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Channel waveguide lasers in Nd:GGG crystals fabricated by femtosecond laser inscriptionChao Zhang, Ningning Dong, Jin Yang, Feng Chen, Javier R. Vázquez de Aldana, and Qingming Lu »View Author Affiliations
Chao Zhang,1
Ningning Dong,1
Jin Yang,1
Feng Chen,1,*
Javier R. Vázquez de Aldana,2
and Qingming Lu3
1School of Physics, Key Laboratory of Particle Physics and Particle Irradiation (MOE) and State Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China 2Laser Microprocessing Group, Universidad de Salamanca, Salamanca 37008, Spain 3School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China *Corresponding author: drfchen@sdu.edu.cn |
Optics Express, Vol. 19, Issue 13, pp. 12503-12508 (2011)
http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/OE.19.012503
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Abstract
Buried channel waveguides have been fabricated in Nd:GGG crystals by using the femtosecond laser inscription. The waveguides are confined between two filaments with propagation losses of 2.0 dB/cm. Stable continuous wave laser oscillation at ~1061 nm has been demonstrated at room temperature. Under 808 nm optical excitation, a pump threshold of 29 mW and a slope efficiency of 25% have been obtained.
© 2011 OSA
OCIS Codes
(230.7380) Optical devices : Waveguides, channeled
(350.3390) Other areas of optics : Laser materials processing
ToC Category:
Laser Microfabrication
History
Original Manuscript: May 4, 2011
Revised Manuscript: June 2, 2011
Manuscript Accepted: June 7, 2011
Published: June 13, 2011
Citation
Chao Zhang, Ningning Dong, Jin Yang, Feng Chen, Javier R. Vázquez de Aldana, and Qingming Lu, "Channel waveguide lasers in Nd:GGG crystals fabricated by femtosecond laser inscription," Opt. Express 19, 12503-12508 (2011)
http://www.opticsinfobase.org/oe/abstract.cfm?URI=oe-19-13-12503
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References
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- F. Fusari, R. R. Thomson, G. Jose, F. M. Bain, A. A. Lagatsky, N. D. Psaila, A. K. Kar, A. Jha, W. Sibbett, and C. T. A. Brown, “Lasing action at around 1.9 μm from an ultrafast laser inscribed Tm-doped glass waveguide,” Opt. Lett. 36(9), 1566–1568 (2011). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
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- J. Burghoff, H. Hartung, S. Nolte, and A. Tunnermann, “Structural properties of femtosecond laser-induced modifications in LiNbO3,” Appl. Phys., A Mater. Sci. Process. 86(2), 165–170 (2006). [CrossRef]
- I. Mansour and F. Caccavale, “An improved procedure to calculate the refractive index profile from the measured near-field intensity,” J. Lightwave Technol. 14(3), 423–428 (1996). [CrossRef]
- J. J. Romero, D. Jaque, U. Caldiño, G. Boulon, Y. Guyot, and J. García Solé, “Stimulated emission, excited state absorption and laser performance optimization of the Nd3+: Ca3Ga2Ge3O12 laser system,” J. Appl. Phys. 91, 1754–1760 (2002). [CrossRef]
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- J. Siebenmorgen, T. Calmano, K. Petermann, and G. Huber, “Highly efficient Yb:YAG channel waveguide laser written with a femtosecond-laser,” Opt. Express 18(15), 16035–16041 (2010). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- T. Calmano, J. Siebenmorgen, O. Hellmig, K. Petermann, and G. Huber, “Nd:YAG waveguide laser with 1.3 W output power, fabricated by direct femtosecond laser writing,” Appl. Phys. B 100(1), 131–135 (2010). [CrossRef]
- G. A. Torchia, A. Rodenas, A. Benayas, E. Cantelar, L. Roso, and D. Jaque, “Highly efficient laser action in femtosecond-written Nd:yttrium aluminum garnet ceramic waveguides,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 92(11), 111103 (2008). [CrossRef]
- Y. Ren, N. Dong, Y. Tan, J. Guan, F. Chen, and Q. Lu, “Continuous Wave Laser Generation in Proton Implanted Nd:GGG Planar Waveguides,” J. Lightwave Technol. 28, 3578–3581 (2010).
- Y. Yao, Y. Tan, N. Dong, F. Chen, and A. A. Bettiol, “Continuous wave Nd:YAG channel waveguide laser produced by focused proton beam writing,” Opt. Express 18(24), 24516–24521 (2010). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Y. Tan, F. Chen, J. R. Vázquez de Aldana, G. A. Torchia, A. Benayas, and D. Jaque, “Continuous wave laser generation at 1064 nm in femtosecond laser inscribed Nd:YVO4 channel waveguides,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 97(3), 031119–031121 (2010). [CrossRef]
- Y. Tan, A. Rodenas, F. Chen, R. R. Thomson, A. K. Kar, D. Jaque, and Q. Lu, “70% slope efficiency from an ultrafast laser-written Nd:GdVO4 channel waveguide laser,” Opt. Express 18(24), 24994–24999 (2010). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
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- N. V. Baburin, B. I. Galagan, Y. K. Danileiko, N. N. Il’ichev, A. V. Masalov, V. Y. Molchanov, and V. A. Chikov, “Two-frequency mode-locked lasing in a monoblock diode-pumped Nd3+:GGG laser,” IEEE Quant. Electron. 31(4), 303–304 (2001). [CrossRef]
- N. V. Baburin, B. I. Galagan, Y. K. Danileiko, N. N. Il’ichev, A. V. Masalov, V. Y. Molchanov, and V. A. Chikov, “Two-frequency mode-locked lasing in a monoblock diode-pumped Nd3+:GGG laser,” IEEE Quant. Electron. 31(4), 303–304 (2001). [CrossRef]
- M. Ams, G. D. Marshall, P. Dekker, J. A. Piper, and M. J. Withford, “Ultrafast laser written active devices,” Laser Photon. Rev. 3(6), 535–544 (2009). [CrossRef]
- Z. Jia, X. Tao, C. Dong, X. Cheng, W. Zhang, F. Xu, and M. Jiang, “Study on crystal growth of large size Nd3+:Gd3Ga5O12 (Nd3+:GGG) by Czochralski method,” J. Cryst. Growth 292(2), 386–390 (2006). [CrossRef]
- L. J. Qin, D. Y. Tang, G. Q. Xie, C. M. Dong, Z. T. Jia, and X. T. Tao, “High-power continuous wave and passively Q-switched laser operations of a Nd:GGG crystal,” Laser Phys. Lett. 5(2), 100–103 (2008). [CrossRef]
- Y. Ren, N. Dong, Y. Tan, J. Guan, F. Chen, and Q. Lu, “Continuous Wave Laser Generation in Proton Implanted Nd:GGG Planar Waveguides,” J. Lightwave Technol. 28, 3578–3581 (2010).
- Y. Yao, Y. Tan, N. Dong, F. Chen, and A. A. Bettiol, “Continuous wave Nd:YAG channel waveguide laser produced by focused proton beam writing,” Opt. Express 18(24), 24516–24521 (2010). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- M. Pollnau, C. Grivas, L. Laversenne, J. S. Wilkinson, R. W. Eason, and D. P. Shepherd, “Ti:Sapphire waveguide lasers,” Laser Phys. Lett. 4(8), 560–571 (2007). [CrossRef]
- T. Calmano, A.-G. Paschke, J. Siebenmorgen, S. T. Fredrich-Thornton, H. Yagi, K. Petermann, and G. Huber, “Characterization of an Yb:YAG ceramic waveguide laser, fabricated by the direct femtosecond-laser writing technique,” Appl. Phys. B 103(1), 1–4 (2011). [CrossRef]
- N. V. Baburin, B. I. Galagan, Y. K. Danileiko, N. N. Il’ichev, A. V. Masalov, V. Y. Molchanov, and V. A. Chikov, “Two-frequency mode-locked lasing in a monoblock diode-pumped Nd3+:GGG laser,” IEEE Quant. Electron. 31(4), 303–304 (2001). [CrossRef]
- J. J. Romero, D. Jaque, U. Caldiño, G. Boulon, Y. Guyot, and J. García Solé, “Stimulated emission, excited state absorption and laser performance optimization of the Nd3+: Ca3Ga2Ge3O12 laser system,” J. Appl. Phys. 91, 1754–1760 (2002). [CrossRef]
- D. Jaque, U. Caldiño, J. J. Romero, and J. García Solé, “Influence of Nd concentration on continuous wave laser properties of Ca3Ga2Ge3O12:Nd3+ laser garnet crystal,” J. Appl. Phys. 86, 6617–6623 (1999). [CrossRef]
- R. R. Gattass and E. Mazur, “Femtosecond laser micromachining in transparent materials,” Nat. Photonics 2(4), 219–225 (2008). [CrossRef]
- M. Pollnau, C. Grivas, L. Laversenne, J. S. Wilkinson, R. W. Eason, and D. P. Shepherd, “Ti:Sapphire waveguide lasers,” Laser Phys. Lett. 4(8), 560–571 (2007). [CrossRef]
Guyot, Y.
- J. J. Romero, D. Jaque, U. Caldiño, G. Boulon, Y. Guyot, and J. García Solé, “Stimulated emission, excited state absorption and laser performance optimization of the Nd3+: Ca3Ga2Ge3O12 laser system,” J. Appl. Phys. 91, 1754–1760 (2002). [CrossRef]
- J. Burghoff, H. Hartung, S. Nolte, and A. Tunnermann, “Structural properties of femtosecond laser-induced modifications in LiNbO3,” Appl. Phys., A Mater. Sci. Process. 86(2), 165–170 (2006). [CrossRef]
- T. Calmano, J. Siebenmorgen, O. Hellmig, K. Petermann, and G. Huber, “Nd:YAG waveguide laser with 1.3 W output power, fabricated by direct femtosecond laser writing,” Appl. Phys. B 100(1), 131–135 (2010). [CrossRef]
- T. Calmano, A.-G. Paschke, J. Siebenmorgen, S. T. Fredrich-Thornton, H. Yagi, K. Petermann, and G. Huber, “Characterization of an Yb:YAG ceramic waveguide laser, fabricated by the direct femtosecond-laser writing technique,” Appl. Phys. B 103(1), 1–4 (2011). [CrossRef]
- J. Siebenmorgen, T. Calmano, K. Petermann, and G. Huber, “Highly efficient Yb:YAG channel waveguide laser written with a femtosecond-laser,” Opt. Express 18(15), 16035–16041 (2010). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- T. Calmano, J. Siebenmorgen, O. Hellmig, K. Petermann, and G. Huber, “Nd:YAG waveguide laser with 1.3 W output power, fabricated by direct femtosecond laser writing,” Appl. Phys. B 100(1), 131–135 (2010). [CrossRef]
- J. Siebenmorgen, K. Petermann, G. Huber, K. Rademaker, S. Nolte, and A. Tunnermann, “Femtosecond laser written stress-induced Nd:Y3Al5O12 (Nd:YAG) channel waveguide laser,” Appl. Phys. B 97(2), 251–255 (2009). [CrossRef]
- N. V. Baburin, B. I. Galagan, Y. K. Danileiko, N. N. Il’ichev, A. V. Masalov, V. Y. Molchanov, and V. A. Chikov, “Two-frequency mode-locked lasing in a monoblock diode-pumped Nd3+:GGG laser,” IEEE Quant. Electron. 31(4), 303–304 (2001). [CrossRef]
- Y. Tan, A. Rodenas, F. Chen, R. R. Thomson, A. K. Kar, D. Jaque, and Q. Lu, “70% slope efficiency from an ultrafast laser-written Nd:GdVO4 channel waveguide laser,” Opt. Express 18(24), 24994–24999 (2010). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Y. Tan, F. Chen, J. R. Vázquez de Aldana, G. A. Torchia, A. Benayas, and D. Jaque, “Continuous wave laser generation at 1064 nm in femtosecond laser inscribed Nd:YVO4 channel waveguides,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 97(3), 031119–031121 (2010). [CrossRef]
- G. A. Torchia, A. Rodenas, A. Benayas, E. Cantelar, L. Roso, and D. Jaque, “Highly efficient laser action in femtosecond-written Nd:yttrium aluminum garnet ceramic waveguides,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 92(11), 111103 (2008). [CrossRef]
- G. A. Torchia, P. F. Meilán, A. Rodenas, D. Jaque, C. Mendez, and L. Roso, “Femtosecond laser written surface waveguides fabricated in Nd:YAG ceramics,” Opt. Express 15(20), 13266–13271 (2007). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- J. J. Romero, D. Jaque, U. Caldiño, G. Boulon, Y. Guyot, and J. García Solé, “Stimulated emission, excited state absorption and laser performance optimization of the Nd3+: Ca3Ga2Ge3O12 laser system,” J. Appl. Phys. 91, 1754–1760 (2002). [CrossRef]
- D. Jaque, U. Caldiño, J. J. Romero, and J. García Solé, “Influence of Nd concentration on continuous wave laser properties of Ca3Ga2Ge3O12:Nd3+ laser garnet crystal,” J. Appl. Phys. 86, 6617–6623 (1999). [CrossRef]
- Z. Jia, X. Tao, C. Dong, X. Cheng, W. Zhang, F. Xu, and M. Jiang, “Study on crystal growth of large size Nd3+:Gd3Ga5O12 (Nd3+:GGG) by Czochralski method,” J. Cryst. Growth 292(2), 386–390 (2006). [CrossRef]
- L. J. Qin, D. Y. Tang, G. Q. Xie, C. M. Dong, Z. T. Jia, and X. T. Tao, “High-power continuous wave and passively Q-switched laser operations of a Nd:GGG crystal,” Laser Phys. Lett. 5(2), 100–103 (2008). [CrossRef]
- Z. Jia, X. Tao, C. Dong, X. Cheng, W. Zhang, F. Xu, and M. Jiang, “Study on crystal growth of large size Nd3+:Gd3Ga5O12 (Nd3+:GGG) by Czochralski method,” J. Cryst. Growth 292(2), 386–390 (2006). [CrossRef]
- S. Juodkazis, V. Mizeikis, and H. Misawa, “Three-dimensional microfabrication of materials by femtosecond lasers for photonics applications,” J. Appl. Phys. 106(5), 051101, 05111–05114 (2009). [CrossRef]
- F. Fusari, R. R. Thomson, G. Jose, F. M. Bain, A. A. Lagatsky, N. D. Psaila, A. K. Kar, A. Jha, W. Sibbett, and C. T. A. Brown, “Lasing action at around 1.9 μm from an ultrafast laser inscribed Tm-doped glass waveguide,” Opt. Lett. 36(9), 1566–1568 (2011). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Y. Tan, A. Rodenas, F. Chen, R. R. Thomson, A. K. Kar, D. Jaque, and Q. Lu, “70% slope efficiency from an ultrafast laser-written Nd:GdVO4 channel waveguide laser,” Opt. Express 18(24), 24994–24999 (2010). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- F. M. Bain, A. A. Lagatsky, R. R. Thomson, N. D. Psaila, N. V. Kuleshov, A. K. Kar, W. Sibbett, and C. T. A. Brown, “Ultrafast laser inscribed Yb:KGd(WO4)2 and Yb:KY(WO4)2 channel waveguide lasers,” Opt. Express 17(25), 22417–22422 (2009). [CrossRef]
- D. Kip, “Photorefractive waveguides in oxide crystals: fabrication, properties, and applications,” Appl. Phys. B 67(2), 131–150 (1998). [CrossRef]
- F. Fusari, R. R. Thomson, G. Jose, F. M. Bain, A. A. Lagatsky, N. D. Psaila, A. K. Kar, A. Jha, W. Sibbett, and C. T. A. Brown, “Lasing action at around 1.9 μm from an ultrafast laser inscribed Tm-doped glass waveguide,” Opt. Lett. 36(9), 1566–1568 (2011). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- F. M. Bain, A. A. Lagatsky, R. R. Thomson, N. D. Psaila, N. V. Kuleshov, A. K. Kar, W. Sibbett, and C. T. A. Brown, “Ultrafast laser inscribed Yb:KGd(WO4)2 and Yb:KY(WO4)2 channel waveguide lasers,” Opt. Express 17(25), 22417–22422 (2009). [CrossRef]
- M. Pollnau, C. Grivas, L. Laversenne, J. S. Wilkinson, R. W. Eason, and D. P. Shepherd, “Ti:Sapphire waveguide lasers,” Laser Phys. Lett. 4(8), 560–571 (2007). [CrossRef]
- Y. Tan, A. Rodenas, F. Chen, R. R. Thomson, A. K. Kar, D. Jaque, and Q. Lu, “70% slope efficiency from an ultrafast laser-written Nd:GdVO4 channel waveguide laser,” Opt. Express 18(24), 24994–24999 (2010). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Y. Ren, N. Dong, Y. Tan, J. Guan, F. Chen, and Q. Lu, “Continuous Wave Laser Generation in Proton Implanted Nd:GGG Planar Waveguides,” J. Lightwave Technol. 28, 3578–3581 (2010).
- J. I. Mackenzie, “Dielectric solid-state planar waveguide lasers: A Review,” IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron. 13(3), 626–637 (2007). [CrossRef]
- I. Mansour and F. Caccavale, “An improved procedure to calculate the refractive index profile from the measured near-field intensity,” J. Lightwave Technol. 14(3), 423–428 (1996). [CrossRef]
- M. Ams, G. D. Marshall, P. Dekker, J. A. Piper, and M. J. Withford, “Ultrafast laser written active devices,” Laser Photon. Rev. 3(6), 535–544 (2009). [CrossRef]
- N. V. Baburin, B. I. Galagan, Y. K. Danileiko, N. N. Il’ichev, A. V. Masalov, V. Y. Molchanov, and V. A. Chikov, “Two-frequency mode-locked lasing in a monoblock diode-pumped Nd3+:GGG laser,” IEEE Quant. Electron. 31(4), 303–304 (2001). [CrossRef]
- R. R. Gattass and E. Mazur, “Femtosecond laser micromachining in transparent materials,” Nat. Photonics 2(4), 219–225 (2008). [CrossRef]
- S. Juodkazis, V. Mizeikis, and H. Misawa, “Three-dimensional microfabrication of materials by femtosecond lasers for photonics applications,” J. Appl. Phys. 106(5), 051101, 05111–05114 (2009). [CrossRef]
- S. Juodkazis, V. Mizeikis, and H. Misawa, “Three-dimensional microfabrication of materials by femtosecond lasers for photonics applications,” J. Appl. Phys. 106(5), 051101, 05111–05114 (2009). [CrossRef]
- N. V. Baburin, B. I. Galagan, Y. K. Danileiko, N. N. Il’ichev, A. V. Masalov, V. Y. Molchanov, and V. A. Chikov, “Two-frequency mode-locked lasing in a monoblock diode-pumped Nd3+:GGG laser,” IEEE Quant. Electron. 31(4), 303–304 (2001). [CrossRef]
- J. Siebenmorgen, K. Petermann, G. Huber, K. Rademaker, S. Nolte, and A. Tunnermann, “Femtosecond laser written stress-induced Nd:Y3Al5O12 (Nd:YAG) channel waveguide laser,” Appl. Phys. B 97(2), 251–255 (2009). [CrossRef]
- J. Burghoff, H. Hartung, S. Nolte, and A. Tunnermann, “Structural properties of femtosecond laser-induced modifications in LiNbO3,” Appl. Phys., A Mater. Sci. Process. 86(2), 165–170 (2006). [CrossRef]
- T. Calmano, A.-G. Paschke, J. Siebenmorgen, S. T. Fredrich-Thornton, H. Yagi, K. Petermann, and G. Huber, “Characterization of an Yb:YAG ceramic waveguide laser, fabricated by the direct femtosecond-laser writing technique,” Appl. Phys. B 103(1), 1–4 (2011). [CrossRef]
- T. Calmano, A.-G. Paschke, J. Siebenmorgen, S. T. Fredrich-Thornton, H. Yagi, K. Petermann, and G. Huber, “Characterization of an Yb:YAG ceramic waveguide laser, fabricated by the direct femtosecond-laser writing technique,” Appl. Phys. B 103(1), 1–4 (2011). [CrossRef]
- J. Siebenmorgen, T. Calmano, K. Petermann, and G. Huber, “Highly efficient Yb:YAG channel waveguide laser written with a femtosecond-laser,” Opt. Express 18(15), 16035–16041 (2010). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- T. Calmano, J. Siebenmorgen, O. Hellmig, K. Petermann, and G. Huber, “Nd:YAG waveguide laser with 1.3 W output power, fabricated by direct femtosecond laser writing,” Appl. Phys. B 100(1), 131–135 (2010). [CrossRef]
- J. Siebenmorgen, K. Petermann, G. Huber, K. Rademaker, S. Nolte, and A. Tunnermann, “Femtosecond laser written stress-induced Nd:Y3Al5O12 (Nd:YAG) channel waveguide laser,” Appl. Phys. B 97(2), 251–255 (2009). [CrossRef]
- M. Ams, G. D. Marshall, P. Dekker, J. A. Piper, and M. J. Withford, “Ultrafast laser written active devices,” Laser Photon. Rev. 3(6), 535–544 (2009). [CrossRef]
- M. Pollnau, C. Grivas, L. Laversenne, J. S. Wilkinson, R. W. Eason, and D. P. Shepherd, “Ti:Sapphire waveguide lasers,” Laser Phys. Lett. 4(8), 560–571 (2007). [CrossRef]
- F. Fusari, R. R. Thomson, G. Jose, F. M. Bain, A. A. Lagatsky, N. D. Psaila, A. K. Kar, A. Jha, W. Sibbett, and C. T. A. Brown, “Lasing action at around 1.9 μm from an ultrafast laser inscribed Tm-doped glass waveguide,” Opt. Lett. 36(9), 1566–1568 (2011). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- F. M. Bain, A. A. Lagatsky, R. R. Thomson, N. D. Psaila, N. V. Kuleshov, A. K. Kar, W. Sibbett, and C. T. A. Brown, “Ultrafast laser inscribed Yb:KGd(WO4)2 and Yb:KY(WO4)2 channel waveguide lasers,” Opt. Express 17(25), 22417–22422 (2009). [CrossRef]
- L. J. Qin, D. Y. Tang, G. Q. Xie, C. M. Dong, Z. T. Jia, and X. T. Tao, “High-power continuous wave and passively Q-switched laser operations of a Nd:GGG crystal,” Laser Phys. Lett. 5(2), 100–103 (2008). [CrossRef]
- J. Siebenmorgen, K. Petermann, G. Huber, K. Rademaker, S. Nolte, and A. Tunnermann, “Femtosecond laser written stress-induced Nd:Y3Al5O12 (Nd:YAG) channel waveguide laser,” Appl. Phys. B 97(2), 251–255 (2009). [CrossRef]
- R. Regener and W. Sohler, “Loss in low-finesse Ti:LiNbO3 optical waveguide resonators,” Appl. Phys. B 36(3), 143–147 (1985). [CrossRef]
Rodenas, A.
- Y. Tan, A. Rodenas, F. Chen, R. R. Thomson, A. K. Kar, D. Jaque, and Q. Lu, “70% slope efficiency from an ultrafast laser-written Nd:GdVO4 channel waveguide laser,” Opt. Express 18(24), 24994–24999 (2010). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- G. A. Torchia, A. Rodenas, A. Benayas, E. Cantelar, L. Roso, and D. Jaque, “Highly efficient laser action in femtosecond-written Nd:yttrium aluminum garnet ceramic waveguides,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 92(11), 111103 (2008). [CrossRef]
- G. A. Torchia, P. F. Meilán, A. Rodenas, D. Jaque, C. Mendez, and L. Roso, “Femtosecond laser written surface waveguides fabricated in Nd:YAG ceramics,” Opt. Express 15(20), 13266–13271 (2007). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- J. J. Romero, D. Jaque, U. Caldiño, G. Boulon, Y. Guyot, and J. García Solé, “Stimulated emission, excited state absorption and laser performance optimization of the Nd3+: Ca3Ga2Ge3O12 laser system,” J. Appl. Phys. 91, 1754–1760 (2002). [CrossRef]
- D. Jaque, U. Caldiño, J. J. Romero, and J. García Solé, “Influence of Nd concentration on continuous wave laser properties of Ca3Ga2Ge3O12:Nd3+ laser garnet crystal,” J. Appl. Phys. 86, 6617–6623 (1999). [CrossRef]
- G. A. Torchia, A. Rodenas, A. Benayas, E. Cantelar, L. Roso, and D. Jaque, “Highly efficient laser action in femtosecond-written Nd:yttrium aluminum garnet ceramic waveguides,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 92(11), 111103 (2008). [CrossRef]
- G. A. Torchia, P. F. Meilán, A. Rodenas, D. Jaque, C. Mendez, and L. Roso, “Femtosecond laser written surface waveguides fabricated in Nd:YAG ceramics,” Opt. Express 15(20), 13266–13271 (2007). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- M. Pollnau, C. Grivas, L. Laversenne, J. S. Wilkinson, R. W. Eason, and D. P. Shepherd, “Ti:Sapphire waveguide lasers,” Laser Phys. Lett. 4(8), 560–571 (2007). [CrossRef]
- S. J. Field, D. C. Hanna, A. C. Large, D. P. Shepherd, A. C. Tropper, P. J. Chandler, P. D. Townsend, and L. Zhang, “Ion-implanted Nd:GGG channel waveguide laser,” Opt. Lett. 17(1), 52–54 (1992). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- F. Fusari, R. R. Thomson, G. Jose, F. M. Bain, A. A. Lagatsky, N. D. Psaila, A. K. Kar, A. Jha, W. Sibbett, and C. T. A. Brown, “Lasing action at around 1.9 μm from an ultrafast laser inscribed Tm-doped glass waveguide,” Opt. Lett. 36(9), 1566–1568 (2011). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- F. M. Bain, A. A. Lagatsky, R. R. Thomson, N. D. Psaila, N. V. Kuleshov, A. K. Kar, W. Sibbett, and C. T. A. Brown, “Ultrafast laser inscribed Yb:KGd(WO4)2 and Yb:KY(WO4)2 channel waveguide lasers,” Opt. Express 17(25), 22417–22422 (2009). [CrossRef]
- T. Calmano, A.-G. Paschke, J. Siebenmorgen, S. T. Fredrich-Thornton, H. Yagi, K. Petermann, and G. Huber, “Characterization of an Yb:YAG ceramic waveguide laser, fabricated by the direct femtosecond-laser writing technique,” Appl. Phys. B 103(1), 1–4 (2011). [CrossRef]
- J. Siebenmorgen, T. Calmano, K. Petermann, and G. Huber, “Highly efficient Yb:YAG channel waveguide laser written with a femtosecond-laser,” Opt. Express 18(15), 16035–16041 (2010). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- T. Calmano, J. Siebenmorgen, O. Hellmig, K. Petermann, and G. Huber, “Nd:YAG waveguide laser with 1.3 W output power, fabricated by direct femtosecond laser writing,” Appl. Phys. B 100(1), 131–135 (2010). [CrossRef]
- J. Siebenmorgen, K. Petermann, G. Huber, K. Rademaker, S. Nolte, and A. Tunnermann, “Femtosecond laser written stress-induced Nd:Y3Al5O12 (Nd:YAG) channel waveguide laser,” Appl. Phys. B 97(2), 251–255 (2009). [CrossRef]
- R. Regener and W. Sohler, “Loss in low-finesse Ti:LiNbO3 optical waveguide resonators,” Appl. Phys. B 36(3), 143–147 (1985). [CrossRef]
- Y. Ren, N. Dong, Y. Tan, J. Guan, F. Chen, and Q. Lu, “Continuous Wave Laser Generation in Proton Implanted Nd:GGG Planar Waveguides,” J. Lightwave Technol. 28, 3578–3581 (2010).
- Y. Yao, Y. Tan, N. Dong, F. Chen, and A. A. Bettiol, “Continuous wave Nd:YAG channel waveguide laser produced by focused proton beam writing,” Opt. Express 18(24), 24516–24521 (2010). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Y. Tan, A. Rodenas, F. Chen, R. R. Thomson, A. K. Kar, D. Jaque, and Q. Lu, “70% slope efficiency from an ultrafast laser-written Nd:GdVO4 channel waveguide laser,” Opt. Express 18(24), 24994–24999 (2010). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Y. Tan, F. Chen, J. R. Vázquez de Aldana, G. A. Torchia, A. Benayas, and D. Jaque, “Continuous wave laser generation at 1064 nm in femtosecond laser inscribed Nd:YVO4 channel waveguides,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 97(3), 031119–031121 (2010). [CrossRef]
- L. J. Qin, D. Y. Tang, G. Q. Xie, C. M. Dong, Z. T. Jia, and X. T. Tao, “High-power continuous wave and passively Q-switched laser operations of a Nd:GGG crystal,” Laser Phys. Lett. 5(2), 100–103 (2008). [CrossRef]
- Z. Jia, X. Tao, C. Dong, X. Cheng, W. Zhang, F. Xu, and M. Jiang, “Study on crystal growth of large size Nd3+:Gd3Ga5O12 (Nd3+:GGG) by Czochralski method,” J. Cryst. Growth 292(2), 386–390 (2006). [CrossRef]
- L. J. Qin, D. Y. Tang, G. Q. Xie, C. M. Dong, Z. T. Jia, and X. T. Tao, “High-power continuous wave and passively Q-switched laser operations of a Nd:GGG crystal,” Laser Phys. Lett. 5(2), 100–103 (2008). [CrossRef]
- F. Fusari, R. R. Thomson, G. Jose, F. M. Bain, A. A. Lagatsky, N. D. Psaila, A. K. Kar, A. Jha, W. Sibbett, and C. T. A. Brown, “Lasing action at around 1.9 μm from an ultrafast laser inscribed Tm-doped glass waveguide,” Opt. Lett. 36(9), 1566–1568 (2011). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Y. Tan, A. Rodenas, F. Chen, R. R. Thomson, A. K. Kar, D. Jaque, and Q. Lu, “70% slope efficiency from an ultrafast laser-written Nd:GdVO4 channel waveguide laser,” Opt. Express 18(24), 24994–24999 (2010). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- F. M. Bain, A. A. Lagatsky, R. R. Thomson, N. D. Psaila, N. V. Kuleshov, A. K. Kar, W. Sibbett, and C. T. A. Brown, “Ultrafast laser inscribed Yb:KGd(WO4)2 and Yb:KY(WO4)2 channel waveguide lasers,” Opt. Express 17(25), 22417–22422 (2009). [CrossRef]
- Y. Tan, F. Chen, J. R. Vázquez de Aldana, G. A. Torchia, A. Benayas, and D. Jaque, “Continuous wave laser generation at 1064 nm in femtosecond laser inscribed Nd:YVO4 channel waveguides,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 97(3), 031119–031121 (2010). [CrossRef]
- G. A. Torchia, A. Rodenas, A. Benayas, E. Cantelar, L. Roso, and D. Jaque, “Highly efficient laser action in femtosecond-written Nd:yttrium aluminum garnet ceramic waveguides,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 92(11), 111103 (2008). [CrossRef]
- G. A. Torchia, P. F. Meilán, A. Rodenas, D. Jaque, C. Mendez, and L. Roso, “Femtosecond laser written surface waveguides fabricated in Nd:YAG ceramics,” Opt. Express 15(20), 13266–13271 (2007). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- J. Siebenmorgen, K. Petermann, G. Huber, K. Rademaker, S. Nolte, and A. Tunnermann, “Femtosecond laser written stress-induced Nd:Y3Al5O12 (Nd:YAG) channel waveguide laser,” Appl. Phys. B 97(2), 251–255 (2009). [CrossRef]
- J. Burghoff, H. Hartung, S. Nolte, and A. Tunnermann, “Structural properties of femtosecond laser-induced modifications in LiNbO3,” Appl. Phys., A Mater. Sci. Process. 86(2), 165–170 (2006). [CrossRef]
- Y. Tan, F. Chen, J. R. Vázquez de Aldana, G. A. Torchia, A. Benayas, and D. Jaque, “Continuous wave laser generation at 1064 nm in femtosecond laser inscribed Nd:YVO4 channel waveguides,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 97(3), 031119–031121 (2010). [CrossRef]
- F. Chen, X. L. Wang, and K. M. Wang, “Development of ion-implanted optical waveguides in optical materials: A review,” Opt. Mater. 29(11), 1523–1542 (2007). [CrossRef]
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- M. Ams, G. D. Marshall, P. Dekker, J. A. Piper, and M. J. Withford, “Ultrafast laser written active devices,” Laser Photon. Rev. 3(6), 535–544 (2009). [CrossRef]
- L. J. Qin, D. Y. Tang, G. Q. Xie, C. M. Dong, Z. T. Jia, and X. T. Tao, “High-power continuous wave and passively Q-switched laser operations of a Nd:GGG crystal,” Laser Phys. Lett. 5(2), 100–103 (2008). [CrossRef]
- Z. Jia, X. Tao, C. Dong, X. Cheng, W. Zhang, F. Xu, and M. Jiang, “Study on crystal growth of large size Nd3+:Gd3Ga5O12 (Nd3+:GGG) by Czochralski method,” J. Cryst. Growth 292(2), 386–390 (2006). [CrossRef]
- T. Calmano, A.-G. Paschke, J. Siebenmorgen, S. T. Fredrich-Thornton, H. Yagi, K. Petermann, and G. Huber, “Characterization of an Yb:YAG ceramic waveguide laser, fabricated by the direct femtosecond-laser writing technique,” Appl. Phys. B 103(1), 1–4 (2011). [CrossRef]
- Z. Jia, X. Tao, C. Dong, X. Cheng, W. Zhang, F. Xu, and M. Jiang, “Study on crystal growth of large size Nd3+:Gd3Ga5O12 (Nd3+:GGG) by Czochralski method,” J. Cryst. Growth 292(2), 386–390 (2006). [CrossRef]
Appl. Phys. B
- D. Kip, “Photorefractive waveguides in oxide crystals: fabrication, properties, and applications,” Appl. Phys. B 67(2), 131–150 (1998). [CrossRef]
- T. Calmano, A.-G. Paschke, J. Siebenmorgen, S. T. Fredrich-Thornton, H. Yagi, K. Petermann, and G. Huber, “Characterization of an Yb:YAG ceramic waveguide laser, fabricated by the direct femtosecond-laser writing technique,” Appl. Phys. B 103(1), 1–4 (2011). [CrossRef]
- T. Calmano, J. Siebenmorgen, O. Hellmig, K. Petermann, and G. Huber, “Nd:YAG waveguide laser with 1.3 W output power, fabricated by direct femtosecond laser writing,” Appl. Phys. B 100(1), 131–135 (2010). [CrossRef]
- R. Regener and W. Sohler, “Loss in low-finesse Ti:LiNbO3 optical waveguide resonators,” Appl. Phys. B 36(3), 143–147 (1985). [CrossRef]
- J. Siebenmorgen, K. Petermann, G. Huber, K. Rademaker, S. Nolte, and A. Tunnermann, “Femtosecond laser written stress-induced Nd:Y3Al5O12 (Nd:YAG) channel waveguide laser,” Appl. Phys. B 97(2), 251–255 (2009). [CrossRef]
Appl. Phys. Lett.
- Y. Tan, F. Chen, J. R. Vázquez de Aldana, G. A. Torchia, A. Benayas, and D. Jaque, “Continuous wave laser generation at 1064 nm in femtosecond laser inscribed Nd:YVO4 channel waveguides,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 97(3), 031119–031121 (2010). [CrossRef]
- G. A. Torchia, A. Rodenas, A. Benayas, E. Cantelar, L. Roso, and D. Jaque, “Highly efficient laser action in femtosecond-written Nd:yttrium aluminum garnet ceramic waveguides,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 92(11), 111103 (2008). [CrossRef]
Appl. Phys., A Mater. Sci. Process.
- J. Burghoff, H. Hartung, S. Nolte, and A. Tunnermann, “Structural properties of femtosecond laser-induced modifications in LiNbO3,” Appl. Phys., A Mater. Sci. Process. 86(2), 165–170 (2006). [CrossRef]
Crit. Rev. Solid State Mater. Sci.
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IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron.
- J. I. Mackenzie, “Dielectric solid-state planar waveguide lasers: A Review,” IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron. 13(3), 626–637 (2007). [CrossRef]
IEEE Quant. Electron.
- N. V. Baburin, B. I. Galagan, Y. K. Danileiko, N. N. Il’ichev, A. V. Masalov, V. Y. Molchanov, and V. A. Chikov, “Two-frequency mode-locked lasing in a monoblock diode-pumped Nd3+:GGG laser,” IEEE Quant. Electron. 31(4), 303–304 (2001). [CrossRef]
J. Appl. Phys.
- S. Juodkazis, V. Mizeikis, and H. Misawa, “Three-dimensional microfabrication of materials by femtosecond lasers for photonics applications,” J. Appl. Phys. 106(5), 051101, 05111–05114 (2009). [CrossRef]
- D. Jaque, U. Caldiño, J. J. Romero, and J. García Solé, “Influence of Nd concentration on continuous wave laser properties of Ca3Ga2Ge3O12:Nd3+ laser garnet crystal,” J. Appl. Phys. 86, 6617–6623 (1999). [CrossRef]
- J. J. Romero, D. Jaque, U. Caldiño, G. Boulon, Y. Guyot, and J. García Solé, “Stimulated emission, excited state absorption and laser performance optimization of the Nd3+: Ca3Ga2Ge3O12 laser system,” J. Appl. Phys. 91, 1754–1760 (2002). [CrossRef]
J. Cryst. Growth
- Z. Jia, X. Tao, C. Dong, X. Cheng, W. Zhang, F. Xu, and M. Jiang, “Study on crystal growth of large size Nd3+:Gd3Ga5O12 (Nd3+:GGG) by Czochralski method,” J. Cryst. Growth 292(2), 386–390 (2006). [CrossRef]
J. Lightwave Technol.
- Y. Ren, N. Dong, Y. Tan, J. Guan, F. Chen, and Q. Lu, “Continuous Wave Laser Generation in Proton Implanted Nd:GGG Planar Waveguides,” J. Lightwave Technol. 28, 3578–3581 (2010).
- I. Mansour and F. Caccavale, “An improved procedure to calculate the refractive index profile from the measured near-field intensity,” J. Lightwave Technol. 14(3), 423–428 (1996). [CrossRef]
Laser Photon. Rev.
- M. Ams, G. D. Marshall, P. Dekker, J. A. Piper, and M. J. Withford, “Ultrafast laser written active devices,” Laser Photon. Rev. 3(6), 535–544 (2009). [CrossRef]
Laser Phys. Lett.
- L. J. Qin, D. Y. Tang, G. Q. Xie, C. M. Dong, Z. T. Jia, and X. T. Tao, “High-power continuous wave and passively Q-switched laser operations of a Nd:GGG crystal,” Laser Phys. Lett. 5(2), 100–103 (2008). [CrossRef]
- M. Pollnau, C. Grivas, L. Laversenne, J. S. Wilkinson, R. W. Eason, and D. P. Shepherd, “Ti:Sapphire waveguide lasers,” Laser Phys. Lett. 4(8), 560–571 (2007). [CrossRef]
Nat. Photonics
- R. R. Gattass and E. Mazur, “Femtosecond laser micromachining in transparent materials,” Nat. Photonics 2(4), 219–225 (2008). [CrossRef]
Opt. Express
- G. A. Torchia, P. F. Meilán, A. Rodenas, D. Jaque, C. Mendez, and L. Roso, “Femtosecond laser written surface waveguides fabricated in Nd:YAG ceramics,” Opt. Express 15(20), 13266–13271 (2007). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
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- Y. Yao, Y. Tan, N. Dong, F. Chen, and A. A. Bettiol, “Continuous wave Nd:YAG channel waveguide laser produced by focused proton beam writing,” Opt. Express 18(24), 24516–24521 (2010). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Y. Tan, A. Rodenas, F. Chen, R. R. Thomson, A. K. Kar, D. Jaque, and Q. Lu, “70% slope efficiency from an ultrafast laser-written Nd:GdVO4 channel waveguide laser,” Opt. Express 18(24), 24994–24999 (2010). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- F. M. Bain, A. A. Lagatsky, R. R. Thomson, N. D. Psaila, N. V. Kuleshov, A. K. Kar, W. Sibbett, and C. T. A. Brown, “Ultrafast laser inscribed Yb:KGd(WO4)2 and Yb:KY(WO4)2 channel waveguide lasers,” Opt. Express 17(25), 22417–22422 (2009). [CrossRef]
Opt. Lett.
- S. J. Field, D. C. Hanna, A. C. Large, D. P. Shepherd, A. C. Tropper, P. J. Chandler, P. D. Townsend, and L. Zhang, “Ion-implanted Nd:GGG channel waveguide laser,” Opt. Lett. 17(1), 52–54 (1992). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- F. Fusari, R. R. Thomson, G. Jose, F. M. Bain, A. A. Lagatsky, N. D. Psaila, A. K. Kar, A. Jha, W. Sibbett, and C. T. A. Brown, “Lasing action at around 1.9 μm from an ultrafast laser inscribed Tm-doped glass waveguide,” Opt. Lett. 36(9), 1566–1568 (2011). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
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Opt. Mater.
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