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Demonstration of a cylindrically symmetric second-order nonlinear fiber with self-assembled organic surface layersChalongrat Daengngam, Matthias Hofmann, Zhiwen Liu, Anbo Wang, James R. Heflin, and Yong Xu »View Author Affiliations
Chalongrat Daengngam,1
Matthias Hofmann,2
Zhiwen Liu,3
Anbo Wang,2
James R. Heflin,1
and Yong Xu2,*
1Department of Physics, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA 2Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA 3Department of Electrical Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA *Corresponding author: yong@vt.edu |
Optics Express, Vol. 19, Issue 11, pp. 10326-10335 (2011)
http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/OE.19.010326
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Abstract
We report the fabrication and characterization of a cylindrically symmetric fiber structure that possesses significant and thermodynamically stable second-order nonlinearity. Such fiber structure is produced through nanoscale self-assembly of nonlinear molecules on a silica fiber taper and possesses full rotational symmetry. Despite its highly symmetric configuration, we observed significant second harmonic generation (SHG) and obtained good agreement between experimental results and theoretical predictions.
© 2011 OSA
OCIS Codes
(060.4370) Fiber optics and optical communications : Nonlinear optics, fibers
(190.2620) Nonlinear optics : Harmonic generation and mixing
ToC Category:
Fiber Optics and Optical Communications
History
Original Manuscript: February 1, 2011
Revised Manuscript: March 4, 2011
Manuscript Accepted: March 6, 2011
Published: May 11, 2011
Virtual Issues
June 3, 2011 Spotlight on Optics
Citation
Chalongrat Daengngam, Matthias Hofmann, Zhiwen Liu, Anbo Wang, James R. Heflin, and Yong Xu, "Demonstration of a cylindrically symmetric second-order nonlinear fiber with self-assembled organic surface layers," Opt. Express 19, 10326-10335 (2011)
http://www.opticsinfobase.org/oe/abstract.cfm?URI=oe-19-11-10326
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References
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- B. Brochers, J. Bekesi, P. Simon, and J. Ihlemann, “Submicron surface patterning by laser ablation with short UV pulses using a proximity phase mask setup,” J. Appl. Phys. 107, 063106(1)-063106(4) (2010).
- V. Pruneri, G. Bonfrate, P. G. Kazansky, D. J. Richardson, N. G. Broderick, J. P. de Sandro, C. Simonneau, P. Vidakovic, and J. A. Levenson, “Greater than 20%-efficient frequency doubling of 1532-nm nanosecond pulses in quasi-phase-matched germanosilicate optical fibers,” Opt. Lett. 24(4), 208–210 (1999). [CrossRef]
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- C.-A. Tsai, J. N. Wang, V. Chao-Wei-Kuo, T. Y. Cheng, W.-R. Liou, and A. Y. Wu, “Enhancement of SHG in fused SiO2 by corona poling under water, water vapor and salty environments,” J. Mar. Sci. Technol. 16, 90–102 (2008).
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- A. Canagasabey, C. Corbari, Z. Zhang, P. G. Kazansky, and M. Ibsen, “Broadly tunable second-harmonic generation in periodically poled silica fibers,” Opt. Lett. 32(13), 1863–1865 (2007). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- C. Corbari, P. G. Kazasky, S. A. Slattery, and N. Nikogosyan, “Ultraviolet poling of pure fused silica by high-intensity femtosecond radiation,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 86, 071106(1)-071106 (3) (2005).
- M. J. Cho, D. H. Choi, P. A. Sullivan, A. J. P. Akelaitis, and L. R. Dalton, “Recent progress in second-order nonlinear optical polymer and dendrimers,” Prog. Polym. Sci. 33(11), 1013–1058 (2008). [CrossRef]
- J. R. Heflin, M. T. Guzy, P. J. Neyman, K. J. Gaskins, C. Brands, Z. Wang, H. W. Gibson, R. M. Davis, and K. E. Van Cott, “Efficient, thermally stable, second order nonlinear optical response in organic hybrid covalent/ionic self-assembled films,” Langmuir 22(13), 5723–5727 (2006). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- K. Van Cott, M. Guzy, P. Neyman, C. Brands, J. R. Heflin, H. W. Gibson, and R. M. Davis, “P, Neyman, C. Brands, J. R. Heflin, H. W. Gibson, and R. M. Davis, “Layer-by-layer deposition and ordering of low-molecular-weight dye molecules for second order nonlinear optics,” Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 41(17), 3236–3238 (2002). [CrossRef]
- A. L. Moura, M. T. de Araujo, M. V. D. Vermelho, and J. S. Aitchison, “Improved stability of the induced second-order nonlinearity in soft glass by thermal poling,” J. Appl. Phys. 100(3), 033509 (2006). [CrossRef]
- V. Pruneri, G. Bonfrate, P. G. Kazansky, D. J. Richardson, N. G. Broderick, J. P. de Sandro, C. Simonneau, P. Vidakovic, and J. A. Levenson, “Greater than 20%-efficient frequency doubling of 1532-nm nanosecond pulses in quasi-phase-matched germanosilicate optical fibers,” Opt. Lett. 24(4), 208–210 (1999). [CrossRef]
- A. Canagasabey, C. Corbari, A. V. Gladyshev, F. Liegeois, S. Guillemet, Y. Hernandez, M. V. Yashkov, A. Kosolapov, E. M. Dianov, M. Ibsen, and P. G. Kazansky, “High-average-power second-harmonic generation from periodically poled silica fibers,” Opt. Lett. 34(16), 2483–2485 (2009). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- B. P. Antonyuk, N. N. Novikova, N. V. Didenko, and O. A. Aktsipetrov, “All optical poling and second harmonic generation in glasses: theory and experiment,” Phys. Lett. A 287(1-2), 161–168 (2001). [CrossRef]
- X. Xiao, Q. Liu, G. Dong, and X. Zhao, “Second-order optical nonlinearity in Sb2S3 microcrystal doped glasses by electron beam irradiation,” Opt. Commun. 274(2), 456–460 (2007). [CrossRef]
- Y. Jiang, P. T. Wilson, M. Downer, C. W. White, and S. P. Withrow, “Second harmonic generation from silicon nanocrystals embedded in SiO2,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 78(6), 766–768 (2001). [CrossRef]
- V. Grubsky and J. Feinberg, “Phase-matched third-harmonic UV generation using low-order modes in a glass micro-fiber,” Opt. Commun. 274(2), 447–450 (2007). [CrossRef]
- H. An and S. Fleming, “Second-order optical nonlinearity in thermally poled borosilicate glass,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 89, 181111(1)-181111(3) (2006).
- T. Fujiwara, M. Takahashi, and A. J. Ikushima, “Decay behaviour of second-order nonlinearity in GeO2-SiO2 glass poled with UV-irradiation,” Electron. Lett. 33(11), 980–982 (1997). [CrossRef]
- T. Fujiwara, M. Takahashi, and A. J. Ikushima, “Second-harmonic generation in germanosilicate glass poled with ArF laser irradiation,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 71(8), 1032–1034 (1997). [CrossRef]
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- Y. Jiang, P. T. Wilson, M. Downer, C. W. White, and S. P. Withrow, “Second harmonic generation from silicon nanocrystals embedded in SiO2,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 78(6), 766–768 (2001). [CrossRef]
- F. Pan, P. Wang, K. Lee, A. Wu, N. J. Turro, and J. T. Koberstein, “Photochemical modification and patterning of polymer surfaces by surface adsorption of photoactive block copolymers,” Langmuir 21(8), 3605–3612 (2005). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- C.-A. Tsai, J. N. Wang, V. Chao-Wei-Kuo, T. Y. Cheng, W.-R. Liou, and A. Y. Wu, “Enhancement of SHG in fused SiO2 by corona poling under water, water vapor and salty environments,” J. Mar. Sci. Technol. 16, 90–102 (2008).
- X. Xiao, Q. Liu, G. Dong, and X. Zhao, “Second-order optical nonlinearity in Sb2S3 microcrystal doped glasses by electron beam irradiation,” Opt. Commun. 274(2), 456–460 (2007). [CrossRef]
- Y. Xu, M. Han, A. Wang, Z. Liu, and J. R. Heflin, “Second order parametric processes in nonlinear silica microspheres,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 100(16), 163905 (2008). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Y. Xu, A. Wang, J. R. Heflin, and Z. Liu, “Proposal and analysis of a silica fiber with large thermodynamically stable second order nonlinearity,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 90(21), 211110 (2007). [CrossRef]
- Y. Yamamoto, H. Nasu, T. Hashimoto, and K. Kamiya, “Second harmonic generation from thermally poled CdS microcrystal-containing glasses,” J. Non-Cryst. Solids 281(1-3), 198–204 (2001). [CrossRef]
- H. Imai, S. Horinouchi, Y. Uchida, H. Yamasaki, K. Fukao, G. Zhang, T. Kinoshita, K. Mito, H. Hirashima, and K. Sasaki, “Time-dependent decay of quadratic non-linearity in corona-poled silicate glass films,” J. Non-Cryst. Solids 196, 63–66 (1996). [CrossRef]
- A. Canagasabey, C. Corbari, A. V. Gladyshev, F. Liegeois, S. Guillemet, Y. Hernandez, M. V. Yashkov, A. Kosolapov, E. M. Dianov, M. Ibsen, and P. G. Kazansky, “High-average-power second-harmonic generation from periodically poled silica fibers,” Opt. Lett. 34(16), 2483–2485 (2009). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- H. Imai, S. Horinouchi, Y. Uchida, H. Yamasaki, K. Fukao, G. Zhang, T. Kinoshita, K. Mito, H. Hirashima, and K. Sasaki, “Time-dependent decay of quadratic non-linearity in corona-poled silicate glass films,” J. Non-Cryst. Solids 196, 63–66 (1996). [CrossRef]
- S. Horinouchi, H. Imai, G. J. Zhang, K. Mito, and K. Sasaki, “Optical quadratic nonlinearity in multilayer corona-poled glass films,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 68(25), 3552–3554 (1996). [CrossRef]
- X. Xiao, Q. Liu, G. Dong, and X. Zhao, “Second-order optical nonlinearity in Sb2S3 microcrystal doped glasses by electron beam irradiation,” Opt. Commun. 274(2), 456–460 (2007). [CrossRef]
- D. A. Akimov, A. A. Ivanov, A. N. Naumov, O. A. Kolevatova, M. V. Alfimov, T. A. Brisk, W. J. Wadsworth, P. St. J. Russell, A. A. Podshivalov, and A. M. Zheltikov, “Generation of a spectrally asymmetric third harmonic with unamplified 30-fs Cr:forsterite laser pulses in a tapered fiber,” Appl. Phys. B 76, 515–519 (2003).
ACS Nano
- A. Rastogi, M. Y. Paik, M. Tanaka, and C. K. Ober, “Direct patterning of intrinsically electron beam sensitive polymer brushes,” ACS Nano 4(2), 771–780 (2010). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Angew. Chem. Int. Ed.
- K. Van Cott, M. Guzy, P. Neyman, C. Brands, J. R. Heflin, H. W. Gibson, and R. M. Davis, “P, Neyman, C. Brands, J. R. Heflin, H. W. Gibson, and R. M. Davis, “Layer-by-layer deposition and ordering of low-molecular-weight dye molecules for second order nonlinear optics,” Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 41(17), 3236–3238 (2002). [CrossRef]
Appl. Phys. B
- D. A. Akimov, A. A. Ivanov, A. N. Naumov, O. A. Kolevatova, M. V. Alfimov, T. A. Brisk, W. J. Wadsworth, P. St. J. Russell, A. A. Podshivalov, and A. M. Zheltikov, “Generation of a spectrally asymmetric third harmonic with unamplified 30-fs Cr:forsterite laser pulses in a tapered fiber,” Appl. Phys. B 76, 515–519 (2003).
Appl. Phys. Lett.
- Y. Xu, A. Wang, J. R. Heflin, and Z. Liu, “Proposal and analysis of a silica fiber with large thermodynamically stable second order nonlinearity,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 90(21), 211110 (2007). [CrossRef]
- H. An and S. Fleming, “Second-order optical nonlinearity in thermally poled borosilicate glass,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 89, 181111(1)-181111(3) (2006).
- T. Fujiwara, M. Takahashi, and A. J. Ikushima, “Second-harmonic generation in germanosilicate glass poled with ArF laser irradiation,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 71(8), 1032–1034 (1997). [CrossRef]
- C. Corbari, P. G. Kazasky, S. A. Slattery, and N. Nikogosyan, “Ultraviolet poling of pure fused silica by high-intensity femtosecond radiation,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 86, 071106(1)-071106 (3) (2005).
- A. Okada, K. Ishii, K. Mito, and K. Sasaki, “Phase-matched second-harmonic generation in novel corona poled glass waveguides,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 60(23), 2853–2855 (1992). [CrossRef]
- S. Horinouchi, H. Imai, G. J. Zhang, K. Mito, and K. Sasaki, “Optical quadratic nonlinearity in multilayer corona-poled glass films,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 68(25), 3552–3554 (1996). [CrossRef]
- Y. Jiang, P. T. Wilson, M. Downer, C. W. White, and S. P. Withrow, “Second harmonic generation from silicon nanocrystals embedded in SiO2,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 78(6), 766–768 (2001). [CrossRef]
Electron. Lett.
- T. Fujiwara, M. Takahashi, and A. J. Ikushima, “Decay behaviour of second-order nonlinearity in GeO2-SiO2 glass poled with UV-irradiation,” Electron. Lett. 33(11), 980–982 (1997). [CrossRef]
J. Appl. Phys.
- A. L. Moura, M. T. de Araujo, M. V. D. Vermelho, and J. S. Aitchison, “Improved stability of the induced second-order nonlinearity in soft glass by thermal poling,” J. Appl. Phys. 100(3), 033509 (2006). [CrossRef]
- B. Brochers, J. Bekesi, P. Simon, and J. Ihlemann, “Submicron surface patterning by laser ablation with short UV pulses using a proximity phase mask setup,” J. Appl. Phys. 107, 063106(1)-063106(4) (2010).
J. Lightwave Technol.
- T. A. Birks and Y. W. Li, “The shape of fiber tapers,” J. Lightwave Technol. 10(4), 432–438 (1992). [CrossRef]
- S. Xue, M. van Eijkelenborg, G. W. Barton, and P. Hambley, “Theoretical, numerical, and experimental analysis of optical fiber tapering,” J. Lightwave Technol. 25(5), 1169–1176 (2007). [CrossRef]
J. Mar. Sci. Technol.
- C.-A. Tsai, J. N. Wang, V. Chao-Wei-Kuo, T. Y. Cheng, W.-R. Liou, and A. Y. Wu, “Enhancement of SHG in fused SiO2 by corona poling under water, water vapor and salty environments,” J. Mar. Sci. Technol. 16, 90–102 (2008).
J. Non-Cryst. Solids
- H. Imai, S. Horinouchi, Y. Uchida, H. Yamasaki, K. Fukao, G. Zhang, T. Kinoshita, K. Mito, H. Hirashima, and K. Sasaki, “Time-dependent decay of quadratic non-linearity in corona-poled silicate glass films,” J. Non-Cryst. Solids 196, 63–66 (1996). [CrossRef]
- Y. Yamamoto, H. Nasu, T. Hashimoto, and K. Kamiya, “Second harmonic generation from thermally poled CdS microcrystal-containing glasses,” J. Non-Cryst. Solids 281(1-3), 198–204 (2001). [CrossRef]
J. Opt. A, Pure Appl. Opt.
- M. K. Balakirev, V. A. Smirnov, and L. I. Vostrikova, “Photorefractive effect on all optical polling of glass,” J. Opt. A, Pure Appl. Opt. 5(6), S437–S443 (2003). [CrossRef]
Langmuir
- F. Pan, P. Wang, K. Lee, A. Wu, N. J. Turro, and J. T. Koberstein, “Photochemical modification and patterning of polymer surfaces by surface adsorption of photoactive block copolymers,” Langmuir 21(8), 3605–3612 (2005). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- J. R. Heflin, M. T. Guzy, P. J. Neyman, K. J. Gaskins, C. Brands, Z. Wang, H. W. Gibson, R. M. Davis, and K. E. Van Cott, “Efficient, thermally stable, second order nonlinear optical response in organic hybrid covalent/ionic self-assembled films,” Langmuir 22(13), 5723–5727 (2006). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Opt. Commun.
- V. Grubsky and J. Feinberg, “Phase-matched third-harmonic UV generation using low-order modes in a glass micro-fiber,” Opt. Commun. 274(2), 447–450 (2007). [CrossRef]
- X. Xiao, Q. Liu, G. Dong, and X. Zhao, “Second-order optical nonlinearity in Sb2S3 microcrystal doped glasses by electron beam irradiation,” Opt. Commun. 274(2), 456–460 (2007). [CrossRef]
Opt. Express
- U. Wiedemann, K. Karapetyan, C. Dan, D. Pritzkau, W. Alt, S. Irsen, and D. Meschede, “Measurement of submicrometre diameters of tapered optical fibres using harmonic generation,” Opt. Express 18(8), 7693–7704 (2010). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
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Opt. Lett.
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- R. A. Myers, N. Mukherjee, and S. R. J. Brueck, “Large second-order nonlinearity in poled fused silica,” Opt. Lett. 16(22), 1732–1734 (1991). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- A. Canagasabey, C. Corbari, Z. Zhang, P. G. Kazansky, and M. Ibsen, “Broadly tunable second-harmonic generation in periodically poled silica fibers,” Opt. Lett. 32(13), 1863–1865 (2007). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- V. Pruneri, G. Bonfrate, P. G. Kazansky, D. J. Richardson, N. G. Broderick, J. P. de Sandro, C. Simonneau, P. Vidakovic, and J. A. Levenson, “Greater than 20%-efficient frequency doubling of 1532-nm nanosecond pulses in quasi-phase-matched germanosilicate optical fibers,” Opt. Lett. 24(4), 208–210 (1999). [CrossRef]
- A. Canagasabey, C. Corbari, A. V. Gladyshev, F. Liegeois, S. Guillemet, Y. Hernandez, M. V. Yashkov, A. Kosolapov, E. M. Dianov, M. Ibsen, and P. G. Kazansky, “High-average-power second-harmonic generation from periodically poled silica fibers,” Opt. Lett. 34(16), 2483–2485 (2009). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Phys. Lett. A
- B. P. Antonyuk, N. N. Novikova, N. V. Didenko, and O. A. Aktsipetrov, “All optical poling and second harmonic generation in glasses: theory and experiment,” Phys. Lett. A 287(1-2), 161–168 (2001). [CrossRef]
Phys. Rev. Lett.
- Y. Xu, M. Han, A. Wang, Z. Liu, and J. R. Heflin, “Second order parametric processes in nonlinear silica microspheres,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 100(16), 163905 (2008). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Prog. Polym. Sci.
- M. J. Cho, D. H. Choi, P. A. Sullivan, A. J. P. Akelaitis, and L. R. Dalton, “Recent progress in second-order nonlinear optical polymer and dendrimers,” Prog. Polym. Sci. 33(11), 1013–1058 (2008). [CrossRef]
Other
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2010, Brochers, J. Appl. Phys.
- B. Brochers, J. Bekesi, P. Simon, and J. Ihlemann, “Submicron surface patterning by laser ablation with short UV pulses using a proximity phase mask setup,” J. Appl. Phys. 107, 063106(1)-063106(4) (2010).
- A. Rastogi, M. Y. Paik, M. Tanaka, and C. K. Ober, “Direct patterning of intrinsically electron beam sensitive polymer brushes,” ACS Nano 4(2), 771–780 (2010). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- A. Canagasabey, C. Corbari, A. V. Gladyshev, F. Liegeois, S. Guillemet, Y. Hernandez, M. V. Yashkov, A. Kosolapov, E. M. Dianov, M. Ibsen, and P. G. Kazansky, “High-average-power second-harmonic generation from periodically poled silica fibers,” Opt. Lett. 34(16), 2483–2485 (2009). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- M. J. Cho, D. H. Choi, P. A. Sullivan, A. J. P. Akelaitis, and L. R. Dalton, “Recent progress in second-order nonlinear optical polymer and dendrimers,” Prog. Polym. Sci. 33(11), 1013–1058 (2008). [CrossRef]
- C.-A. Tsai, J. N. Wang, V. Chao-Wei-Kuo, T. Y. Cheng, W.-R. Liou, and A. Y. Wu, “Enhancement of SHG in fused SiO2 by corona poling under water, water vapor and salty environments,” J. Mar. Sci. Technol. 16, 90–102 (2008).
- Y. Xu, M. Han, A. Wang, Z. Liu, and J. R. Heflin, “Second order parametric processes in nonlinear silica microspheres,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 100(16), 163905 (2008). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Y. Xu, A. Wang, J. R. Heflin, and Z. Liu, “Proposal and analysis of a silica fiber with large thermodynamically stable second order nonlinearity,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 90(21), 211110 (2007). [CrossRef]
- X. Xiao, Q. Liu, G. Dong, and X. Zhao, “Second-order optical nonlinearity in Sb2S3 microcrystal doped glasses by electron beam irradiation,” Opt. Commun. 274(2), 456–460 (2007). [CrossRef]
- V. Grubsky and J. Feinberg, “Phase-matched third-harmonic UV generation using low-order modes in a glass micro-fiber,” Opt. Commun. 274(2), 447–450 (2007). [CrossRef]
- A. L. Moura, M. T. de Araujo, M. V. D. Vermelho, and J. S. Aitchison, “Improved stability of the induced second-order nonlinearity in soft glass by thermal poling,” J. Appl. Phys. 100(3), 033509 (2006). [CrossRef]
- H. An and S. Fleming, “Second-order optical nonlinearity in thermally poled borosilicate glass,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 89, 181111(1)-181111(3) (2006).
- J. R. Heflin, M. T. Guzy, P. J. Neyman, K. J. Gaskins, C. Brands, Z. Wang, H. W. Gibson, R. M. Davis, and K. E. Van Cott, “Efficient, thermally stable, second order nonlinear optical response in organic hybrid covalent/ionic self-assembled films,” Langmuir 22(13), 5723–5727 (2006). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- C. Corbari, P. G. Kazasky, S. A. Slattery, and N. Nikogosyan, “Ultraviolet poling of pure fused silica by high-intensity femtosecond radiation,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 86, 071106(1)-071106 (3) (2005).
- F. Pan, P. Wang, K. Lee, A. Wu, N. J. Turro, and J. T. Koberstein, “Photochemical modification and patterning of polymer surfaces by surface adsorption of photoactive block copolymers,” Langmuir 21(8), 3605–3612 (2005). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- M. K. Balakirev, V. A. Smirnov, and L. I. Vostrikova, “Photorefractive effect on all optical polling of glass,” J. Opt. A, Pure Appl. Opt. 5(6), S437–S443 (2003). [CrossRef]
- D. A. Akimov, A. A. Ivanov, A. N. Naumov, O. A. Kolevatova, M. V. Alfimov, T. A. Brisk, W. J. Wadsworth, P. St. J. Russell, A. A. Podshivalov, and A. M. Zheltikov, “Generation of a spectrally asymmetric third harmonic with unamplified 30-fs Cr:forsterite laser pulses in a tapered fiber,” Appl. Phys. B 76, 515–519 (2003).
- K. Van Cott, M. Guzy, P. Neyman, C. Brands, J. R. Heflin, H. W. Gibson, and R. M. Davis, “P, Neyman, C. Brands, J. R. Heflin, H. W. Gibson, and R. M. Davis, “Layer-by-layer deposition and ordering of low-molecular-weight dye molecules for second order nonlinear optics,” Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 41(17), 3236–3238 (2002). [CrossRef]
- B. P. Antonyuk, N. N. Novikova, N. V. Didenko, and O. A. Aktsipetrov, “All optical poling and second harmonic generation in glasses: theory and experiment,” Phys. Lett. A 287(1-2), 161–168 (2001). [CrossRef]
- Y. Jiang, P. T. Wilson, M. Downer, C. W. White, and S. P. Withrow, “Second harmonic generation from silicon nanocrystals embedded in SiO2,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 78(6), 766–768 (2001). [CrossRef]
- Y. Yamamoto, H. Nasu, T. Hashimoto, and K. Kamiya, “Second harmonic generation from thermally poled CdS microcrystal-containing glasses,” J. Non-Cryst. Solids 281(1-3), 198–204 (2001). [CrossRef]
- V. Pruneri, G. Bonfrate, P. G. Kazansky, D. J. Richardson, N. G. Broderick, J. P. de Sandro, C. Simonneau, P. Vidakovic, and J. A. Levenson, “Greater than 20%-efficient frequency doubling of 1532-nm nanosecond pulses in quasi-phase-matched germanosilicate optical fibers,” Opt. Lett. 24(4), 208–210 (1999). [CrossRef]
- T. Fujiwara, M. Takahashi, and A. J. Ikushima, “Second-harmonic generation in germanosilicate glass poled with ArF laser irradiation,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 71(8), 1032–1034 (1997). [CrossRef]
- T. Fujiwara, M. Takahashi, and A. J. Ikushima, “Decay behaviour of second-order nonlinearity in GeO2-SiO2 glass poled with UV-irradiation,” Electron. Lett. 33(11), 980–982 (1997). [CrossRef]
- H. Imai, S. Horinouchi, Y. Uchida, H. Yamasaki, K. Fukao, G. Zhang, T. Kinoshita, K. Mito, H. Hirashima, and K. Sasaki, “Time-dependent decay of quadratic non-linearity in corona-poled silicate glass films,” J. Non-Cryst. Solids 196, 63–66 (1996). [CrossRef]
- S. Horinouchi, H. Imai, G. J. Zhang, K. Mito, and K. Sasaki, “Optical quadratic nonlinearity in multilayer corona-poled glass films,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 68(25), 3552–3554 (1996). [CrossRef]
- A. Okada, K. Ishii, K. Mito, and K. Sasaki, “Phase-matched second-harmonic generation in novel corona poled glass waveguides,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 60(23), 2853–2855 (1992). [CrossRef]
- T. A. Birks and Y. W. Li, “The shape of fiber tapers,” J. Lightwave Technol. 10(4), 432–438 (1992). [CrossRef]
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