro de Física de Materiales CSIC-UPV/EHU and Donostia International Physics Center, Apartado 1072, 20080 San Sebastián, Spain
*Corresponding author: joaquin.fernandez@ehu.es
Optics Express, Vol. 18, Issue 7, pp. 7470-7478 (2010)
http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/OE.18.007470
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Abstract
This investigation explores, for the first time, the random laser behavior of ground powder obtained from organic-inorganic hybrid materials based on Rhodamine 6G incorporated into a di-ureasil matrix. The experimental results, both in the spectral and temporal domains, obtained by pumping with picosecond laser pulses, show the existence of efficient random laser emission in this system. Finally, the random laser performance is compared with the one of other Rhodamine-doped solid state silica compounds.
© 2010 OSA
OCIS Codes
(140.3380) Lasers and laser optics : Laser materials
(290.4210) Scattering : Multiple scattering
(300.6500) Spectroscopy : Spectroscopy, time-resolved
(320.7090) Ultrafast optics : Ultrafast lasers
ToC Category:
Lasers and Laser Optics
History
Original Manuscript: January 11, 2010
Revised Manuscript: March 9, 2010
Manuscript Accepted: March 14, 2010
Published: March 25, 2010
Citation
Edison Pecoraro, Sara García-Revilla, Rute A. S. Ferreira, Rolindes Balda, Luís D. Carlos, and Joaquín Fernández, "Real time random laser properties of Rhodamine-doped di-ureasil hybrids," Opt. Express 18, 7470-7478 (2010)
http://www.opticsinfobase.org/oe/abstract.cfm?URI=oe-18-7-7470
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References
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Clemente, F.
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- A. L. Burin, M. A. Ratner, H. Cao, and R. P. H. Chang, “Model for a random laser,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 87(21), 215503 (2001). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- S. Grandi, C. Tomasi, P. Mustarelli, F. Clemente, and C. M. Carbonaro, “Characterisation of a new sol-gel precursor for a SiO2-Rhodamine 6G hybrid class II material,” J. Sol-Gel Sci. Techn. 41, 57–63 (2007). [CrossRef]
- L. D. Carlos, R. A. S. Ferreira, V. de Zea Bermudez, and S. J. L. Ribeiro, “Lanthanide-Containing Light-Emitting Organic-Inorganic Hybrids: A Bet on the Future,” Adv. Mater. 21(5), 509–534 (2009). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
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- C. M. S. Vicente, E. Pecoraro, R. A. S. Ferreira, P. S. André, R. Nogueira, Y. Messaddeq, S. J. L. Ribeiro, and L. D. Carlos, “Waveguides and gratings fabrication in zirconium-based organic/inorganic hybrids,” J. Sol-Gel Sci. Technol. 48(1-2), 80–85 (2008). [CrossRef]
- C. Molina, P. J. Moreira, R. R. Gonçalves, R. A. S. Ferreira, Y. Messaddeq, S. J. L. Ribeiro, O. Soppera, A. P. Leite, P. V. S. Marques, V. de Zea Bermudez, and L. D. Carlos, “Planar and UV written channel optical waveguides prepared with siloxane poly(oxyethylene)-zirconia organic-inorganic hybrids. Structure and optical properties,” J. Mater. Chem. 15(35-36), 3937–3945 (2005). [CrossRef]
- V. de Zea Bermudez, L. D. Carlos, and L. Alcácer, “Sol-gel derived urea cross-linked organically modified silicates. 1. Room temperature mid-infrared spectra,” Chem. Mater. 11(3), 569–580 (1999). [CrossRef]
- A. L. Burin, M. A. Ratner, H. Cao, and R. P. H. Chang, “Model for a random laser,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 87(21), 215503 (2001). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- T. H. Nhung, M. Canva, F. Chaput, H. Goudket, G. Roger, A. Brun, D. D. Manh, N. D. Hung, and J. P. Boilot, “Dye energy transfer in xerogel matrices and application to solid-state dye lasers,” Opt. Commun. 232(1-6), 343–351 (2004). [CrossRef]
- C. Sanchez, B. Lebeau, F. Chaput, and J. P. Boilot, “Optical Properties of Functional Hybrid Organic-Inorganic Nanocomposites,” Adv. Mater. 15(23), 1969–1994 (2003). [CrossRef]
- S. Grandi, C. Tomasi, P. Mustarelli, F. Clemente, and C. M. Carbonaro, “Characterisation of a new sol-gel precursor for a SiO2-Rhodamine 6G hybrid class II material,” J. Sol-Gel Sci. Techn. 41, 57–63 (2007). [CrossRef]
- O. García, L. Garrido, R. Sastre, A. Costela, and I. García-Moreno, “Synthetic strategies for hybrid materials to improve properties for optoelectronic applications,” Adv. Funct. Mater. 18(14), 2017–2025 (2008). [CrossRef]
- D. C. Oliveira, A. G. Macedo, N. J. O. Silva, C. Molina, R. A. S. Ferreira, P. S. André, K. Dahmouche, V. de Zea Bermudez, Y. Messaddeq, S. J. L. Ribeiro, and L. D. Carlos, “Photopatternable di-ureasil-zirconium oxocluster organic-inorganic hybrids as cost effective integrated optical substrates,” Chem. Mater. 20(11), 3696–3705 (2008). [CrossRef]
- D. C. Oliveira, Y. Messaddeq, K. Dahmouche, S. J. L. Ribeiro, R. R. Gonçalves, A. Vesperini, D. Gindre, and J.-M. Nunzi, “Distributed feedback multipeak laser emission in Rhodamine 6G doped organic-inorganic hybrids,” J. Sol-Gel Sci,” Techn. 40, 359–363 (2006).
- S. Y. Lam and M. J. Damzen, “Characterisation of solid-state dyes and their use as tunable laser amplifiers,” Appl. Phys. B 77(6-7), 577–584 (2003). [CrossRef]
- L. D. Carlos, R. A. S. Ferreira, V. de Zea Bermudez, and S. J. L. Ribeiro, “Lanthanide-Containing Light-Emitting Organic-Inorganic Hybrids: A Bet on the Future,” Adv. Mater. 21(5), 509–534 (2009). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- D. C. Oliveira, A. G. Macedo, N. J. O. Silva, C. Molina, R. A. S. Ferreira, P. S. André, K. Dahmouche, V. de Zea Bermudez, Y. Messaddeq, S. J. L. Ribeiro, and L. D. Carlos, “Photopatternable di-ureasil-zirconium oxocluster organic-inorganic hybrids as cost effective integrated optical substrates,” Chem. Mater. 20(11), 3696–3705 (2008). [CrossRef]
- C. Molina, P. J. Moreira, R. R. Gonçalves, R. A. S. Ferreira, Y. Messaddeq, S. J. L. Ribeiro, O. Soppera, A. P. Leite, P. V. S. Marques, V. de Zea Bermudez, and L. D. Carlos, “Planar and UV written channel optical waveguides prepared with siloxane poly(oxyethylene)-zirconia organic-inorganic hybrids. Structure and optical properties,” J. Mater. Chem. 15(35-36), 3937–3945 (2005). [CrossRef]
- V. de Zea Bermudez, L. D. Carlos, and L. Alcácer, “Sol-gel derived urea cross-linked organically modified silicates. 1. Room temperature mid-infrared spectra,” Chem. Mater. 11(3), 569–580 (1999). [CrossRef]
- J. C. Altman, R. E. Stone, B. Dunn, and F. Nishida, “Solid-state laser using a Rhodamine-doped silica-gel compound,” IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett. 3(3), 189–190 (1991). [CrossRef]
- E. T. Knobbe, B. Dunn, P. D. Fuqua, and F. Nishida, “Laser behavior and photostability characteristics of organic-dye doped silicate gel materials,” Appl. Opt. 29(18), 2729–2733 (1990). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- R. Reisfeld, D. Brusilovsky, M. Eyal, E. Miron, Z. Burstein, and J. Irvi, “A new solid-state tunable laser in the visible,” Chem. Phys. Lett. 160(1), 43–44 (1989). [CrossRef]
- C. Kim, D. V. Martyshkin, V. V. Fedorov, and S. B. Mirov, “Middle-infrared random lasing of Cr2+ doped ZnSe, ZnS, CdSe powders, powders imbedded in polymer liquid solutions, and polymer films,” Opt. Commun. 282(10), 2049–2052 (2009). [CrossRef]
- S. García-Revilla, M. Zayac, R. Balda, M. Al-Saleh, D. Levy, and J. Fernández, “1Low threshold random lasing in dye-doped silica nano powders,” Opt. Express 17(15), 13202–13215 (2009). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- S. García-Revilla, J. Fernández, R. Balda, M. Zayat, and D. Levy, “Real-time spectroscopy of novel solid-state random lasers,” Proc. SPIE 7212, K1–K11 (2009).
- S. García-Revilla, J. Fernández, M. A. Illarramendi, B. García-Ramiro, R. Balda, H. Cui, M. Zayat, and D. Levy, “Ultrafast random laser emission in a dye-doped silica gel powder,” Opt. Express 16(16), 12251–12263 (2008). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- L. D. Carlos, R. A. S. Ferreira, V. de Zea Bermudez, and S. J. L. Ribeiro, “Lanthanide-Containing Light-Emitting Organic-Inorganic Hybrids: A Bet on the Future,” Adv. Mater. 21(5), 509–534 (2009). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
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- G. Zacharakis, G. Heliotis, G. Filippidis, D. Anglos, and T. G. Papazoglou, “Investigation of the laserlike behavior of polymeric scattering gain media under subpicosecond laser excitation,” Appl. Opt. 38(28), 6087–6092 (1999). [CrossRef]
- S. García-Revilla, J. Fernández, R. Balda, M. Zayat, and D. Levy, “Real-time spectroscopy of novel solid-state random lasers,” Proc. SPIE 7212, K1–K11 (2009).
- S. García-Revilla, J. Fernández, M. A. Illarramendi, B. García-Ramiro, R. Balda, H. Cui, M. Zayat, and D. Levy, “Ultrafast random laser emission in a dye-doped silica gel powder,” Opt. Express 16(16), 12251–12263 (2008). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Adv. Funct. Mater.
- O. García, L. Garrido, R. Sastre, A. Costela, and I. García-Moreno, “Synthetic strategies for hybrid materials to improve properties for optoelectronic applications,” Adv. Funct. Mater. 18(14), 2017–2025 (2008). [CrossRef]
Adv. Mater.
- C. Sanchez, B. Lebeau, F. Chaput, and J. P. Boilot, “Optical Properties of Functional Hybrid Organic-Inorganic Nanocomposites,” Adv. Mater. 15(23), 1969–1994 (2003). [CrossRef]
- L. D. Carlos, R. A. S. Ferreira, V. de Zea Bermudez, and S. J. L. Ribeiro, “Lanthanide-Containing Light-Emitting Organic-Inorganic Hybrids: A Bet on the Future,” Adv. Mater. 21(5), 509–534 (2009). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Appl. Opt.
- E. T. Knobbe, B. Dunn, P. D. Fuqua, and F. Nishida, “Laser behavior and photostability characteristics of organic-dye doped silicate gel materials,” Appl. Opt. 29(18), 2729–2733 (1990). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- G. Zacharakis, G. Heliotis, G. Filippidis, D. Anglos, and T. G. Papazoglou, “Investigation of the laserlike behavior of polymeric scattering gain media under subpicosecond laser excitation,” Appl. Opt. 38(28), 6087–6092 (1999). [CrossRef]
Appl. Phys. B
- S. Y. Lam and M. J. Damzen, “Characterisation of solid-state dyes and their use as tunable laser amplifiers,” Appl. Phys. B 77(6-7), 577–584 (2003). [CrossRef]
Chem. Mater.
- V. de Zea Bermudez, L. D. Carlos, and L. Alcácer, “Sol-gel derived urea cross-linked organically modified silicates. 1. Room temperature mid-infrared spectra,” Chem. Mater. 11(3), 569–580 (1999). [CrossRef]
- D. C. Oliveira, A. G. Macedo, N. J. O. Silva, C. Molina, R. A. S. Ferreira, P. S. André, K. Dahmouche, V. de Zea Bermudez, Y. Messaddeq, S. J. L. Ribeiro, and L. D. Carlos, “Photopatternable di-ureasil-zirconium oxocluster organic-inorganic hybrids as cost effective integrated optical substrates,” Chem. Mater. 20(11), 3696–3705 (2008). [CrossRef]
Chem. Phys. Lett.
- E. Stathatos, P. Lianos, U. L. Stangar, and B. Orel, “Study of laser action of Coumarine-153 incorporated in sol-gel made silica/poly(propylene oxide) nanocomposite gels,” Chem. Phys. Lett. 345(5-6), 381–385 (2001). [CrossRef]
- R. Reisfeld, D. Brusilovsky, M. Eyal, E. Miron, Z. Burstein, and J. Irvi, “A new solid-state tunable laser in the visible,” Chem. Phys. Lett. 160(1), 43–44 (1989). [CrossRef]
- C. W. Lee, K. S. Wong, J. D. Huang, S. V. Frolov, and Z. V. Vardeny, “Femtosecond time-resolved laser action in poly(p-phenylene vinylene) films: stimulated emission in an inhomogeneously broadened exciton distribution,” Chem. Phys. Lett. 314(5-6), 564–569 (1999). [CrossRef]
IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett.
- J. C. Altman, R. E. Stone, B. Dunn, and F. Nishida, “Solid-state laser using a Rhodamine-doped silica-gel compound,” IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett. 3(3), 189–190 (1991). [CrossRef]
J. Mater. Chem.
- C. Molina, P. J. Moreira, R. R. Gonçalves, R. A. S. Ferreira, Y. Messaddeq, S. J. L. Ribeiro, O. Soppera, A. P. Leite, P. V. S. Marques, V. de Zea Bermudez, and L. D. Carlos, “Planar and UV written channel optical waveguides prepared with siloxane poly(oxyethylene)-zirconia organic-inorganic hybrids. Structure and optical properties,” J. Mater. Chem. 15(35-36), 3937–3945 (2005). [CrossRef]
J. Opt. Soc. Am. B
- D. Anglos, A. Stassinopoulos, R. N. Das, G. Zacharakis, M. Psyllaki, R. Jakubiak, R. A. Vaia, E. P. Giannelis, and S. H. Anastasiadis, “Random laser action in organic-inorganic nanocomposites,” J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 21(1), 208–213 (2004). [CrossRef]
J. Phys. Chem.
- D. Avnir, D. Levy, and R. Reisfeld, “The nature of the silica cage as reflected by spectral changes and enhanced photostability of trapped Rhodamine-6G,” J. Phys. Chem. 88(24), 5956–5959 (1984). [CrossRef]
J. Sol-Gel Sci. Techn.
- S. Grandi, C. Tomasi, P. Mustarelli, F. Clemente, and C. M. Carbonaro, “Characterisation of a new sol-gel precursor for a SiO2-Rhodamine 6G hybrid class II material,” J. Sol-Gel Sci. Techn. 41, 57–63 (2007). [CrossRef]
J. Sol-Gel Sci. Technol.
- C. M. S. Vicente, E. Pecoraro, R. A. S. Ferreira, P. S. André, R. Nogueira, Y. Messaddeq, S. J. L. Ribeiro, and L. D. Carlos, “Waveguides and gratings fabrication in zirconium-based organic/inorganic hybrids,” J. Sol-Gel Sci. Technol. 48(1-2), 80–85 (2008). [CrossRef]
JETP Lett.
- V. S. Letokhov, “Stimulated emission of an ensemble of scattering particles with negative absorption,” JETP Lett. 5, 212–215 (1967).
Nat. Phys.
- D. S. Wiersma, “The physics and applications of random lasers,” Nat. Phys. 4(5), 359–367 (2008). [CrossRef]
Opt. Commun.
- T. H. Nhung, M. Canva, F. Chaput, H. Goudket, G. Roger, A. Brun, D. D. Manh, N. D. Hung, and J. P. Boilot, “Dye energy transfer in xerogel matrices and application to solid-state dye lasers,” Opt. Commun. 232(1-6), 343–351 (2004). [CrossRef]
- C. Kim, D. V. Martyshkin, V. V. Fedorov, and S. B. Mirov, “Middle-infrared random lasing of Cr2+ doped ZnSe, ZnS, CdSe powders, powders imbedded in polymer liquid solutions, and polymer films,” Opt. Commun. 282(10), 2049–2052 (2009). [CrossRef]
Opt. Express
- S. García-Revilla, M. Zayac, R. Balda, M. Al-Saleh, D. Levy, and J. Fernández, “1Low threshold random lasing in dye-doped silica nano powders,” Opt. Express 17(15), 13202–13215 (2009). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- S. García-Revilla, J. Fernández, M. A. Illarramendi, B. García-Ramiro, R. Balda, H. Cui, M. Zayat, and D. Levy, “Ultrafast random laser emission in a dye-doped silica gel powder,” Opt. Express 16(16), 12251–12263 (2008). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Opt. Mater.
- R. Reisfeld, “Prospects of sol-gel technology towards luminescent materials,” Opt. Mater. 16(1-2), 1–7 (2001). [CrossRef]
- G. Valverde-Aguilar, “Photostability of laser dyes incorporated in formamide SiO(2)ORMOSILs,” Opt. Mater. 28(10), 1209–1215 (2006). [CrossRef]
Phys. Rev. A
- S. Mujumdar, V. Turck, R. Torre, and D. S. Wiersma, “Chaotic behavior of a random laser with static disorder,” Phys. Rev. A 76(3), 033807 (2007). [CrossRef]
- S. John and G. Pang, “Theory of lasing in a multiple-scattering medium,” Phys. Rev. A 54(4), 3642–3652 (1996). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Phys. Rev. E Stat. Phys. Plasmas Fluids Relat. Interdiscip. Topics
- D. S. Wiersma and A. Lagendijk, “Light diffusion with gain and random lasers,” Phys. Rev. E Stat. Phys. Plasmas Fluids Relat. Interdiscip. Topics 54(4), 4256–4265 (1996). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Phys. Rev. Lett.
- X. Jiang and C. M. Soukoulis, “Time dependent theory for random lasers,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 85(1), 70–73 (2000). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- A. L. Burin, M. A. Ratner, H. Cao, and R. P. H. Chang, “Model for a random laser,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 87(21), 215503 (2001). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Proc. SPIE
- S. García-Revilla, J. Fernández, R. Balda, M. Zayat, and D. Levy, “Real-time spectroscopy of novel solid-state random lasers,” Proc. SPIE 7212, K1–K11 (2009).
Techn.
- D. C. Oliveira, Y. Messaddeq, K. Dahmouche, S. J. L. Ribeiro, R. R. Gonçalves, A. Vesperini, D. Gindre, and J.-M. Nunzi, “Distributed feedback multipeak laser emission in Rhodamine 6G doped organic-inorganic hybrids,” J. Sol-Gel Sci,” Techn. 40, 359–363 (2006).
Waves Random Media
- H. Cao, “Lasing in random media,” Waves Random Media 13(3), R1–R39 (2003). [CrossRef]
Other
- M. A. Noginov, Solid-State Random Lasers, (Springer, Berlin, 2005).
2009, Carlos, Adv. Mater.
- L. D. Carlos, R. A. S. Ferreira, V. de Zea Bermudez, and S. J. L. Ribeiro, “Lanthanide-Containing Light-Emitting Organic-Inorganic Hybrids: A Bet on the Future,” Adv. Mater. 21(5), 509–534 (2009). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- S. García-Revilla, J. Fernández, R. Balda, M. Zayat, and D. Levy, “Real-time spectroscopy of novel solid-state random lasers,” Proc. SPIE 7212, K1–K11 (2009).
- C. Kim, D. V. Martyshkin, V. V. Fedorov, and S. B. Mirov, “Middle-infrared random lasing of Cr2+ doped ZnSe, ZnS, CdSe powders, powders imbedded in polymer liquid solutions, and polymer films,” Opt. Commun. 282(10), 2049–2052 (2009). [CrossRef]
- D. S. Wiersma, “The physics and applications of random lasers,” Nat. Phys. 4(5), 359–367 (2008). [CrossRef]
- D. C. Oliveira, A. G. Macedo, N. J. O. Silva, C. Molina, R. A. S. Ferreira, P. S. André, K. Dahmouche, V. de Zea Bermudez, Y. Messaddeq, S. J. L. Ribeiro, and L. D. Carlos, “Photopatternable di-ureasil-zirconium oxocluster organic-inorganic hybrids as cost effective integrated optical substrates,” Chem. Mater. 20(11), 3696–3705 (2008). [CrossRef]
- C. M. S. Vicente, E. Pecoraro, R. A. S. Ferreira, P. S. André, R. Nogueira, Y. Messaddeq, S. J. L. Ribeiro, and L. D. Carlos, “Waveguides and gratings fabrication in zirconium-based organic/inorganic hybrids,” J. Sol-Gel Sci. Technol. 48(1-2), 80–85 (2008). [CrossRef]
- O. García, L. Garrido, R. Sastre, A. Costela, and I. García-Moreno, “Synthetic strategies for hybrid materials to improve properties for optoelectronic applications,” Adv. Funct. Mater. 18(14), 2017–2025 (2008). [CrossRef]
- S. Grandi, C. Tomasi, P. Mustarelli, F. Clemente, and C. M. Carbonaro, “Characterisation of a new sol-gel precursor for a SiO2-Rhodamine 6G hybrid class II material,” J. Sol-Gel Sci. Techn. 41, 57–63 (2007). [CrossRef]
- S. Mujumdar, V. Turck, R. Torre, and D. S. Wiersma, “Chaotic behavior of a random laser with static disorder,” Phys. Rev. A 76(3), 033807 (2007). [CrossRef]
- G. Valverde-Aguilar, “Photostability of laser dyes incorporated in formamide SiO(2)ORMOSILs,” Opt. Mater. 28(10), 1209–1215 (2006). [CrossRef]
- D. C. Oliveira, Y. Messaddeq, K. Dahmouche, S. J. L. Ribeiro, R. R. Gonçalves, A. Vesperini, D. Gindre, and J.-M. Nunzi, “Distributed feedback multipeak laser emission in Rhodamine 6G doped organic-inorganic hybrids,” J. Sol-Gel Sci,” Techn. 40, 359–363 (2006).
- C. Molina, P. J. Moreira, R. R. Gonçalves, R. A. S. Ferreira, Y. Messaddeq, S. J. L. Ribeiro, O. Soppera, A. P. Leite, P. V. S. Marques, V. de Zea Bermudez, and L. D. Carlos, “Planar and UV written channel optical waveguides prepared with siloxane poly(oxyethylene)-zirconia organic-inorganic hybrids. Structure and optical properties,” J. Mater. Chem. 15(35-36), 3937–3945 (2005). [CrossRef]
- T. H. Nhung, M. Canva, F. Chaput, H. Goudket, G. Roger, A. Brun, D. D. Manh, N. D. Hung, and J. P. Boilot, “Dye energy transfer in xerogel matrices and application to solid-state dye lasers,” Opt. Commun. 232(1-6), 343–351 (2004). [CrossRef]
- H. Cao, “Lasing in random media,” Waves Random Media 13(3), R1–R39 (2003). [CrossRef]
- C. Sanchez, B. Lebeau, F. Chaput, and J. P. Boilot, “Optical Properties of Functional Hybrid Organic-Inorganic Nanocomposites,” Adv. Mater. 15(23), 1969–1994 (2003). [CrossRef]
- S. Y. Lam and M. J. Damzen, “Characterisation of solid-state dyes and their use as tunable laser amplifiers,” Appl. Phys. B 77(6-7), 577–584 (2003). [CrossRef]
- R. Reisfeld, “Prospects of sol-gel technology towards luminescent materials,” Opt. Mater. 16(1-2), 1–7 (2001). [CrossRef]
- E. Stathatos, P. Lianos, U. L. Stangar, and B. Orel, “Study of laser action of Coumarine-153 incorporated in sol-gel made silica/poly(propylene oxide) nanocomposite gels,” Chem. Phys. Lett. 345(5-6), 381–385 (2001). [CrossRef]
- A. L. Burin, M. A. Ratner, H. Cao, and R. P. H. Chang, “Model for a random laser,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 87(21), 215503 (2001). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- X. Jiang and C. M. Soukoulis, “Time dependent theory for random lasers,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 85(1), 70–73 (2000). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- C. W. Lee, K. S. Wong, J. D. Huang, S. V. Frolov, and Z. V. Vardeny, “Femtosecond time-resolved laser action in poly(p-phenylene vinylene) films: stimulated emission in an inhomogeneously broadened exciton distribution,” Chem. Phys. Lett. 314(5-6), 564–569 (1999). [CrossRef]
- V. de Zea Bermudez, L. D. Carlos, and L. Alcácer, “Sol-gel derived urea cross-linked organically modified silicates. 1. Room temperature mid-infrared spectra,” Chem. Mater. 11(3), 569–580 (1999). [CrossRef]
- S. John and G. Pang, “Theory of lasing in a multiple-scattering medium,” Phys. Rev. A 54(4), 3642–3652 (1996). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- D. S. Wiersma and A. Lagendijk, “Light diffusion with gain and random lasers,” Phys. Rev. E Stat. Phys. Plasmas Fluids Relat. Interdiscip. Topics 54(4), 4256–4265 (1996). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- J. C. Altman, R. E. Stone, B. Dunn, and F. Nishida, “Solid-state laser using a Rhodamine-doped silica-gel compound,” IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett. 3(3), 189–190 (1991). [CrossRef]
- R. Reisfeld, D. Brusilovsky, M. Eyal, E. Miron, Z. Burstein, and J. Irvi, “A new solid-state tunable laser in the visible,” Chem. Phys. Lett. 160(1), 43–44 (1989). [CrossRef]
- D. Avnir, D. Levy, and R. Reisfeld, “The nature of the silica cage as reflected by spectral changes and enhanced photostability of trapped Rhodamine-6G,” J. Phys. Chem. 88(24), 5956–5959 (1984). [CrossRef]
- V. S. Letokhov, “Stimulated emission of an ensemble of scattering particles with negative absorption,” JETP Lett. 5, 212–215 (1967).
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