An analytic theory describing soft x-ray diffraction by Lamellar Multilayer Gratings (LMG) has been developed. The theory is derived from a coupled waves approach for LMGs operating in the single-order regime, where an incident plane wave can only excite a single diffraction order. The results from calculations based on these very simple analytic expressions are demonstrated to be in excellent agreement with those obtained using the rigorous coupled-waves approach. The conditions for maximum reflectivity and diffraction efficiency are deduced and discussed. A brief investigation into p-polarized radiation diffraction is also performed.

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1. I. V. Kozhevnikov and A. V. Vinogradov, “Basic formulae of XUV multilayer optics,” Phys. Scr. T17, 137–145 (1987). [CrossRef]
2. A. Sammar, J.-M. André, and B. Pardo, “Diffraction and scattering by lamellar amplitude multilayer gratings in the X-UV region,” Opt. Commun. 86(2), 245–254 (1991). [CrossRef]
3. A. I. Erko, B. Vidal, P. Vincent, Yu. A. Agafonov, V. V. Martynov, D. V. Roschupkin, and M. Brunel, “Multilayer gratings efficiency: numerical and physical experiments,” Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. A 333(2-3), 599–606 (1993). [CrossRef]
4. A. Sammar, M. Ouahabi, R. Barchewitz, J.-M. Andre, R. Rivoira, C. K. Malek, F. R. Ladan, and P. Guerin, “Theoretical and experimental study of soft X-ray diffraction by a lamellar multilayer amplitude grating,” J. Opt. 24(1), 37–41 (1993). [CrossRef]
5. R. Benbalagh, J.-M. André, R. Barchewitz, P. Jonnard, G. Julié, L. Mollard, G. Rolland, C. Rémond, P. Troussel, R. Marmoret, and E. O. Filatova, “Lamellar multilayer amplitude grating as soft-X-ray Bragg monochromator,” Nucl. Instrum. Meth. Res. A 541(3), 590–597 (2005). [CrossRef]
6. I. V. Kozhevnikov, R. van der Meer, H. M. J. Bastiaens, K.-J. Boller, and F. Bijkerk, “High-resolution, high-reflectivity operation of lamellar multilayer amplitude gratings: identification of the single-order regime,” Opt. Express 18(15), 16234–16242 (2010). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
7. R. Benbalagh, “Monochromateurs Multicouches à bande passante étroite et à faible fond continu pour le rayonnement X-UV,” PhD Thesis, University of Paris VI, Paris, 2003.
8. L. I. Goray, “Numerical analysis of the efficiency of multilayer-coated gratings using integral method,” Nucl. Instrum. Meth. Res. A 536(1-2), 211–221 (2005). [CrossRef]
9. R. Petit, Electromagnetic Theory of Gratings, (Springer-Verlag, 1980.
10. A. V. Vinogradov and B. Ya. Zeldovich, “X-ray and far uv multilayer mirrors: principles and possibilities,” Appl. Opt. 16(1), 89–93 (1977). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
11. A. V. Vinogradov and B. Ya. Zeldovich, “Multilayer mirrors for x-ray and far-ultraviolet radiation,” Opt. Spektrosk. 42, 404–407 (1977).
12. M. Born and E. Wolf, Principles of Optics, 6th ed. (Pergamon, 1980.

Appl. Opt.

• A. V. Vinogradov and B. Ya. Zeldovich, “X-ray and far uv multilayer mirrors: principles and possibilities,” Appl. Opt. 16(1), 89–93 (1977). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

J. Opt.

• A. Sammar, M. Ouahabi, R. Barchewitz, J.-M. Andre, R. Rivoira, C. K. Malek, F. R. Ladan, and P. Guerin, “Theoretical and experimental study of soft X-ray diffraction by a lamellar multilayer amplitude grating,” J. Opt. 24(1), 37–41 (1993). [CrossRef]

Nucl. Instrum. Meth. Res. A

• R. Benbalagh, J.-M. André, R. Barchewitz, P. Jonnard, G. Julié, L. Mollard, G. Rolland, C. Rémond, P. Troussel, R. Marmoret, and E. O. Filatova, “Lamellar multilayer amplitude grating as soft-X-ray Bragg monochromator,” Nucl. Instrum. Meth. Res. A 541(3), 590–597 (2005). [CrossRef]
• L. I. Goray, “Numerical analysis of the efficiency of multilayer-coated gratings using integral method,” Nucl. Instrum. Meth. Res. A 536(1-2), 211–221 (2005). [CrossRef]

Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. A

• A. I. Erko, B. Vidal, P. Vincent, Yu. A. Agafonov, V. V. Martynov, D. V. Roschupkin, and M. Brunel, “Multilayer gratings efficiency: numerical and physical experiments,” Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. A 333(2-3), 599–606 (1993). [CrossRef]

Opt. Commun.

• A. Sammar, J.-M. André, and B. Pardo, “Diffraction and scattering by lamellar amplitude multilayer gratings in the X-UV region,” Opt. Commun. 86(2), 245–254 (1991). [CrossRef]

Opt. Express

• I. V. Kozhevnikov, R. van der Meer, H. M. J. Bastiaens, K.-J. Boller, and F. Bijkerk, “High-resolution, high-reflectivity operation of lamellar multilayer amplitude gratings: identification of the single-order regime,” Opt. Express 18(15), 16234–16242 (2010). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

Opt. Spektrosk.

• A. V. Vinogradov and B. Ya. Zeldovich, “Multilayer mirrors for x-ray and far-ultraviolet radiation,” Opt. Spektrosk. 42, 404–407 (1977).

Phys. Scr.

• I. V. Kozhevnikov and A. V. Vinogradov, “Basic formulae of XUV multilayer optics,” Phys. Scr. T17, 137–145 (1987). [CrossRef]

Other

• R. Petit, Electromagnetic Theory of Gratings, (Springer-Verlag, 1980.
• R. Benbalagh, “Monochromateurs Multicouches à bande passante étroite et à faible fond continu pour le rayonnement X-UV,” PhD Thesis, University of Paris VI, Paris, 2003.
• M. Born and E. Wolf, Principles of Optics, 6th ed. (Pergamon, 1980.

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