Autofocus using image phase congruency

doi:10.1364/OE.19.000261

Autofocus using image phase congruency

Yibin Tian »View Author Affiliations

Optics Express, Vol. 19, Issue 1, pp. 261-270 (2011)
http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/OE.19.000261

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Abstract
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References (23)
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Abstract

The key issue in passive autofocus is to choose robust focus measures to judge optical blur in defocused images. Existing focus measures are sensitive to image contrast (illumination) as they use image intensity. In this report we demonstrate a focus measure using phase congruency. The proposed focus measure is robust for noisy imaging sensors in varying illumination conditions, and has great balance of defocus sensitivity and effective range. Its advantages are shown with a number of synthetic image sequences.

OCIS Codes
(100.2000) Image processing : Digital image processing
(110.3000) Imaging systems : Image quality assessment
(110.5200) Imaging systems : Photography
(110.3925) Imaging systems : Metrics

ToC Category:
Imaging Systems

History
Original Manuscript: November 1, 2010
Revised Manuscript: December 17, 2010
Manuscript Accepted: December 17, 2010
Published: December 22, 2010

Citation
Yibin Tian, "Autofocus using image phase congruency," Opt. Express 19, 261-270 (2011)
http://www.opticsinfobase.org/oe/abstract.cfm?URI=oe-19-1-261

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References

M. Subbarao, T. Choi, and A. Nikzad, “Focusing techniques,” Opt. Eng. 32(11), 2824–2836 (1993). [CrossRef]
Y. Tian, K. Shieh, and C. F. Wildsoet, “Performance of focus measures in the presence of nondefocus aberrations,” J. Opt. Soc. Am. A 24(12), B165–B173 (2007), http://www.opticsinfobase.org/abstract.cfm?URI=josaa-24-12-B165 . [CrossRef]
M. Subbarao and G. Surya, “Depth from defocus: A spatial domain approach,” Int. J. Comput. Vis. 13(3), 271–294 (1994). [CrossRef]
A. Pentland, S. Scherock, T. Darrell, and B. Girod, “Simple range cameras based on focal error,” J. Opt. Soc. Am. A 11(11), 2925–2934 (1994), http://www.opticsinfobase.org/abstract.cfm?URI=josaa-11-11-2925 . [CrossRef]
S. K. Nayar, M. Watanabe, and M. Noguchi, “Real-time focus range sensor,” IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell. 18(12), 1186–1198 (1996). [CrossRef]
A. N. Rajagopalan and S. Chaudhuri, “A variational approach to recovering depth from defocused images,” IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell. 19(10), 1158–1164 (1997). [CrossRef]
V. Aslantas and D. T. Pham, “Depth from automatic defocusing,” Opt. Express 15(3), 1011–1023 (2007), http://www.opticsinfobase.org/abstract.cfm?URI=oe-15-3-1011 . [CrossRef] [PubMed]
S. O. Shim and T. S. Choi, “Depth from focus based on combinatorial optimization,” Opt. Lett. 35(12), 1956–1958 (2010), http://www.opticsinfobase.org/abstract.cfm?URI=ol-35-12-1956 . [CrossRef] [PubMed]
W. Huang and Z. Jing, “Evaluation of focus measures in multi-focus image fusion,” Pattern Recognit. Lett. 28(4), 493–500 (2007). [CrossRef]
V. Aslantas and R. Kurban, “A comparison of criterion functions for fusion of multi-focus noisy images,” Opt. Commun. 82(16), 3231–3242 (2009). [CrossRef]
S. Nayar and Y. Nakagawa, “Shape from focus,” IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell. 16(8), 824–831 (1994). [CrossRef]
P. Favaro, S. Soatto, M. Burger, and S. J. Osher, “Shape from defocus via diffusion,” IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell. 30(3), 518–531 (2008). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
M. Subbarao and J. K. Tyan, “Selecting the optimal focus measure for autofocusing and depth-from-focus,” IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell. 20(8), 864–870 (1998). [CrossRef]
T. Aydin and Y. S. Akgul, “An occlusion insensitive adaptive focus measurement method,” Opt. Express 18(13), 14212–14224 (2010), http://www.opticsinfobase.org/abstract.cfm?URI=oe-18-13-14212 . [CrossRef] [PubMed]
M.C. Morrone, J. R. Ross, D.C. Burr, and R. A. Owens, “Mach bands are phase dependent,” Nature 324, 250–253 (1986). [CrossRef]
M. C. Morrone and R. A. Owens, “Feature detection from local energy,” Pattern Recognit. Lett. 6(5), 303–313 (1987). [CrossRef]
M. C. Morrone and D. C. Burr, “Feature detection in human vision: a phase-dependent energy model,” Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B Biol. Sci. 235(1280), 221–245 (1988). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Z. Wang, and E. P. Simoncelli, “Local phase coherence and the perception of blur,” in Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, S. Thurn, L. Saul, and B. Schölkopf, ed. (MIT Press, Boston, M.A., 2004), pp. 1435–1442. [PubMed]
P. Kovesi, “Image features from phase congruency,” VIDERE: J. Comput. Vis. Res. 1, 1–27 (1999).
D. J. Field, “Relations between the statistics of natural image and the response properties of cortical cells,” J. Opt. Soc. Am. 4(12), 2379–2394 (1987), http://www.opticsinfobase.org/abstract.cfm?URI=josaa-4-12-2379 . [CrossRef]
Y. Tian, H. Feng, Z. Xu, and J. Huang, “Dynamic focus window selection strategy for digital cameras,” Proc. SPIE 5678, 219–229 (2005). [CrossRef]
Y. Tian, “Dynamic focus window selection using a statistical color model,” Proc. SPIE 6069, 98–106 (2006).
H. Lin, and K. Gu, “Depth recovery using defocus blur as infinity,” in Proceedings of the 19th International Conference on Pattern Recognitions, (IEEE, Tampa, FL, 2008), pp. 1–4.

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[1] M. Subbarao, T. Choi, and A. Nikzad, “Focusing techniques,” Opt. Eng. 32(11), 2824–2836 (1993). [CrossRef]

[2] Y. Tian, K. Shieh, and C. F. Wildsoet, “Performance of focus measures in the presence of nondefocus aberrations,” J. Opt. Soc. Am. A 24(12), B165–B173 (2007), http://www.opticsinfobase.org/abstract.cfm?URI=josaa-24-12-B165 . [CrossRef]

[3] M. Subbarao and G. Surya, “Depth from defocus: A spatial domain approach,” Int. J. Comput. Vis. 13(3), 271–294 (1994). [CrossRef]

[4] A. Pentland, S. Scherock, T. Darrell, and B. Girod, “Simple range cameras based on focal error,” J. Opt. Soc. Am. A 11(11), 2925–2934 (1994), http://www.opticsinfobase.org/abstract.cfm?URI=josaa-11-11-2925 . [CrossRef]

[5] S. K. Nayar, M. Watanabe, and M. Noguchi, “Real-time focus range sensor,” IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell. 18(12), 1186–1198 (1996). [CrossRef]

[6] A. N. Rajagopalan and S. Chaudhuri, “A variational approach to recovering depth from defocused images,” IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell. 19(10), 1158–1164 (1997). [CrossRef]

[7] V. Aslantas and D. T. Pham, “Depth from automatic defocusing,” Opt. Express 15(3), 1011–1023 (2007), http://www.opticsinfobase.org/abstract.cfm?URI=oe-15-3-1011 . [CrossRef] [PubMed]

[8] S. O. Shim and T. S. Choi, “Depth from focus based on combinatorial optimization,” Opt. Lett. 35(12), 1956–1958 (2010), http://www.opticsinfobase.org/abstract.cfm?URI=ol-35-12-1956 . [CrossRef] [PubMed]

[9] W. Huang and Z. Jing, “Evaluation of focus measures in multi-focus image fusion,” Pattern Recognit. Lett. 28(4), 493–500 (2007). [CrossRef]

[10] V. Aslantas and R. Kurban, “A comparison of criterion functions for fusion of multi-focus noisy images,” Opt. Commun. 82(16), 3231–3242 (2009). [CrossRef]

[11] S. Nayar and Y. Nakagawa, “Shape from focus,” IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell. 16(8), 824–831 (1994). [CrossRef]

[12] P. Favaro, S. Soatto, M. Burger, and S. J. Osher, “Shape from defocus via diffusion,” IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell. 30(3), 518–531 (2008). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

[13] M. Subbarao and J. K. Tyan, “Selecting the optimal focus measure for autofocusing and depth-from-focus,” IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell. 20(8), 864–870 (1998). [CrossRef]

[14] T. Aydin and Y. S. Akgul, “An occlusion insensitive adaptive focus measurement method,” Opt. Express 18(13), 14212–14224 (2010), http://www.opticsinfobase.org/abstract.cfm?URI=oe-18-13-14212 . [CrossRef] [PubMed]

[15] M.C. Morrone, J. R. Ross, D.C. Burr, and R. A. Owens, “Mach bands are phase dependent,” Nature 324, 250–253 (1986). [CrossRef]

[16] M. C. Morrone and R. A. Owens, “Feature detection from local energy,” Pattern Recognit. Lett. 6(5), 303–313 (1987). [CrossRef]

[17] M. C. Morrone and D. C. Burr, “Feature detection in human vision: a phase-dependent energy model,” Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B Biol. Sci. 235(1280), 221–245 (1988). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

[18] Z. Wang, and E. P. Simoncelli, “Local phase coherence and the perception of blur,” in Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, S. Thurn, L. Saul, and B. Schölkopf, ed. (MIT Press, Boston, M.A., 2004), pp. 1435–1442. [PubMed]

[19] P. Kovesi, “Image features from phase congruency,” VIDERE: J. Comput. Vis. Res. 1, 1–27 (1999).

[20] D. J. Field, “Relations between the statistics of natural image and the response properties of cortical cells,” J. Opt. Soc. Am. 4(12), 2379–2394 (1987), http://www.opticsinfobase.org/abstract.cfm?URI=josaa-4-12-2379 . [CrossRef]

[21] Y. Tian, H. Feng, Z. Xu, and J. Huang, “Dynamic focus window selection strategy for digital cameras,” Proc. SPIE 5678, 219–229 (2005). [CrossRef]

[22] Y. Tian, “Dynamic focus window selection using a statistical color model,” Proc. SPIE 6069, 98–106 (2006).

[23] H. Lin, and K. Gu, “Depth recovery using defocus blur as infinity,” in Proceedings of the 19th International Conference on Pattern Recognitions, (IEEE, Tampa, FL, 2008), pp. 1–4.

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Autofocus using image phase congruency