Gas jet structure influence on high harmonic generation

doi:10.1364/OE.19.009801

Gas jet structure influence on high harmonic generation

James Grant-Jacob, Benjamin Mills, Thomas J Butcher, Richard T Chapman, William S Brocklesby, and Jeremy G Frey »View Author Affiliations

Optics Express, Vol. 19, Issue 10, pp. 9801-9806 (2011)
http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/OE.19.009801

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Abstract

Gas jets used as sources for high harmonic generation (HHG) have a complex three-dimensional density and velocity profile. This paper describes how the profile influences the generation of extreme-UV light. As the position of the laser focus is varied along the jet flow axis, we show that the intensity of the output radiation varies by approximately three times, with the highest flux being observed when the laser is focused into the Mach disc. The work demonstrated here will aid in the optimization of HHG flux from gas jet sources. The flux increase is attributed to a density increase within the structure of the jet, which is confirmed by simultaneous imaging of atom and ion fluorescence from the jet.

OCIS Codes
(190.4160) Nonlinear optics : Multiharmonic generation
(100.0118) Image processing : Imaging ultrafast phenomena

ToC Category:
Nonlinear Optics

History
Original Manuscript: November 29, 2010
Revised Manuscript: March 3, 2011
Manuscript Accepted: March 9, 2011
Published: May 5, 2011

Citation
James Grant-Jacob, Benjamin Mills, Thomas J Butcher, Richard T Chapman, William S Brocklesby, and Jeremy G Frey, "Gas jet structure influence on high harmonic generation," Opt. Express 19, 9801-9806 (2011)
http://www.opticsinfobase.org/oe/abstract.cfm?URI=oe-19-10-9801

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References

R. Neutze, R. Wouts, D. van der Spoel, E. Weckert, and J. Hajdu, “Potential for biomolecular imaging with femtosecond X-ray pulses,” Nature 406(6797), 752–757 (2000). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
R. Kienberger, E. Goulielmakis, M. Uiberacker, A. Baltuska, V. Yakovlev, F. Bammer, A. Scrinzi, Th. Westerwalbesloh, U. Kleineberg, U. Heinzmann, M. Drescher, and F. Krausz, “Atomic transient recorder,” Nature 427(6977), 817–821 (2004). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
H. N. Chapman, A. Barty, M. J. Bogan, S. Boutet, M. Frank, S. P. Hau-Riege, S. Marchesini, B. W. Woods, S. Bajt, W. H. Benner, R. A. London, E. Plönjes, M. Kuhlmann, R. Treusch, S. Düsterer, T. Tschentscher, J. R. Schneider, E. Spiller, T. Möller, C. Bostedt, M. Hoener, D. A. Shapiro, K. O. Hodgson, D. van der Spoel, F. Burmeister, M. Bergh, C. Caleman, G. Huldt, M. M. Seibert, F. R. N. C. Maia, R. W. Lee, A. Szöke, N. Timneanu, and J. Hajdu, “Femtosecond diffractive imaging with a soft-X-ray free-electron laser,” Nat. Phys. 2(12), 839–843 (2006). [CrossRef]
M. Lewenstein, Ph. Balcou, M. Yu. Ivanov, A. L’Huillier, and P. B. Corkum, “Theory of high-harmonic generation by low-frequency laser fields,” Phys. Rev. A 49(3), 2117–2132 (1994). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
P. B. Corkum, “Plasma perspective on strong field multiphoton ionization,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 71(13), 1994–1997 (1993). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
A. Rundquist, C. G. Durfee, Z. Chang, C. Herne, S. Backus, M. M. Murnane, and H. C. Kapteyn, “Phase-matched generation of coherent soft X-rays,” Science 280(5368), 1412–1415 (1998). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Ch. Spielmann, N. H. Burnett, S. Sartania, R. Koppitsch, M. Schnürer, C. Kan, M. Lenzner, P. Wobrauschek, and F. Krausz, “Generation of coherent X-rays in the water window using 5-femtosecond laser pulses,” Science 278(5338), 661–664 (1997). [CrossRef]
P. M. Paul, E. S. Toma, P. Breger, G. Mullot, F. Augé, Ph. Balcou, H. G. Muller, and P. Agostini, “Observation of a train of attosecond pulses from high harmonic generation,” Science 292(5522), 1689–1692 (2001). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
P. Salières, A. L’Huillier, and M. Lewenstein, “Coherence control of high-order harmonics,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 74(19), 3776–3779 (1995). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
P. Balcou, P. Salières, A. L'Huillier, and M. Lewenstein, “Generalized phase-matching conditions for high harmonics: the role of field-gradient forces,” Phys. Rev. A 55(4), 3204–3210 (1997). [CrossRef]
T. C. Adamson and J. A. Nicholls, “On the structure of jets from highly underexpanded nozzles into still air,” J. Aerosp. Sci. 26, 16–24 (1959).
H. Ashkenas and F. S. Sherman, “Structure and utilization of supersonic free jets in low density wind tunnels,” Rarefied Gas Dyn. 2, 84–105 (1966).
H. Pauly, Atom, Molecule, and Cluster Beams I (Springer, 2000), Chap. 3.
C. G. Durfee, A. R. Rundquist, S. Backus, C. Herne, M. M. Murnane, and H. C. Kapteyn, “Phase matching of high-order harmonics in hollow waveguides,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 83(11), 2187–2190 (1999). [CrossRef]
K. L. Saenger, “Pulsed molecular beams: a lower limit on pulse duration for fully developed supersonic expansions,” J. Chem. Phys. 75(5), 2467–2469 (1981). [CrossRef]

Adamson, T. C.
Agostini, P.
Ashkenas, H.
Augé, F.
Backus, S.
Bajt, S.
Balcou, P.
Balcou, Ph.
Baltuska, A.
Bammer, F.
Barty, A.
Benner, W. H.
Bergh, M.
Bogan, M. J.
Bostedt, C.
Boutet, S.
Breger, P.
Burmeister, F.
Burnett, N. H.
Caleman, C.
Chang, Z.
Chapman, H. N.
Corkum, P. B.
Drescher, M.
Durfee, C. G.
Düsterer, S.
Frank, M.
Goulielmakis, E.
Hajdu, J.
Hau-Riege, S. P.
Heinzmann, U.
Herne, C.
Hodgson, K. O.
Hoener, M.
Huldt, G.
Ivanov, M. Yu.
Kan, C.
Kapteyn, H. C.
Kienberger, R.
Kleineberg, U.
Koppitsch, R.
Krausz, F.
Kuhlmann, M.
L’Huillier, A.
Lee, R. W.
Lenzner, M.
Lewenstein, M.
L'Huillier, A.
London, R. A.
Maia, F. R. N. C.
Marchesini, S.
Möller, T.
Muller, H. G.
Mullot, G.
Murnane, M. M.
Neutze, R.
Nicholls, J. A.
Paul, P. M.
Plönjes, E.
Rundquist, A.
Rundquist, A. R.
Saenger, K. L.
Salières, P.
Sartania, S.
Schneider, J. R.
Schnürer, M.
Scrinzi, A.
Seibert, M. M.
Shapiro, D. A.
Sherman, F. S.
Spielmann, Ch.
Spiller, E.
Szöke, A.
Timneanu, N.
Toma, E. S.
Treusch, R.
Tschentscher, T.
Uiberacker, M.
van der Spoel, D.
Weckert, E.
Westerwalbesloh, Th.
Wobrauschek, P.
Woods, B. W.
Wouts, R.
Yakovlev, V.

J. Aerosp. Sci.

T. C. Adamson and J. A. Nicholls, “On the structure of jets from highly underexpanded nozzles into still air,” J. Aerosp. Sci. 26, 16–24 (1959).

J. Chem. Phys.

K. L. Saenger, “Pulsed molecular beams: a lower limit on pulse duration for fully developed supersonic expansions,” J. Chem. Phys. 75(5), 2467–2469 (1981). [CrossRef]

Nat. Phys.

H. N. Chapman, A. Barty, M. J. Bogan, S. Boutet, M. Frank, S. P. Hau-Riege, S. Marchesini, B. W. Woods, S. Bajt, W. H. Benner, R. A. London, E. Plönjes, M. Kuhlmann, R. Treusch, S. Düsterer, T. Tschentscher, J. R. Schneider, E. Spiller, T. Möller, C. Bostedt, M. Hoener, D. A. Shapiro, K. O. Hodgson, D. van der Spoel, F. Burmeister, M. Bergh, C. Caleman, G. Huldt, M. M. Seibert, F. R. N. C. Maia, R. W. Lee, A. Szöke, N. Timneanu, and J. Hajdu, “Femtosecond diffractive imaging with a soft-X-ray free-electron laser,” Nat. Phys. 2(12), 839–843 (2006). [CrossRef]

Nature

R. Neutze, R. Wouts, D. van der Spoel, E. Weckert, and J. Hajdu, “Potential for biomolecular imaging with femtosecond X-ray pulses,” Nature 406(6797), 752–757 (2000). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
R. Kienberger, E. Goulielmakis, M. Uiberacker, A. Baltuska, V. Yakovlev, F. Bammer, A. Scrinzi, Th. Westerwalbesloh, U. Kleineberg, U. Heinzmann, M. Drescher, and F. Krausz, “Atomic transient recorder,” Nature 427(6977), 817–821 (2004). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

Phys. Rev. A

P. Balcou, P. Salières, A. L'Huillier, and M. Lewenstein, “Generalized phase-matching conditions for high harmonics: the role of field-gradient forces,” Phys. Rev. A 55(4), 3204–3210 (1997). [CrossRef]
M. Lewenstein, Ph. Balcou, M. Yu. Ivanov, A. L’Huillier, and P. B. Corkum, “Theory of high-harmonic generation by low-frequency laser fields,” Phys. Rev. A 49(3), 2117–2132 (1994). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

Phys. Rev. Lett.

P. B. Corkum, “Plasma perspective on strong field multiphoton ionization,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 71(13), 1994–1997 (1993). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
P. Salières, A. L’Huillier, and M. Lewenstein, “Coherence control of high-order harmonics,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 74(19), 3776–3779 (1995). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
C. G. Durfee, A. R. Rundquist, S. Backus, C. Herne, M. M. Murnane, and H. C. Kapteyn, “Phase matching of high-order harmonics in hollow waveguides,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 83(11), 2187–2190 (1999). [CrossRef]

Rarefied Gas Dyn.

H. Ashkenas and F. S. Sherman, “Structure and utilization of supersonic free jets in low density wind tunnels,” Rarefied Gas Dyn. 2, 84–105 (1966).

Science

A. Rundquist, C. G. Durfee, Z. Chang, C. Herne, S. Backus, M. M. Murnane, and H. C. Kapteyn, “Phase-matched generation of coherent soft X-rays,” Science 280(5368), 1412–1415 (1998). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Ch. Spielmann, N. H. Burnett, S. Sartania, R. Koppitsch, M. Schnürer, C. Kan, M. Lenzner, P. Wobrauschek, and F. Krausz, “Generation of coherent X-rays in the water window using 5-femtosecond laser pulses,” Science 278(5338), 661–664 (1997). [CrossRef]
P. M. Paul, E. S. Toma, P. Breger, G. Mullot, F. Augé, Ph. Balcou, H. G. Muller, and P. Agostini, “Observation of a train of attosecond pulses from high harmonic generation,” Science 292(5522), 1689–1692 (2001). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

Other

H. Pauly, Atom, Molecule, and Cluster Beams I (Springer, 2000), Chap. 3.

2006, Chapman, Nat. Phys.
2004, Kienberger, Nature
2001, Paul, Science
2000, Neutze, Nature
1999, Durfee, Phys. Rev. Lett.
1998, Rundquist, Science
1997, Spielmann, Science
1997, Balcou, Phys. Rev. A
1995, Salières, Phys. Rev. Lett.
1994, Lewenstein, Phys. Rev. A
1993, Corkum, Phys. Rev. Lett.
1981, Saenger, J. Chem. Phys.
1966, Ashkenas, Rarefied Gas Dyn.
1959, Adamson, J. Aerosp. Sci.

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[1] R. Neutze, R. Wouts, D. van der Spoel, E. Weckert, and J. Hajdu, “Potential for biomolecular imaging with femtosecond X-ray pulses,” Nature 406(6797), 752–757 (2000). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

[2] R. Kienberger, E. Goulielmakis, M. Uiberacker, A. Baltuska, V. Yakovlev, F. Bammer, A. Scrinzi, Th. Westerwalbesloh, U. Kleineberg, U. Heinzmann, M. Drescher, and F. Krausz, “Atomic transient recorder,” Nature 427(6977), 817–821 (2004). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

[3] H. N. Chapman, A. Barty, M. J. Bogan, S. Boutet, M. Frank, S. P. Hau-Riege, S. Marchesini, B. W. Woods, S. Bajt, W. H. Benner, R. A. London, E. Plönjes, M. Kuhlmann, R. Treusch, S. Düsterer, T. Tschentscher, J. R. Schneider, E. Spiller, T. Möller, C. Bostedt, M. Hoener, D. A. Shapiro, K. O. Hodgson, D. van der Spoel, F. Burmeister, M. Bergh, C. Caleman, G. Huldt, M. M. Seibert, F. R. N. C. Maia, R. W. Lee, A. Szöke, N. Timneanu, and J. Hajdu, “Femtosecond diffractive imaging with a soft-X-ray free-electron laser,” Nat. Phys. 2(12), 839–843 (2006). [CrossRef]

[4] M. Lewenstein, Ph. Balcou, M. Yu. Ivanov, A. L’Huillier, and P. B. Corkum, “Theory of high-harmonic generation by low-frequency laser fields,” Phys. Rev. A 49(3), 2117–2132 (1994). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

[5] P. B. Corkum, “Plasma perspective on strong field multiphoton ionization,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 71(13), 1994–1997 (1993). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

[6] A. Rundquist, C. G. Durfee, Z. Chang, C. Herne, S. Backus, M. M. Murnane, and H. C. Kapteyn, “Phase-matched generation of coherent soft X-rays,” Science 280(5368), 1412–1415 (1998). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

[7] Ch. Spielmann, N. H. Burnett, S. Sartania, R. Koppitsch, M. Schnürer, C. Kan, M. Lenzner, P. Wobrauschek, and F. Krausz, “Generation of coherent X-rays in the water window using 5-femtosecond laser pulses,” Science 278(5338), 661–664 (1997). [CrossRef]

[8] P. M. Paul, E. S. Toma, P. Breger, G. Mullot, F. Augé, Ph. Balcou, H. G. Muller, and P. Agostini, “Observation of a train of attosecond pulses from high harmonic generation,” Science 292(5522), 1689–1692 (2001). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

[9] P. Salières, A. L’Huillier, and M. Lewenstein, “Coherence control of high-order harmonics,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 74(19), 3776–3779 (1995). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

[10] P. Balcou, P. Salières, A. L'Huillier, and M. Lewenstein, “Generalized phase-matching conditions for high harmonics: the role of field-gradient forces,” Phys. Rev. A 55(4), 3204–3210 (1997). [CrossRef]

[11] T. C. Adamson and J. A. Nicholls, “On the structure of jets from highly underexpanded nozzles into still air,” J. Aerosp. Sci. 26, 16–24 (1959).

[12] H. Ashkenas and F. S. Sherman, “Structure and utilization of supersonic free jets in low density wind tunnels,” Rarefied Gas Dyn. 2, 84–105 (1966).

[13] H. Pauly, Atom, Molecule, and Cluster Beams I (Springer, 2000), Chap. 3.

[14] C. G. Durfee, A. R. Rundquist, S. Backus, C. Herne, M. M. Murnane, and H. C. Kapteyn, “Phase matching of high-order harmonics in hollow waveguides,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 83(11), 2187–2190 (1999). [CrossRef]

[15] K. L. Saenger, “Pulsed molecular beams: a lower limit on pulse duration for fully developed supersonic expansions,” J. Chem. Phys. 75(5), 2467–2469 (1981). [CrossRef]

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Gas jet structure influence on high harmonic generation

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Abstract

References

J. Aerosp. Sci.

J. Chem. Phys.

Nat. Phys.

Nature

Phys. Rev. A

Phys. Rev. Lett.

Rarefied Gas Dyn.

Science

Other

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