Double-clad hollow core photonic crystal fiber for coherent Raman endoscope

doi:10.1364/OE.19.012562

Double-clad hollow core photonic crystal fiber for coherent Raman endoscope

Sophie Brustlein, Pascal Berto, Richard Hostein, Patrick Ferrand, Cyrille Billaudeau, Didier Marguet, Alistair Muir, Jonathan Knight, and Hervé Rigneault »View Author Affiliations

Optics Express, Vol. 19, Issue 13, pp. 12562-12568 (2011)
http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/OE.19.012562

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Abstract

Performing label free coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (CARS) and stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) in endoscope imaging is a challenge, with huge potential clinical benefit. To date, this goal has remained inaccessible because of the inherent coherent Raman noise that is generated in the fiber itself. By developing double-clad hollow core photonic crystal fiber, we demonstrate coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering and stimulated Raman scattering in an ‘endoscope-like’ scheme. Both the excitation beams and the collected CARS and SRS signals travel through the same fiber. No CARS and SRS signals are generated within the hollow core fiber even for temporally overlapping pump and Stokes beams, leading to excellent image quality. The CARS and SRS signals generated in the sample are coupled back into a high numerical aperture multimode cladding surrounding the central photonic crystal cladding. We demonstrate this scheme by imaging molecular vibrational bonds of organic crystal deposited on a glass surface.

OCIS Codes
(190.4380) Nonlinear optics : Nonlinear optics, four-wave mixing
(300.6230) Spectroscopy : Spectroscopy, coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering
(180.4315) Microscopy : Nonlinear microscopy
(060.5295) Fiber optics and optical communications : Photonic crystal fibers

ToC Category:
Fiber Optics and Optical Communications

History
Original Manuscript: April 20, 2011
Revised Manuscript: June 7, 2011
Manuscript Accepted: June 7, 2011
Published: June 14, 2011

Virtual Issues
Vol. 6, Iss. 7 Virtual Journal for Biomedical Optics

Citation
Sophie Brustlein, Pascal Berto, Richard Hostein, Patrick Ferrand, Cyrille Billaudeau, Didier Marguet, Alistair Muir, Jonathan Knight, and Hervé Rigneault, "Double-clad hollow core photonic crystal fiber for coherent Raman endoscope," Opt. Express 19, 12562-12568 (2011)
http://www.opticsinfobase.org/oe/abstract.cfm?URI=oe-19-13-12562

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References

A. Zumbusch, G. R. Holtom, and X. S. Xie, “Vibrationnal microscopy using coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 82, 4014–4017 (1999).
C. L. Evans and X. S. Xie, “Coherent anti-stokes Raman scattering microscopy: chemical imaging for biology and medicine,” Annu Rev Anal Chem (Palo Alto Calif) 1(1), 883–909 (2008). [CrossRef]
C. W. Freudiger, W. Min, B. G. Saar, S. Lu, G. R. Holtom, C. He, J. C. Tsai, J. X. Kang, and X. S. Xie, “Label-free biomedical imaging with high sensitivity by stimulated Raman scattering microscopy,” Science 322(5909), 1857–1861 (2008). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
P. Nandakumar, A. Kovalev, and A. Volkmer, “Vibrational imaging based on stimulated Raman scattering microscopy,” N. J. Phys. 11(3), 033026 (2009). [CrossRef]
X. S. Xie, J. Yu, and W. Y. Yang, “Living cells as test tubes,” Science 312(5771), 228–230 (2006). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
E. Gratton and M. Digman, “One photon up, one photon down,” Nat. Biotechnol. 27(2), 147–148 (2009). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
F. Légaré, C. L. Evans, F. Ganikhanov, and X. S. Xie, “Towards CARS Endoscopy,” Opt. Express 14, 4427–4432 (2006), http://www.opticsinfobase.org/oe/abstract.cfm?URI=oe-14-10-4427 .
M. Balu, G. Liu, Z. Chen, B. J. Tromberg, and E. O. Potma, “Fiber delivered probe for efficient CARS imaging of tissues,” Opt. Express 18(3), 2380–2388 (2010), http://www.opticsinfobase.org/oe/abstract.cfm?URI=oe-18-3-2380 . [CrossRef] [PubMed]
B. A. Flusberg, E. D. Cocker, W. Piyawattanametha, J. C. Jung, E. L. M. Cheung, and M. J. Schnitzer, “Fiber-optic fluorescence imaging,” Nat. Methods 2(12), 941–950 (2005). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
R. F. Cregan, B. J. Mangan, J. C. Knight, T. A. Birks, P. St. J. Russell, P. J. Roberts, and D. C. Allan, “Single-Mode Photonic Band Gap Guidance of Light in Air,” Science 285(5433), 1537–1539 (1999). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
G. Humbert, J. Knight, G. Bouwmans, P. Russell, D. Williams, P. Roberts, and B. Mangan, “Hollow core photonic crystal fibers for beam delivery,” Opt. Express 12(8), 1477–1484 (2004), http://www.opticsinfobase.org/oe/abstract.cfm?URI=oe-12-8-1477 . [CrossRef] [PubMed]
J. X. Cheng, A. Volkmer, and X. S. Xie, “Theoretical and experimental characterization of coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering microscopy,” J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 19(6), 1363–1375 (2002). [CrossRef]
M. T. Myaing, J. Y. Ye, T. B. Norris, T. Thomas, J. R. Baker, W. J. Wadsworth, G. Bouwmans, J. C. Knight, and P. S. Russell, “Enhanced two-photon biosensing with double-clad photonic crystal fibers,” Opt. Lett. 28(14), 1224–1226 (2003). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
L. Fu, X. Gan, and M. Gu, “Nonlinear optical microscopy based on double-clad photonic crystal fibers,” Opt. Express 13(14), 5528–5534 (2005), http://www.opticsinfobase.org/oe/abstract.cfm?URI=oe-13-14-5528 . [CrossRef] [PubMed]
F. Benabid, “Hollow-core photonic bandgap fiber: new light guidance for new science and technology,” Philos. T. Roy. Soc. A. 364(1849), 3439–3462 (2006). [CrossRef]
S. Brustlein, P. Ferrand, N. Walther, S. Brasselet, C. Billaudeau, D. Marguet, and H. Rigneault, “Optical parametric oscillator-based light source for coherent Raman scattering microscopy: practical overview,” J. Biomed. Opt. 16(2), 021106 (2011). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
M. Y. Jeong, H. M. Kim, S. J. Jeon, S. Brasselet, and B. R. Cho, “Octupolar Films with Significant Second-Harmonic Generation,” Adv. Mater. (Deerfield Beach Fla.) 19(16), 2107–2111 (2007). [CrossRef]
T. Andersen, K. Hilligsøe, C. Nielsen, J. Thøgersen, K. Hansen, S. Keiding, and J. Larsen, “Continuous-wave wavelength conversion in a photonic crystal fiber with two zero-dispersion wavelengths,” Opt. Express 12(17), 4113–4122 (2004), http://www.opticsinfobase.org/oe/abstract.cfm?URI=oe-12-17-4113 . [CrossRef] [PubMed]
B. G. Saar, C. W. Freudiger, J. Reichman, C. M. Stanley, G. R. Holtom, and X. S. Xie, “Video-rate molecular imaging in vivo with stimulated Raman scattering,” Science 330(6009), 1368–1370 (2010). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

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[1] A. Zumbusch, G. R. Holtom, and X. S. Xie, “Vibrationnal microscopy using coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 82, 4014–4017 (1999).

[2] C. L. Evans and X. S. Xie, “Coherent anti-stokes Raman scattering microscopy: chemical imaging for biology and medicine,” Annu Rev Anal Chem (Palo Alto Calif) 1(1), 883–909 (2008). [CrossRef]

[3] C. W. Freudiger, W. Min, B. G. Saar, S. Lu, G. R. Holtom, C. He, J. C. Tsai, J. X. Kang, and X. S. Xie, “Label-free biomedical imaging with high sensitivity by stimulated Raman scattering microscopy,” Science 322(5909), 1857–1861 (2008). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

[4] P. Nandakumar, A. Kovalev, and A. Volkmer, “Vibrational imaging based on stimulated Raman scattering microscopy,” N. J. Phys. 11(3), 033026 (2009). [CrossRef]

[5] X. S. Xie, J. Yu, and W. Y. Yang, “Living cells as test tubes,” Science 312(5771), 228–230 (2006). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

[6] E. Gratton and M. Digman, “One photon up, one photon down,” Nat. Biotechnol. 27(2), 147–148 (2009). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

[7] F. Légaré, C. L. Evans, F. Ganikhanov, and X. S. Xie, “Towards CARS Endoscopy,” Opt. Express 14, 4427–4432 (2006), http://www.opticsinfobase.org/oe/abstract.cfm?URI=oe-14-10-4427 .

[8] M. Balu, G. Liu, Z. Chen, B. J. Tromberg, and E. O. Potma, “Fiber delivered probe for efficient CARS imaging of tissues,” Opt. Express 18(3), 2380–2388 (2010), http://www.opticsinfobase.org/oe/abstract.cfm?URI=oe-18-3-2380 . [CrossRef] [PubMed]

[9] B. A. Flusberg, E. D. Cocker, W. Piyawattanametha, J. C. Jung, E. L. M. Cheung, and M. J. Schnitzer, “Fiber-optic fluorescence imaging,” Nat. Methods 2(12), 941–950 (2005). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

[10] R. F. Cregan, B. J. Mangan, J. C. Knight, T. A. Birks, P. St. J. Russell, P. J. Roberts, and D. C. Allan, “Single-Mode Photonic Band Gap Guidance of Light in Air,” Science 285(5433), 1537–1539 (1999). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

[11] G. Humbert, J. Knight, G. Bouwmans, P. Russell, D. Williams, P. Roberts, and B. Mangan, “Hollow core photonic crystal fibers for beam delivery,” Opt. Express 12(8), 1477–1484 (2004), http://www.opticsinfobase.org/oe/abstract.cfm?URI=oe-12-8-1477 . [CrossRef] [PubMed]

[12] J. X. Cheng, A. Volkmer, and X. S. Xie, “Theoretical and experimental characterization of coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering microscopy,” J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 19(6), 1363–1375 (2002). [CrossRef]

[13] M. T. Myaing, J. Y. Ye, T. B. Norris, T. Thomas, J. R. Baker, W. J. Wadsworth, G. Bouwmans, J. C. Knight, and P. S. Russell, “Enhanced two-photon biosensing with double-clad photonic crystal fibers,” Opt. Lett. 28(14), 1224–1226 (2003). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

[14] L. Fu, X. Gan, and M. Gu, “Nonlinear optical microscopy based on double-clad photonic crystal fibers,” Opt. Express 13(14), 5528–5534 (2005), http://www.opticsinfobase.org/oe/abstract.cfm?URI=oe-13-14-5528 . [CrossRef] [PubMed]

[15] F. Benabid, “Hollow-core photonic bandgap fiber: new light guidance for new science and technology,” Philos. T. Roy. Soc. A. 364(1849), 3439–3462 (2006). [CrossRef]

[16] S. Brustlein, P. Ferrand, N. Walther, S. Brasselet, C. Billaudeau, D. Marguet, and H. Rigneault, “Optical parametric oscillator-based light source for coherent Raman scattering microscopy: practical overview,” J. Biomed. Opt. 16(2), 021106 (2011). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

[17] M. Y. Jeong, H. M. Kim, S. J. Jeon, S. Brasselet, and B. R. Cho, “Octupolar Films with Significant Second-Harmonic Generation,” Adv. Mater. (Deerfield Beach Fla.) 19(16), 2107–2111 (2007). [CrossRef]

[18] T. Andersen, K. Hilligsøe, C. Nielsen, J. Thøgersen, K. Hansen, S. Keiding, and J. Larsen, “Continuous-wave wavelength conversion in a photonic crystal fiber with two zero-dispersion wavelengths,” Opt. Express 12(17), 4113–4122 (2004), http://www.opticsinfobase.org/oe/abstract.cfm?URI=oe-12-17-4113 . [CrossRef] [PubMed]

[19] B. G. Saar, C. W. Freudiger, J. Reichman, C. M. Stanley, G. R. Holtom, and X. S. Xie, “Video-rate molecular imaging in vivo with stimulated Raman scattering,” Science 330(6009), 1368–1370 (2010). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

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Double-clad hollow core photonic crystal fiber for coherent Raman endoscope