Microstructured KY(WO4)2:Gd3+, Lu3+, Yb3+ channel waveguide laser

doi:10.1364/OE.18.008853

Microstructured KY(WO₄)₂:Gd³⁺, Lu³⁺, Yb³⁺ channel waveguide laser

D. Geskus, S. Aravazhi, C. Grivas, K. Wörhoff, and M. Pollnau »View Author Affiliations

Optics Express, Vol. 18, Issue 9, pp. 8853-8858 (2010)
http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/OE.18.008853

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Abstract

Epitaxially grown, 2.4-µm-thin layers of KY(WO₄)₂:Gd³⁺, Lu³⁺, Yb³⁺, which exhibit a high refractive index contrast with respect to the undoped KY(WO₄)₂ substrate, have been microstructured by Ar beam milling, providing 1.4-µm-deep ridge channel waveguides of 2 to 7 µm width, and overgrown by an undoped KY(WO₄)₂ layer. Channel waveguide laser operation was achieved with a launched pump power threshold of only 5 mW, a slope efficiency of 62% versus launched pump power, and 76 mW output power.

OCIS Codes
(230.7380) Optical devices : Waveguides, channeled
(140.3615) Lasers and laser optics : Lasers, ytterbium

ToC Category:
Lasers and Laser Optics

History
Original Manuscript: February 1, 2010
Revised Manuscript: April 1, 2010
Manuscript Accepted: April 6, 2010
Published: April 13, 2010

Citation
D. Geskus, S. Aravazhi, C. Grivas, K. Wörhoff, and M. Pollnau, "Microstructured KY(WO₄)₂:Gd³⁺, Lu³⁺, Yb³⁺ channel waveguide laser," Opt. Express 18, 8853-8858 (2010)
http://www.opticsinfobase.org/oe/abstract.cfm?URI=oe-18-9-8853

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References

M. Pollnau, Y. E. Romanyuk, F. Gardillou, C. N. Borca, U. Griebner, S. Rivier, and V. Petrov, “Double tungstate lasers: From bulk toward on-chip integrated waveguide devices,” IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron. 13(3), 661–671 (2007). [CrossRef]
M. C. Pujol, M. A. Bursukova, F. Güell, X. Mateos, R. Solé, J. Gavaldà, M. Aguiló, J. Massons, F. Díaz, P. Klopp, U. Griebner, and V. Petrov, “Growth, optical characterization, and laser operation of a stoichiometric crystal KYb(WO4)2,” Phys. Rev. B 65(16), 165121 (2002). [CrossRef]
P. Klopp, V. Petrov, and U. Griebner, “Pottasium ytterbium tungstate provides the smallest laser quantum defect,” Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 42(Part 2, No. 3A3A), L246–L248 (2003). [CrossRef]
N. V. Kuleshov, A. A. Lagatsky, V. G. Shcherbitsky, V. P. Mikhailov, E. Heumann, T. Jensen, A. Diening, and G. Huber, “CW laser performance of Yb and Er, Yb doped tungstates,” Appl. Phys. B 64(4), 409–413 (1997). [CrossRef]
A. A. Lagatsky, N. V. Kuleshov, and V. P. Mikhailov, “Diode-pumped CW lasing of Yb:KYW and Yb:KGW,” Opt. Commun. 165(1–3), 71–75 (1999). [CrossRef]
S. Rivier, X. Mateos, O. Silvestre, V. Petrov, U. Griebner, M. C. Pujol, M. Aguiló, F. Díaz, S. Vernay, and D. Rytz, “Thin-disk Yb:KLu(WO(4))(2) laser with single-pass pumping,” Opt. Lett. 33(7), 735–737 (2008). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Y. E. Romanyuk, C. N. Borca, M. Pollnau, S. Rivier, V. Petrov, and U. Griebner, “Yb-doped KY(WO4)2 planar waveguide laser,” Opt. Lett. 31(1), 53–55 (2006). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
F. M. Bain, A. A. Lagatsky, S. V. Kurilchick, V. E. Kisel, S. A. Guretsky, A. M. Luginets, N. A. Kalanda, I. M. Kolesova, N. V. Kuleshov, W. Sibbett, and C. T. A. Brown, “Continuous-wave and Q-switched operation of a compact, diode-pumped Yb3+:KY(WO4)2 planar waveguide laser,” Opt. Express 17(3), 1666–1670 (2009). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
R. Solé, V. Nikolov, X. Ruiz, J. Gavaldà, X. Solans, M. Aguiló, and F. Díaz, “Growth of β-KGd1-xNdx(WO4)2 single crystals in K2W2O7 solvents,” J. Cryst. Growth 169(3), 600–603 (1996). [CrossRef]
Y. E. Romanyuk, I. Utke, D. Ehrentraut, V. Apostolopoulos, M. Pollnau, S. García-Revilla, and R. Valiente, “Low-temperature liquid phase epitaxy and optical waveguiding of rare-earth-ion doped KY(WO4)2 thin layers,” J. Cryst. Growth 269(2–4), 377–384 (2004). [CrossRef]
D. Geskus, J. D. B. Bradley, S. Aravazhi, K. Wörhoff, and M. Pollnau, “Poor man's channel waveguide laser: KY(WO4)2:Yb,” Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics, San José, California, 2008, Technical Digest (Optical Society of America, Washington, DC 2008), paper CTuS4.
C. N. Borca, V. Apostolopoulos, F. Gardillou, H. G. Limberger, M. Pollnau, and R. P. Salathé, “Buried channel waveguides in Yb-doped KY(WO4)2 crystals fabricated by femtosecond laser irradiation,” Appl. Surf. Sci. 253(19), 8300–8303 (2007). [CrossRef]
S. M. Eaton, C. A. Merchant, R. Iyer, A. J. Zilkie, A. S. Helmy, J. S. Aitchison, P. R. Herman, D. Kraemer, R. J. D. Miller, C. Hnatovsky, and R. S. Taylor, “Raman gain from waveguides inscribed in KGd(WO4)2 by high repetition rate femtosecond laser,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 92(8), 81105–81107 (2008). [CrossRef]
F. M. Bain, A. A. Lagatsky, R. R. Thomson, N. D. Psaila, N. V. Kuleshov, A. K. Kar, W. Sibbett, and C. T. A. Brown, “Ultrafast laser inscribed Yb:KGd(WO4)2 and Yb:KY(WO4)2 channel waveguide lasers,” Opt. Express 17(25), 22417–22422 (2009). [CrossRef]
F. Gardillou, Y. E. Romanyuk, C. N. Borca, R. P. Salathé, and M. Pollnau, “Lu, Gd codoped KY(WO(4))(2):Yb epitaxial layers: towards integrated optics based on KY(WO(4))(2).,” Opt. Lett. 32(5), 488–490 (2007). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
W. Bolaños, J. J. Carvajal, M. C. Pujol, X. Mateos, G. Lifante, M. Aguiló, and F. Díaz, “Epitaxial growth of lattice matched KY1-x-yGdxLuy(WO4)2 thin films on KY(WO4)2 substrates for waveguiding applications,” Cryst. Growth Des. 9(8), 3525–3531 (2009). [CrossRef]
D. Geskus, S. Aravazhi, E. Bernhardi, C. Grivas, S. Harkema, K. Hametner, D. Günther, K. Wörhoff, and M. Pollnau, “Low-threshold, highly efficient Gd3+, Lu3+ co-doped KY(WO4)2:Yb3+ planar waveguide lasers,” Laser Phys. Lett. 6(11), 800–805 (2009). [CrossRef]
C. Grivas, D. P. Shepherd, T. C. May-Smith, R. W. Eason, M. Pollnau, A. Crunteanu, and M. Jelinek, “Performance of Ar+-milled Ti:Sapphire rib waveguides as single transverse mode broadband fluorescence sources,” IEEE J. Quantum Electron. 39(3), 501–507 (2003). [CrossRef]
U. Griebner and H. Schönnagel, “Laser operation with nearly diffraction-limited output from a Yb:YAG multimode channel waveguide,” Opt. Lett. 24(11), 750–752 (1999). [CrossRef]
S. J. Field, D. C. Hanna, A. C. Large, D. P. Shepherd, A. C. Tropper, P. J. Chandler, P. D. Townsend, and L. Zhang, “Ion-implanted Nd:GGG channel waveguide laser,” Opt. Lett. 17(1), 52–54 (1992). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
R. Gerhardt, J. Kleine-Börger, L. Beilschmidt, M. Frommeyer, H. Dötsch, and B. Gather, “Efficient channel-waveguide laser in Nd:GGG at 1.062 mm wavelength,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 75(9), 1210–1212 (1999). [CrossRef]
G. A. Torchia, A. Rodenas, A. Benayas, E. Cantelar, L. Roso, and D. Jaque, “Highly efficient laser action in femtosecond-written Nd:yttirum aluminum garnet ceramic waveguides,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 92(11), 111103 (2008). [CrossRef]
T. Calmano, J. Siebenmorgen, O. Hellmig, K. Petermann, and G. Huber, “Nd:YAG waveguide laser with 1.3 W output power, fabricated by direct femtosecond laser writing,” Appl. Phys. B . in press.

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[1] M. Pollnau, Y. E. Romanyuk, F. Gardillou, C. N. Borca, U. Griebner, S. Rivier, and V. Petrov, “Double tungstate lasers: From bulk toward on-chip integrated waveguide devices,” IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron. 13(3), 661–671 (2007). [CrossRef]

[2] M. C. Pujol, M. A. Bursukova, F. Güell, X. Mateos, R. Solé, J. Gavaldà, M. Aguiló, J. Massons, F. Díaz, P. Klopp, U. Griebner, and V. Petrov, “Growth, optical characterization, and laser operation of a stoichiometric crystal KYb(WO4)2,” Phys. Rev. B 65(16), 165121 (2002). [CrossRef]

[3] P. Klopp, V. Petrov, and U. Griebner, “Pottasium ytterbium tungstate provides the smallest laser quantum defect,” Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 42(Part 2, No. 3A3A), L246–L248 (2003). [CrossRef]

[4] N. V. Kuleshov, A. A. Lagatsky, V. G. Shcherbitsky, V. P. Mikhailov, E. Heumann, T. Jensen, A. Diening, and G. Huber, “CW laser performance of Yb and Er, Yb doped tungstates,” Appl. Phys. B 64(4), 409–413 (1997). [CrossRef]

[5] A. A. Lagatsky, N. V. Kuleshov, and V. P. Mikhailov, “Diode-pumped CW lasing of Yb:KYW and Yb:KGW,” Opt. Commun. 165(1–3), 71–75 (1999). [CrossRef]

[6] S. Rivier, X. Mateos, O. Silvestre, V. Petrov, U. Griebner, M. C. Pujol, M. Aguiló, F. Díaz, S. Vernay, and D. Rytz, “Thin-disk Yb:KLu(WO(4))(2) laser with single-pass pumping,” Opt. Lett. 33(7), 735–737 (2008). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

[7] Y. E. Romanyuk, C. N. Borca, M. Pollnau, S. Rivier, V. Petrov, and U. Griebner, “Yb-doped KY(WO4)2 planar waveguide laser,” Opt. Lett. 31(1), 53–55 (2006). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

[8] F. M. Bain, A. A. Lagatsky, S. V. Kurilchick, V. E. Kisel, S. A. Guretsky, A. M. Luginets, N. A. Kalanda, I. M. Kolesova, N. V. Kuleshov, W. Sibbett, and C. T. A. Brown, “Continuous-wave and Q-switched operation of a compact, diode-pumped Yb3+:KY(WO4)2 planar waveguide laser,” Opt. Express 17(3), 1666–1670 (2009). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

[9] R. Solé, V. Nikolov, X. Ruiz, J. Gavaldà, X. Solans, M. Aguiló, and F. Díaz, “Growth of β-KGd1-xNdx(WO4)2 single crystals in K2W2O7 solvents,” J. Cryst. Growth 169(3), 600–603 (1996). [CrossRef]

[10] Y. E. Romanyuk, I. Utke, D. Ehrentraut, V. Apostolopoulos, M. Pollnau, S. García-Revilla, and R. Valiente, “Low-temperature liquid phase epitaxy and optical waveguiding of rare-earth-ion doped KY(WO4)2 thin layers,” J. Cryst. Growth 269(2–4), 377–384 (2004). [CrossRef]

[11] D. Geskus, J. D. B. Bradley, S. Aravazhi, K. Wörhoff, and M. Pollnau, “Poor man's channel waveguide laser: KY(WO4)2:Yb,” Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics, San José, California, 2008, Technical Digest (Optical Society of America, Washington, DC 2008), paper CTuS4.

[12] C. N. Borca, V. Apostolopoulos, F. Gardillou, H. G. Limberger, M. Pollnau, and R. P. Salathé, “Buried channel waveguides in Yb-doped KY(WO4)2 crystals fabricated by femtosecond laser irradiation,” Appl. Surf. Sci. 253(19), 8300–8303 (2007). [CrossRef]

[13] S. M. Eaton, C. A. Merchant, R. Iyer, A. J. Zilkie, A. S. Helmy, J. S. Aitchison, P. R. Herman, D. Kraemer, R. J. D. Miller, C. Hnatovsky, and R. S. Taylor, “Raman gain from waveguides inscribed in KGd(WO4)2 by high repetition rate femtosecond laser,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 92(8), 81105–81107 (2008). [CrossRef]

[14] F. M. Bain, A. A. Lagatsky, R. R. Thomson, N. D. Psaila, N. V. Kuleshov, A. K. Kar, W. Sibbett, and C. T. A. Brown, “Ultrafast laser inscribed Yb:KGd(WO4)2 and Yb:KY(WO4)2 channel waveguide lasers,” Opt. Express 17(25), 22417–22422 (2009). [CrossRef]

[15] F. Gardillou, Y. E. Romanyuk, C. N. Borca, R. P. Salathé, and M. Pollnau, “Lu, Gd codoped KY(WO(4))(2):Yb epitaxial layers: towards integrated optics based on KY(WO(4))(2).,” Opt. Lett. 32(5), 488–490 (2007). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

[16] W. Bolaños, J. J. Carvajal, M. C. Pujol, X. Mateos, G. Lifante, M. Aguiló, and F. Díaz, “Epitaxial growth of lattice matched KY1-x-yGdxLuy(WO4)2 thin films on KY(WO4)2 substrates for waveguiding applications,” Cryst. Growth Des. 9(8), 3525–3531 (2009). [CrossRef]

[17] D. Geskus, S. Aravazhi, E. Bernhardi, C. Grivas, S. Harkema, K. Hametner, D. Günther, K. Wörhoff, and M. Pollnau, “Low-threshold, highly efficient Gd3+, Lu3+ co-doped KY(WO4)2:Yb3+ planar waveguide lasers,” Laser Phys. Lett. 6(11), 800–805 (2009). [CrossRef]

[18] C. Grivas, D. P. Shepherd, T. C. May-Smith, R. W. Eason, M. Pollnau, A. Crunteanu, and M. Jelinek, “Performance of Ar+-milled Ti:Sapphire rib waveguides as single transverse mode broadband fluorescence sources,” IEEE J. Quantum Electron. 39(3), 501–507 (2003). [CrossRef]

[19] U. Griebner and H. Schönnagel, “Laser operation with nearly diffraction-limited output from a Yb:YAG multimode channel waveguide,” Opt. Lett. 24(11), 750–752 (1999). [CrossRef]

[20] S. J. Field, D. C. Hanna, A. C. Large, D. P. Shepherd, A. C. Tropper, P. J. Chandler, P. D. Townsend, and L. Zhang, “Ion-implanted Nd:GGG channel waveguide laser,” Opt. Lett. 17(1), 52–54 (1992). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

[21] R. Gerhardt, J. Kleine-Börger, L. Beilschmidt, M. Frommeyer, H. Dötsch, and B. Gather, “Efficient channel-waveguide laser in Nd:GGG at 1.062 mm wavelength,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 75(9), 1210–1212 (1999). [CrossRef]

[22] G. A. Torchia, A. Rodenas, A. Benayas, E. Cantelar, L. Roso, and D. Jaque, “Highly efficient laser action in femtosecond-written Nd:yttirum aluminum garnet ceramic waveguides,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 92(11), 111103 (2008). [CrossRef]

[23] T. Calmano, J. Siebenmorgen, O. Hellmig, K. Petermann, and G. Huber, “Nd:YAG waveguide laser with 1.3 W output power, fabricated by direct femtosecond laser writing,” Appl. Phys. B . in press.

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Microstructured KY(WO₄)₂:Gd³⁺, Lu³⁺, Yb³⁺ channel waveguide laser