Cathodo- and photoluminescence in Yb3+-Er3+ co-doped PbF2 nanoparticles

doi:10.1364/OE.18.008836

Cathodo- and photoluminescence in Yb³⁺-Er³⁺ co-doped PbF₂ nanoparticles

V. K. Tikhomirov, G. Adamo, A. E. Nikolaenko, V. D. Rodriguez, P. Gredin, M. Mortier, N. I. Zheludev, and V. V. Moshchalkov »View Author Affiliations

Optics Express, Vol. 18, Issue 9, pp. 8836-8846 (2010)
http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/OE.18.008836

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Abstract

We have prepared and studied the PbF₂:(Yb³⁺,Er³⁺) co-doped nanoparticles, with chemical formula (Yb-Er)_xPb_1-xF_2+x, where x = 0.29, Yb³⁺/Er³⁺ = 6, and estimated the energy efficiency for their cathodoluminescence, mostly of Yb³⁺, and up-conversion photoluminescence of Er³⁺ to reach more than 0.5% and 20%, respectively, which may be the highest to date for rare-earth doped nanoparticles. Electron beam induced temperature rise in the nanoparticles has been estimated by measuring the ratio of green emission bands of Er³⁺. These high efficiencies are due to high doping level of nanoparticles and due to low phonon energy of the PbF₂ host.

OCIS Codes
(160.5690) Materials : Rare-earth-doped materials
(160.4236) Materials : Nanomaterials

ToC Category:
Materials

History
Original Manuscript: February 8, 2010
Revised Manuscript: March 14, 2010
Manuscript Accepted: March 15, 2010
Published: April 13, 2010

Citation
V. K. Tikhomirov, G. Adamo, A. E. Nikolaenko, V. D. Rodriguez, P. Gredin, M. Mortier, N. I. Zheludev, and V. V. Moshchalkov, "Cathodo- and photoluminescence in Yb³⁺-Er³⁺ co-doped PbF₂ nanoparticles," Opt. Express 18, 8836-8846 (2010)
http://www.opticsinfobase.org/oe/abstract.cfm?URI=oe-18-9-8836

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References

L. Aigouy, P. Lalanne, J. P. Hugonin, G. Julié, V. Mathet, and M. Mortier, “Near-field analysis of surface waves launched at nanoslit apertures,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 98(15), 153902 (2007). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
E. Plum, V. A. Fedotov, P. Kuo, D. P. Tsai, and N. I. Zheludev, “Towards the lasing spaser: controlling metamaterial optical response with semiconductor quantum dots,” Opt. Express 17(10), 8548–8551 (2009). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
H. Zhou, M. Wissinger, J. Fallert, R. Hauschild, F. Stelzl, C. Klingshirn, and H. Kalt, “Ordered, uniform-sized ZnO nanolaser arrays,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 91(18), 181112 (2007). [CrossRef]
P. Salas, C. Angeles-Chavez, J. A. Montoya, E. De la Rosa, L. A. Diaz-Torres, H. Desirena, A. Martinez, M. A. Romero-Romo, and J. Morales, “Synthesis, characterization and luminescence properties of ZrO2:Yb3+-Er3+ nanophosphor,” Opt. Mater. 27(7), 1295–1300 (2005). [CrossRef]
D. Matsuura, “Red, green and blue up-conversion luminescence of trivalent rare earth ion-doped Y2O3 nanocrystals,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 81(24), 4526–4528 (2002). [CrossRef]
J. Zhang, Y. Fu, and J. R. Lakowicz, “Luminescent images of single gold nanoparticles and their labeling on silica beads,” Opt. Express 15(20), 13415–13420 (2007). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
J. J. Mock, S. J. Oldenburg, D. R. Smith, D. A. Schultz, and S. Schultz, “Composite plasmon resonant nanowires,” Nano Lett. 2(5), 465–469 (2002). [CrossRef]
E. Beaurepaire, V. Buissette, M.-P. Sauviat, D. Giaume, K. Lahlil, A. Mercuri, D. Casanova, A. Huignard, J.-L. Martin, T. Gacoin, J.-P. Boilot, and A. Alexandrou, “Functionalized fluorescent oxide nanoparticles: artificial toxins for sodium channel targeting and imaging at the single molecule level,” Nano Lett. 4(11), 2079–2083 (2004). [CrossRef]
V. K. Tikhomirov, K. Driesen, V. D. Rodriguez, P. Gredin, M. Mortier, and V. V. Moshchalkov, “Optical nanoheater based on the Yb3+-Er3+ co-doped nanoparticles,” Opt. Express 17(14), 11794–11798 (2009). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
V. K. Tikhomirov, L. F. Chibotaru, D. Saurel, P. Gredin, M. Mortier, and V. V. Moshchalkov, “Er(3+)-doped nanoparticles for optical detection of magnetic field,” Nano Lett. 9(2), 721–724 (2009). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
M. Mortier and G. Patriarche, “Oxide glass used as inorganic template for fluorescent fluoride nano-particle synthesis,” Opt. Mater. 28(12), 1401–1404 (2006). [CrossRef]
Z.-L. Wang, H. L. W. Chan, H.-L. Li, and J. H. Hao, “Highly efficient low-voltage cathodoluminescence of LaF3:Ln3+ (La=Eu3+, Ce3+, Tb3+) spherical particles,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 93, 141106 (2008). [CrossRef]
J. Hao, S. A. Studenkin, and M. Cocivera, “Blue, green and red cathodoluminescence of Y2O3 phosphor films prepared by spray pyrolysis,” J. Lumin. 93(4), 313–319 (2001). [CrossRef]
N. Rakov, F. E. Ramos, G. Hirata, and M. Xiao, “Strong photoluminescence and cathodoluminescence due to f-f transitions in Eu3+-doped powders prepared by direct combustion synthesis and thin films deposited by laser ablation,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 83(2), 272–274 (2003). [CrossRef]
L. Aigouy, G. Tessier, M. Mortier, and B. Charlot, “Scanning thermal imaging of microelectronic circuits with a fluorescent nanoprobe,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 87(18), 184105 (2005). [CrossRef]
T. Hayakawa, M. Hayakawa, and M. Nogami, “Estimation of the fs laser spot temperature inside TeO2-ZnO-Nb2O5 glass by using up-conversion green fluorescence of Er3+ ions,” J. Alloy. Comp. 451(1–2), 77–80 (2008). [CrossRef]
T. Welker, “Recent developments on phosphors for fluorescent lamps and cathode-ray tubes,” J. Lumin. 48–49, 49–56 (1991). [CrossRef]
G. Adamo, K. F. MacDonald, Y. H. Fu, C. M. Wang, D. P. Tsai, F. J. de Abajo, and N. I. Zheludev, “Light well: a tunable free-electron light source on a chip,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 103(11), 113901 (2009). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
F. Auzel, “Up-conversion and anti-Stokes processes with d and f ions in solids,” Chem. Rev. 105(1), 139–174 (2004). [CrossRef]
V. K. Tikhomirov, K. Driesen, C. Görller-Walrand, and M. Mortier, “Broadband telecommunication wavelength emission in Yb(3+)-Er(3+)-Tm(3+) co-doped nano-glassceramics,” Opt. Express 15(15), 9535–9540 (2007). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
V. K. Tikhomirov, D. Furniss, I. M. Reaney, M. Beggiora, M. Ferrari, M. Montagna, and R. Rolli, “Fabrication and characterization of nanoscale, Er3+-doped, ultratransparent oxyfluoride glass-ceramics,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 81(11), 1937–1939 (2002). [CrossRef]
V. D. Rodríguez, V. K. Tikhomirov, J. Méndez-Ramos, J. del-Castillo, and C. Görller-Walrand, “Measurement of quantum yield of up-conversion Luminescence in Er(3+)-doped nano-glass-ceramics,” J. Nanosci. Nanotechnol. 9(3), 2072–2075 (2009). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
V. D. Rodríguez, V. K. Tikhomirov, J. Méndez-Ramos, and A. B. Seddon, “The shape of the 1.55 μm emission band of the Er3+ dopant in oxyfluoride nano-scaled glass-ceramics,” Europhys. Lett. 69(1), 128–134 (2005). [CrossRef]
J. Fallert, R. J. B. Dietz, J. Sartor, D. Schneider, C. Klingshirn, and H. Kalt, “Co-existence of strongly and weakly localised random laser modes,” Nat. Photonics 3(5), 279–282 (2009). [CrossRef]
J. F. Suyver, M. K. van Veen, D. Biner, K. W. Krämer, and H. U. Güdel, “Upconversion spectroscopy and properties of NaYF4 doped with Er3+, Tm3+ and/or Yb3+,” J. Lumin. 117(1), 1–12 (2006). [CrossRef]
D. J. M. Bevan, J. Strähle, and O. Greis, “The crystal-structure of tveitite, an ordered yttrofluorite mineral,” J. Solid State Chem. 44(1), 75–81 (1982). [CrossRef]
S. Hull, “Superionic crystal structures and conduction processes,” Rep. Prog. Phys. 67(7), 1233–1314 (2004). [CrossRef]

Adamo, G.
Aigouy, L.
Alexandrou, A.
Angeles-Chavez, C.
Auzel, F.
Beaurepaire, E.
Beggiora, M.
Bevan, D. J. M.
Biner, D.
Boilot, J.-P.
Buissette, V.
Casanova, D.
Chan, H. L. W.
Charlot, B.
Chibotaru, L. F.
Cocivera, M.
de Abajo, F. J.
De la Rosa, E.
del-Castillo, J.
Desirena, H.
Diaz-Torres, L. A.
Dietz, R. J. B.
Driesen, K.
Fallert, J.
Fedotov, V. A.
Ferrari, M.
Fu, Y.
Fu, Y. H.
Furniss, D.
Gacoin, T.
Giaume, D.
Görller-Walrand, C.
Gredin, P.
Greis, O.
Güdel, H. U.
Hao, J.
Hao, J. H.
Hauschild, R.
Hayakawa, M.
Hayakawa, T.
Hirata, G.
Hugonin, J. P.
Huignard, A.
Hull, S.
Julié, G.
Kalt, H.
Klingshirn, C.
Krämer, K. W.
Kuo, P.
Lahlil, K.
Lakowicz, J. R.
Lalanne, P.
Li, H.-L.
MacDonald, K. F.
Martin, J.-L.
Martinez, A.
Mathet, V.
Matsuura, D.
Méndez-Ramos, J.
Mercuri, A.
Mock, J. J.
Montagna, M.
Montoya, J. A.
Morales, J.
Mortier, M.
Moshchalkov, V. V.
Nogami, M.
Oldenburg, S. J.
Patriarche, G.
Plum, E.
Rakov, N.
Ramos, F. E.
Reaney, I. M.
Rodriguez, V. D.
Rodríguez, V. D.
Rolli, R.
Romero-Romo, M. A.
Salas, P.
Sartor, J.
Saurel, D.
Sauviat, M.-P.
Schneider, D.
Schultz, D. A.
Schultz, S.
Seddon, A. B.
Smith, D. R.
Stelzl, F.
Strähle, J.
Studenkin, S. A.
Suyver, J. F.
Tessier, G.
Tikhomirov, V. K.
Tsai, D. P.
van Veen, M. K.
Wang, C. M.
Wang, Z.-L.
Welker, T.
Wissinger, M.
Xiao, M.
Zhang, J.
Zheludev, N. I.
Zhou, H.

Appl. Phys. Lett.

H. Zhou, M. Wissinger, J. Fallert, R. Hauschild, F. Stelzl, C. Klingshirn, and H. Kalt, “Ordered, uniform-sized ZnO nanolaser arrays,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 91(18), 181112 (2007). [CrossRef]
D. Matsuura, “Red, green and blue up-conversion luminescence of trivalent rare earth ion-doped Y2O3 nanocrystals,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 81(24), 4526–4528 (2002). [CrossRef]
Z.-L. Wang, H. L. W. Chan, H.-L. Li, and J. H. Hao, “Highly efficient low-voltage cathodoluminescence of LaF3:Ln3+ (La=Eu3+, Ce3+, Tb3+) spherical particles,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 93, 141106 (2008). [CrossRef]
N. Rakov, F. E. Ramos, G. Hirata, and M. Xiao, “Strong photoluminescence and cathodoluminescence due to f-f transitions in Eu3+-doped powders prepared by direct combustion synthesis and thin films deposited by laser ablation,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 83(2), 272–274 (2003). [CrossRef]
L. Aigouy, G. Tessier, M. Mortier, and B. Charlot, “Scanning thermal imaging of microelectronic circuits with a fluorescent nanoprobe,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 87(18), 184105 (2005). [CrossRef]
V. K. Tikhomirov, D. Furniss, I. M. Reaney, M. Beggiora, M. Ferrari, M. Montagna, and R. Rolli, “Fabrication and characterization of nanoscale, Er3+-doped, ultratransparent oxyfluoride glass-ceramics,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 81(11), 1937–1939 (2002). [CrossRef]

Chem. Rev.

F. Auzel, “Up-conversion and anti-Stokes processes with d and f ions in solids,” Chem. Rev. 105(1), 139–174 (2004). [CrossRef]

Europhys. Lett.

V. D. Rodríguez, V. K. Tikhomirov, J. Méndez-Ramos, and A. B. Seddon, “The shape of the 1.55 μm emission band of the Er3+ dopant in oxyfluoride nano-scaled glass-ceramics,” Europhys. Lett. 69(1), 128–134 (2005). [CrossRef]

J. Alloy. Comp.

T. Hayakawa, M. Hayakawa, and M. Nogami, “Estimation of the fs laser spot temperature inside TeO2-ZnO-Nb2O5 glass by using up-conversion green fluorescence of Er3+ ions,” J. Alloy. Comp. 451(1–2), 77–80 (2008). [CrossRef]

J. Lumin.

T. Welker, “Recent developments on phosphors for fluorescent lamps and cathode-ray tubes,” J. Lumin. 48–49, 49–56 (1991). [CrossRef]
J. Hao, S. A. Studenkin, and M. Cocivera, “Blue, green and red cathodoluminescence of Y2O3 phosphor films prepared by spray pyrolysis,” J. Lumin. 93(4), 313–319 (2001). [CrossRef]
J. F. Suyver, M. K. van Veen, D. Biner, K. W. Krämer, and H. U. Güdel, “Upconversion spectroscopy and properties of NaYF4 doped with Er3+, Tm3+ and/or Yb3+,” J. Lumin. 117(1), 1–12 (2006). [CrossRef]

J. Nanosci. Nanotechnol.

V. D. Rodríguez, V. K. Tikhomirov, J. Méndez-Ramos, J. del-Castillo, and C. Görller-Walrand, “Measurement of quantum yield of up-conversion Luminescence in Er(3+)-doped nano-glass-ceramics,” J. Nanosci. Nanotechnol. 9(3), 2072–2075 (2009). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

J. Solid State Chem.

D. J. M. Bevan, J. Strähle, and O. Greis, “The crystal-structure of tveitite, an ordered yttrofluorite mineral,” J. Solid State Chem. 44(1), 75–81 (1982). [CrossRef]

Nano Lett.

V. K. Tikhomirov, L. F. Chibotaru, D. Saurel, P. Gredin, M. Mortier, and V. V. Moshchalkov, “Er(3+)-doped nanoparticles for optical detection of magnetic field,” Nano Lett. 9(2), 721–724 (2009). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
J. J. Mock, S. J. Oldenburg, D. R. Smith, D. A. Schultz, and S. Schultz, “Composite plasmon resonant nanowires,” Nano Lett. 2(5), 465–469 (2002). [CrossRef]
E. Beaurepaire, V. Buissette, M.-P. Sauviat, D. Giaume, K. Lahlil, A. Mercuri, D. Casanova, A. Huignard, J.-L. Martin, T. Gacoin, J.-P. Boilot, and A. Alexandrou, “Functionalized fluorescent oxide nanoparticles: artificial toxins for sodium channel targeting and imaging at the single molecule level,” Nano Lett. 4(11), 2079–2083 (2004). [CrossRef]

Nat. Photonics

J. Fallert, R. J. B. Dietz, J. Sartor, D. Schneider, C. Klingshirn, and H. Kalt, “Co-existence of strongly and weakly localised random laser modes,” Nat. Photonics 3(5), 279–282 (2009). [CrossRef]

Opt. Express

Opt. Mater.

P. Salas, C. Angeles-Chavez, J. A. Montoya, E. De la Rosa, L. A. Diaz-Torres, H. Desirena, A. Martinez, M. A. Romero-Romo, and J. Morales, “Synthesis, characterization and luminescence properties of ZrO2:Yb3+-Er3+ nanophosphor,” Opt. Mater. 27(7), 1295–1300 (2005). [CrossRef]
M. Mortier and G. Patriarche, “Oxide glass used as inorganic template for fluorescent fluoride nano-particle synthesis,” Opt. Mater. 28(12), 1401–1404 (2006). [CrossRef]

Phys. Rev. Lett.

G. Adamo, K. F. MacDonald, Y. H. Fu, C. M. Wang, D. P. Tsai, F. J. de Abajo, and N. I. Zheludev, “Light well: a tunable free-electron light source on a chip,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 103(11), 113901 (2009). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
L. Aigouy, P. Lalanne, J. P. Hugonin, G. Julié, V. Mathet, and M. Mortier, “Near-field analysis of surface waves launched at nanoslit apertures,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 98(15), 153902 (2007). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

Rep. Prog. Phys.

S. Hull, “Superionic crystal structures and conduction processes,” Rep. Prog. Phys. 67(7), 1233–1314 (2004). [CrossRef]

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[1] L. Aigouy, P. Lalanne, J. P. Hugonin, G. Julié, V. Mathet, and M. Mortier, “Near-field analysis of surface waves launched at nanoslit apertures,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 98(15), 153902 (2007). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

[2] E. Plum, V. A. Fedotov, P. Kuo, D. P. Tsai, and N. I. Zheludev, “Towards the lasing spaser: controlling metamaterial optical response with semiconductor quantum dots,” Opt. Express 17(10), 8548–8551 (2009). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

[3] H. Zhou, M. Wissinger, J. Fallert, R. Hauschild, F. Stelzl, C. Klingshirn, and H. Kalt, “Ordered, uniform-sized ZnO nanolaser arrays,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 91(18), 181112 (2007). [CrossRef]

[4] P. Salas, C. Angeles-Chavez, J. A. Montoya, E. De la Rosa, L. A. Diaz-Torres, H. Desirena, A. Martinez, M. A. Romero-Romo, and J. Morales, “Synthesis, characterization and luminescence properties of ZrO2:Yb3+-Er3+ nanophosphor,” Opt. Mater. 27(7), 1295–1300 (2005). [CrossRef]

[5] D. Matsuura, “Red, green and blue up-conversion luminescence of trivalent rare earth ion-doped Y2O3 nanocrystals,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 81(24), 4526–4528 (2002). [CrossRef]

[6] J. Zhang, Y. Fu, and J. R. Lakowicz, “Luminescent images of single gold nanoparticles and their labeling on silica beads,” Opt. Express 15(20), 13415–13420 (2007). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

[7] J. J. Mock, S. J. Oldenburg, D. R. Smith, D. A. Schultz, and S. Schultz, “Composite plasmon resonant nanowires,” Nano Lett. 2(5), 465–469 (2002). [CrossRef]

[8] E. Beaurepaire, V. Buissette, M.-P. Sauviat, D. Giaume, K. Lahlil, A. Mercuri, D. Casanova, A. Huignard, J.-L. Martin, T. Gacoin, J.-P. Boilot, and A. Alexandrou, “Functionalized fluorescent oxide nanoparticles: artificial toxins for sodium channel targeting and imaging at the single molecule level,” Nano Lett. 4(11), 2079–2083 (2004). [CrossRef]

[9] V. K. Tikhomirov, K. Driesen, V. D. Rodriguez, P. Gredin, M. Mortier, and V. V. Moshchalkov, “Optical nanoheater based on the Yb3+-Er3+ co-doped nanoparticles,” Opt. Express 17(14), 11794–11798 (2009). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

[10] V. K. Tikhomirov, L. F. Chibotaru, D. Saurel, P. Gredin, M. Mortier, and V. V. Moshchalkov, “Er(3+)-doped nanoparticles for optical detection of magnetic field,” Nano Lett. 9(2), 721–724 (2009). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

[11] M. Mortier and G. Patriarche, “Oxide glass used as inorganic template for fluorescent fluoride nano-particle synthesis,” Opt. Mater. 28(12), 1401–1404 (2006). [CrossRef]

[12] Z.-L. Wang, H. L. W. Chan, H.-L. Li, and J. H. Hao, “Highly efficient low-voltage cathodoluminescence of LaF3:Ln3+ (La=Eu3+, Ce3+, Tb3+) spherical particles,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 93, 141106 (2008). [CrossRef]

[13] J. Hao, S. A. Studenkin, and M. Cocivera, “Blue, green and red cathodoluminescence of Y2O3 phosphor films prepared by spray pyrolysis,” J. Lumin. 93(4), 313–319 (2001). [CrossRef]

[14] N. Rakov, F. E. Ramos, G. Hirata, and M. Xiao, “Strong photoluminescence and cathodoluminescence due to f-f transitions in Eu3+-doped powders prepared by direct combustion synthesis and thin films deposited by laser ablation,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 83(2), 272–274 (2003). [CrossRef]

[15] L. Aigouy, G. Tessier, M. Mortier, and B. Charlot, “Scanning thermal imaging of microelectronic circuits with a fluorescent nanoprobe,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 87(18), 184105 (2005). [CrossRef]

[16] T. Hayakawa, M. Hayakawa, and M. Nogami, “Estimation of the fs laser spot temperature inside TeO2-ZnO-Nb2O5 glass by using up-conversion green fluorescence of Er3+ ions,” J. Alloy. Comp. 451(1–2), 77–80 (2008). [CrossRef]

[17] T. Welker, “Recent developments on phosphors for fluorescent lamps and cathode-ray tubes,” J. Lumin. 48–49, 49–56 (1991). [CrossRef]

[18] G. Adamo, K. F. MacDonald, Y. H. Fu, C. M. Wang, D. P. Tsai, F. J. de Abajo, and N. I. Zheludev, “Light well: a tunable free-electron light source on a chip,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 103(11), 113901 (2009). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

[19] F. Auzel, “Up-conversion and anti-Stokes processes with d and f ions in solids,” Chem. Rev. 105(1), 139–174 (2004). [CrossRef]

[20] V. K. Tikhomirov, K. Driesen, C. Görller-Walrand, and M. Mortier, “Broadband telecommunication wavelength emission in Yb(3+)-Er(3+)-Tm(3+) co-doped nano-glassceramics,” Opt. Express 15(15), 9535–9540 (2007). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

[21] V. K. Tikhomirov, D. Furniss, I. M. Reaney, M. Beggiora, M. Ferrari, M. Montagna, and R. Rolli, “Fabrication and characterization of nanoscale, Er3+-doped, ultratransparent oxyfluoride glass-ceramics,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 81(11), 1937–1939 (2002). [CrossRef]

[22] V. D. Rodríguez, V. K. Tikhomirov, J. Méndez-Ramos, J. del-Castillo, and C. Görller-Walrand, “Measurement of quantum yield of up-conversion Luminescence in Er(3+)-doped nano-glass-ceramics,” J. Nanosci. Nanotechnol. 9(3), 2072–2075 (2009). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

[23] V. D. Rodríguez, V. K. Tikhomirov, J. Méndez-Ramos, and A. B. Seddon, “The shape of the 1.55 μm emission band of the Er3+ dopant in oxyfluoride nano-scaled glass-ceramics,” Europhys. Lett. 69(1), 128–134 (2005). [CrossRef]

[24] J. Fallert, R. J. B. Dietz, J. Sartor, D. Schneider, C. Klingshirn, and H. Kalt, “Co-existence of strongly and weakly localised random laser modes,” Nat. Photonics 3(5), 279–282 (2009). [CrossRef]

[25] J. F. Suyver, M. K. van Veen, D. Biner, K. W. Krämer, and H. U. Güdel, “Upconversion spectroscopy and properties of NaYF4 doped with Er3+, Tm3+ and/or Yb3+,” J. Lumin. 117(1), 1–12 (2006). [CrossRef]

[26] D. J. M. Bevan, J. Strähle, and O. Greis, “The crystal-structure of tveitite, an ordered yttrofluorite mineral,” J. Solid State Chem. 44(1), 75–81 (1982). [CrossRef]

[27] S. Hull, “Superionic crystal structures and conduction processes,” Rep. Prog. Phys. 67(7), 1233–1314 (2004). [CrossRef]

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