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Electron spin polarization-based integrated photonic devicesChristopher J. Trowbridge, Benjamin M. Norman, Jason Stephens, Arthur C. Gossard, David D. Awschalom, and Vanessa Sih »View Author Affiliations
Christopher J. Trowbridge,1
Benjamin M. Norman,2
Jason Stephens,3
Arthur C. Gossard,3
David D. Awschalom,3
and Vanessa Sih1,2,*
1Department of Applied Physics, University of Michigan, 450 Church Street, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA 2Department of Physics, University of Michigan, 450 Church Street, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA 3Center for Spintronics and Quantum Computation, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, USA *Corresponding author: vsih@umich.edu |
Optics Express, Vol. 19, Issue 16, pp. 14845-14851 (2011)
http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/OE.19.014845
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Abstract
The lack of optical isolators has limited the serial integration of components in the development of photonic integrated circuits. Isolators are inherently nonreciprocal and, as such, require nonreciprocal optical propagation. We propose a class of integrated photonic devices that make use of electrically-generated electron spin polarization in semiconductors to cause nonreciprocal TE/TM mode conversion. Active control over the non-reciprocal mode coupling rate allows for the design of electrically-controlled isolators, circulators, modulators and switches. We analyze the effects of waveguide birefringence and absorption loss as limiting factors to device performance.
© 2011 OSA
OCIS Codes
(130.0250) Integrated optics : Optoelectronics
(250.7360) Optoelectronics : Waveguide modulators
ToC Category:
Integrated Optics
History
Original Manuscript: May 10, 2011
Revised Manuscript: June 28, 2011
Manuscript Accepted: July 8, 2011
Published: July 18, 2011
Citation
Christopher J. Trowbridge, Benjamin M. Norman, Jason Stephens, Arthur C. Gossard, David D. Awschalom, and Vanessa Sih, "Electron spin polarization-based integrated photonic devices," Opt. Express 19, 14845-14851 (2011)
http://www.opticsinfobase.org/oe/abstract.cfm?URI=oe-19-16-14845
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References
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- D. Culcer and R. Winkler, “Steady states of spin distributions in the presence of spin-orbit interactions,” Phys. Rev. B 76, 245322 (2007). [CrossRef]
- J. Fujita, M. Levy, R. M. Osgood, L. Wilkens, and H. Dötsch, “Waveguide optical isolator based on Mach-Zehnder interferometer,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 76, 2158–2160 (2000). [CrossRef]
- G. T. Reed, G. Z. Mashanovich, W. R. Headley, B. Timotijevic, F. Y. Gardes, S. P. Chan, P. Waugh, N. G. Emerson, C. E. Png, M. J. Paniccia, A. Liu, D. Hak, and V. M. N. Passaro, “Issues associated with polarization independence in silicon photonics,” IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron . 12, 1335–1344 (2006). [CrossRef]
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- J. Nitta, T. Akazaki, H. Takayanagi, and T. Enoki, “Gate control of spin-orbit interaction in an inverted In0.53Ga0.47As/In0.52Al0.48As heterostructure,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 78, 1335–1338 (1997). [CrossRef]
- Z. Yu and S. Fan, “Complete optical isolation created by indirect interband photonic transitions,” Nat. Photonics 3, 91–94 (2009). [CrossRef]
- Z. Yu and S. Fan, “Optical isolation based on nonreciprocal phase shift induced by interband photonic transitions,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 94, 171116 (2009). [CrossRef]
- J. Fujita, M. Levy, R. M. Osgood, L. Wilkens, and H. Dötsch, “Waveguide optical isolator based on Mach-Zehnder interferometer,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 76, 2158–2160 (2000). [CrossRef]
- G. T. Reed, G. Z. Mashanovich, W. R. Headley, B. Timotijevic, F. Y. Gardes, S. P. Chan, P. Waugh, N. G. Emerson, C. E. Png, M. J. Paniccia, A. Liu, D. Hak, and V. M. N. Passaro, “Issues associated with polarization independence in silicon photonics,” IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron . 12, 1335–1344 (2006). [CrossRef]
- C. L. Yang, H. T. He, Lu Ding, L. J. Cui, Y. P. Zeng, J. N. Wang, and W. K. Ge, “Spectral dependence of spin photocurrent and current-induced spin polarization in an InGaAs/InAlAs two-dimensional electron gas,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 96, 186605 (2006).
- N. P. Stern, S. Ghosh, G. Xiang, M. Zhu, N. Samarth, and D. D. Awschalom, “Current induced polarization and the spin hall effect at room temperature,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 97, 126603 (2006). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- B. M. Norman, C. J. Trowbridge, J. Stephens, A. C. Gossard, D. D. Awschalom, and V. Sih, “Mapping spin-orbit splitting in strained (In,Ga)As epilayers,” Phys. Rev. B 82, 081304 (2010). [CrossRef]
- V. Sih, R. C. Myers, Y. K. Kato, W. H. Lau, A. C. Gossard, and D. D. Awschalom, “Spatial imaging of the spin Hall effect and current-induced polarization in two-dimensional electron gases,” Nat. Phys. 1, 31 (2005). [CrossRef]
- Y. K. Kato, R. C. Myers, A. C. Gossard, and D. D. Awschalom, “Current-induced spin polarization in strained semiconductors,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 93, 176601 (2004). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- H. Shimizu, S. Goto, and T. Mori, “Optical isolation using nonreciprocal polarization rotation in Fe-InGaAlAs/InP semiconductor active waveguide optical isolators,” Appl. Phys. Express 3, 072201 (2010). [CrossRef]
- T. R. Zaman, X. Guo, and R. J. Ram, “Faraday rotation in an InP Waveguide,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 90, 023514 (2007). [CrossRef]
- T. R. Zaman, X. Guo, and R. J. Ram, “Proposal for a polarization-independent integrated optical circulator,” IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett. 18, 1359–1361 (2006). [CrossRef]
- X. Guo, T. Zaman, and R. J. Ram, “Magneto-optical semiconductor waveguides for integrated isolators,” Proc. SPIE 5729, 152–159 (2005). [CrossRef]
- G. T. Reed, G. Z. Mashanovich, W. R. Headley, B. Timotijevic, F. Y. Gardes, S. P. Chan, P. Waugh, N. G. Emerson, C. E. Png, M. J. Paniccia, A. Liu, D. Hak, and V. M. N. Passaro, “Issues associated with polarization independence in silicon photonics,” IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron . 12, 1335–1344 (2006). [CrossRef]
- H.-A. Engel, E. I. Rashba, and B. I. Halperin, “Out-of-plane spin polarization from in-plane electric and magnetic fields,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 98, 036602 (2007). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- A. T. Hanbicki, B. T. Jonker, G. Itskos, G. Kioseoglou, and A. Petrou, “Efficient electrical spin injection from a magnetic metal/tunnel barrier contact into a semiconductor,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 80, 1240 (2002). [CrossRef]
- C. L. Yang, H. T. He, Lu Ding, L. J. Cui, Y. P. Zeng, J. N. Wang, and W. K. Ge, “Spectral dependence of spin photocurrent and current-induced spin polarization in an InGaAs/InAlAs two-dimensional electron gas,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 96, 186605 (2006).
- G. T. Reed, G. Z. Mashanovich, W. R. Headley, B. Timotijevic, F. Y. Gardes, S. P. Chan, P. Waugh, N. G. Emerson, C. E. Png, M. J. Paniccia, A. Liu, D. Hak, and V. M. N. Passaro, “Issues associated with polarization independence in silicon photonics,” IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron . 12, 1335–1344 (2006). [CrossRef]
- C. Weisbuch and C. Hermann, “Optical detection of conduction-electron spin resonance in GaAs, Ga1–xInxAs, and Ga1–xAlxAs,” Phys. Rev. B 15, 816–822 (1977). [CrossRef]
- A. Yu. Silov, P. A. Blajnov, J. H. Wolter, R. Hey, K. H. Ploog, and N. S. Averkiev, “Current-induced spin polarization at a single heterojunction,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 85, 5929–5931 (2004). [CrossRef]
- N. Sugimoto, T. Shintaku, A. Tate, J. Terui, M. Shimokozono, E. Kubota, M. Ishii, and Y. Inoue, “Waveguide polarization-independent optical circulator,” IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett. 11, 355–357 (1999). [CrossRef]
- N. Sugimoto, T. Shintaku, A. Tate, J. Terui, M. Shimokozono, E. Kubota, M. Ishii, and Y. Inoue, “Waveguide polarization-independent optical circulator,” IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett. 11, 355–357 (1999). [CrossRef]
- A. T. Hanbicki, B. T. Jonker, G. Itskos, G. Kioseoglou, and A. Petrou, “Efficient electrical spin injection from a magnetic metal/tunnel barrier contact into a semiconductor,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 80, 1240 (2002). [CrossRef]
- A. T. Hanbicki, B. T. Jonker, G. Itskos, G. Kioseoglou, and A. Petrou, “Efficient electrical spin injection from a magnetic metal/tunnel barrier contact into a semiconductor,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 80, 1240 (2002). [CrossRef]
- V. Sih, R. C. Myers, Y. K. Kato, W. H. Lau, A. C. Gossard, and D. D. Awschalom, “Spatial imaging of the spin Hall effect and current-induced polarization in two-dimensional electron gases,” Nat. Phys. 1, 31 (2005). [CrossRef]
- Y. K. Kato, R. C. Myers, A. C. Gossard, and D. D. Awschalom, “Current-induced spin polarization in strained semiconductors,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 93, 176601 (2004). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- A. T. Hanbicki, B. T. Jonker, G. Itskos, G. Kioseoglou, and A. Petrou, “Efficient electrical spin injection from a magnetic metal/tunnel barrier contact into a semiconductor,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 80, 1240 (2002). [CrossRef]
- W. F. Koehl, M. H. Wong, C. Poblenz, B. Swenson, U. K. Mishra, J. S. Speck, and D. D. Awschalom, “Current-induced spin polarization in gallium nitride,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 95, 072110 (2009). [CrossRef]
- N. Sugimoto, T. Shintaku, A. Tate, J. Terui, M. Shimokozono, E. Kubota, M. Ishii, and Y. Inoue, “Waveguide polarization-independent optical circulator,” IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett. 11, 355–357 (1999). [CrossRef]
- V. Sih, R. C. Myers, Y. K. Kato, W. H. Lau, A. C. Gossard, and D. D. Awschalom, “Spatial imaging of the spin Hall effect and current-induced polarization in two-dimensional electron gases,” Nat. Phys. 1, 31 (2005). [CrossRef]
- J. Fujita, M. Levy, R. M. Osgood, L. Wilkens, and H. Dötsch, “Waveguide optical isolator based on Mach-Zehnder interferometer,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 76, 2158–2160 (2000). [CrossRef]
- G. T. Reed, G. Z. Mashanovich, W. R. Headley, B. Timotijevic, F. Y. Gardes, S. P. Chan, P. Waugh, N. G. Emerson, C. E. Png, M. J. Paniccia, A. Liu, D. Hak, and V. M. N. Passaro, “Issues associated with polarization independence in silicon photonics,” IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron . 12, 1335–1344 (2006). [CrossRef]
- C. L. Yang, H. T. He, Lu Ding, L. J. Cui, Y. P. Zeng, J. N. Wang, and W. K. Ge, “Spectral dependence of spin photocurrent and current-induced spin polarization in an InGaAs/InAlAs two-dimensional electron gas,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 96, 186605 (2006).
- D. Marshall, M. Mazilu, A. Miller, and C. C. Button “Polarization switching and induced birefringence in In-GaAsP multiple quantum wells at 1.5μm,” J. Appl. Phys. 91, 4090 (2002). [CrossRef]
- G. T. Reed, G. Z. Mashanovich, W. R. Headley, B. Timotijevic, F. Y. Gardes, S. P. Chan, P. Waugh, N. G. Emerson, C. E. Png, M. J. Paniccia, A. Liu, D. Hak, and V. M. N. Passaro, “Issues associated with polarization independence in silicon photonics,” IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron . 12, 1335–1344 (2006). [CrossRef]
- D. Marshall, M. Mazilu, A. Miller, and C. C. Button “Polarization switching and induced birefringence in In-GaAsP multiple quantum wells at 1.5μm,” J. Appl. Phys. 91, 4090 (2002). [CrossRef]
- F. Meier and B. P. Zakharchenya, Optical Orientation (Elsevier Science Ltd., 1984).
- D. Marshall, M. Mazilu, A. Miller, and C. C. Button “Polarization switching and induced birefringence in In-GaAsP multiple quantum wells at 1.5μm,” J. Appl. Phys. 91, 4090 (2002). [CrossRef]
- W. F. Koehl, M. H. Wong, C. Poblenz, B. Swenson, U. K. Mishra, J. S. Speck, and D. D. Awschalom, “Current-induced spin polarization in gallium nitride,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 95, 072110 (2009). [CrossRef]
- T. Mizumoto and Y. Naito, “Nonreciprocal propagation characteristics of YIG thin film,” IEEE Trans. Microw. Theory Tech . MTT-30, 922–925 (1982). [CrossRef]
- H. Shimizu, S. Goto, and T. Mori, “Optical isolation using nonreciprocal polarization rotation in Fe-InGaAlAs/InP semiconductor active waveguide optical isolators,” Appl. Phys. Express 3, 072201 (2010). [CrossRef]
- Y. Nishikawa, A. Tackeuchi, S. Nakamura, S. Muto, and N. Yokoyama, “All-optical picosecond switching of a quantum well etalon using spin-polarization relaxation,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 66, 839–841 (1995). [CrossRef]
- V. Sih, R. C. Myers, Y. K. Kato, W. H. Lau, A. C. Gossard, and D. D. Awschalom, “Spatial imaging of the spin Hall effect and current-induced polarization in two-dimensional electron gases,” Nat. Phys. 1, 31 (2005). [CrossRef]
- Y. K. Kato, R. C. Myers, A. C. Gossard, and D. D. Awschalom, “Current-induced spin polarization in strained semiconductors,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 93, 176601 (2004). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- T. Mizumoto and Y. Naito, “Nonreciprocal propagation characteristics of YIG thin film,” IEEE Trans. Microw. Theory Tech . MTT-30, 922–925 (1982). [CrossRef]
- Y. Nishikawa, A. Tackeuchi, S. Nakamura, S. Muto, and N. Yokoyama, “All-optical picosecond switching of a quantum well etalon using spin-polarization relaxation,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 66, 839–841 (1995). [CrossRef]
- Y. Nishikawa, A. Tackeuchi, S. Nakamura, S. Muto, and N. Yokoyama, “All-optical picosecond switching of a quantum well etalon using spin-polarization relaxation,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 66, 839–841 (1995). [CrossRef]
- J. Nitta, T. Akazaki, H. Takayanagi, and T. Enoki, “Gate control of spin-orbit interaction in an inverted In0.53Ga0.47As/In0.52Al0.48As heterostructure,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 78, 1335–1338 (1997). [CrossRef]
- B. M. Norman, C. J. Trowbridge, J. Stephens, A. C. Gossard, D. D. Awschalom, and V. Sih, “Mapping spin-orbit splitting in strained (In,Ga)As epilayers,” Phys. Rev. B 82, 081304 (2010). [CrossRef]
- J. Fujita, M. Levy, R. M. Osgood, L. Wilkens, and H. Dötsch, “Waveguide optical isolator based on Mach-Zehnder interferometer,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 76, 2158–2160 (2000). [CrossRef]
- G. T. Reed, G. Z. Mashanovich, W. R. Headley, B. Timotijevic, F. Y. Gardes, S. P. Chan, P. Waugh, N. G. Emerson, C. E. Png, M. J. Paniccia, A. Liu, D. Hak, and V. M. N. Passaro, “Issues associated with polarization independence in silicon photonics,” IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron . 12, 1335–1344 (2006). [CrossRef]
- G. T. Reed, G. Z. Mashanovich, W. R. Headley, B. Timotijevic, F. Y. Gardes, S. P. Chan, P. Waugh, N. G. Emerson, C. E. Png, M. J. Paniccia, A. Liu, D. Hak, and V. M. N. Passaro, “Issues associated with polarization independence in silicon photonics,” IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron . 12, 1335–1344 (2006). [CrossRef]
- A. T. Hanbicki, B. T. Jonker, G. Itskos, G. Kioseoglou, and A. Petrou, “Efficient electrical spin injection from a magnetic metal/tunnel barrier contact into a semiconductor,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 80, 1240 (2002). [CrossRef]
- A. Yu. Silov, P. A. Blajnov, J. H. Wolter, R. Hey, K. H. Ploog, and N. S. Averkiev, “Current-induced spin polarization at a single heterojunction,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 85, 5929–5931 (2004). [CrossRef]
- G. T. Reed, G. Z. Mashanovich, W. R. Headley, B. Timotijevic, F. Y. Gardes, S. P. Chan, P. Waugh, N. G. Emerson, C. E. Png, M. J. Paniccia, A. Liu, D. Hak, and V. M. N. Passaro, “Issues associated with polarization independence in silicon photonics,” IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron . 12, 1335–1344 (2006). [CrossRef]
- W. F. Koehl, M. H. Wong, C. Poblenz, B. Swenson, U. K. Mishra, J. S. Speck, and D. D. Awschalom, “Current-induced spin polarization in gallium nitride,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 95, 072110 (2009). [CrossRef]
- T. R. Zaman, X. Guo, and R. J. Ram, “Faraday rotation in an InP Waveguide,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 90, 023514 (2007). [CrossRef]
- T. R. Zaman, X. Guo, and R. J. Ram, “Proposal for a polarization-independent integrated optical circulator,” IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett. 18, 1359–1361 (2006). [CrossRef]
- X. Guo, T. Zaman, and R. J. Ram, “Magneto-optical semiconductor waveguides for integrated isolators,” Proc. SPIE 5729, 152–159 (2005). [CrossRef]
- H.-A. Engel, E. I. Rashba, and B. I. Halperin, “Out-of-plane spin polarization from in-plane electric and magnetic fields,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 98, 036602 (2007). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- G. T. Reed, G. Z. Mashanovich, W. R. Headley, B. Timotijevic, F. Y. Gardes, S. P. Chan, P. Waugh, N. G. Emerson, C. E. Png, M. J. Paniccia, A. Liu, D. Hak, and V. M. N. Passaro, “Issues associated with polarization independence in silicon photonics,” IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron . 12, 1335–1344 (2006). [CrossRef]
- N. P. Stern, S. Ghosh, G. Xiang, M. Zhu, N. Samarth, and D. D. Awschalom, “Current induced polarization and the spin hall effect at room temperature,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 97, 126603 (2006). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- H. Shimizu, S. Goto, and T. Mori, “Optical isolation using nonreciprocal polarization rotation in Fe-InGaAlAs/InP semiconductor active waveguide optical isolators,” Appl. Phys. Express 3, 072201 (2010). [CrossRef]
- H. Shimizu and Y. Nakano, “Fabrication and characterization of an InGaAsP/InP active waveguide optical isolator with 14.7dB/mm TE mode nonreciprocal attenuation.” J. Lightwave Technol. 24, 38–43 (2006). [CrossRef]
- N. Sugimoto, T. Shintaku, A. Tate, J. Terui, M. Shimokozono, E. Kubota, M. Ishii, and Y. Inoue, “Waveguide polarization-independent optical circulator,” IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett. 11, 355–357 (1999). [CrossRef]
- N. Sugimoto, T. Shintaku, A. Tate, J. Terui, M. Shimokozono, E. Kubota, M. Ishii, and Y. Inoue, “Waveguide polarization-independent optical circulator,” IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett. 11, 355–357 (1999). [CrossRef]
- B. M. Norman, C. J. Trowbridge, J. Stephens, A. C. Gossard, D. D. Awschalom, and V. Sih, “Mapping spin-orbit splitting in strained (In,Ga)As epilayers,” Phys. Rev. B 82, 081304 (2010). [CrossRef]
- V. Sih, R. C. Myers, Y. K. Kato, W. H. Lau, A. C. Gossard, and D. D. Awschalom, “Spatial imaging of the spin Hall effect and current-induced polarization in two-dimensional electron gases,” Nat. Phys. 1, 31 (2005). [CrossRef]
- A. Yu. Silov, P. A. Blajnov, J. H. Wolter, R. Hey, K. H. Ploog, and N. S. Averkiev, “Current-induced spin polarization at a single heterojunction,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 85, 5929–5931 (2004). [CrossRef]
- W. F. Koehl, M. H. Wong, C. Poblenz, B. Swenson, U. K. Mishra, J. S. Speck, and D. D. Awschalom, “Current-induced spin polarization in gallium nitride,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 95, 072110 (2009). [CrossRef]
- B. M. Norman, C. J. Trowbridge, J. Stephens, A. C. Gossard, D. D. Awschalom, and V. Sih, “Mapping spin-orbit splitting in strained (In,Ga)As epilayers,” Phys. Rev. B 82, 081304 (2010). [CrossRef]
- N. P. Stern, S. Ghosh, G. Xiang, M. Zhu, N. Samarth, and D. D. Awschalom, “Current induced polarization and the spin hall effect at room temperature,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 97, 126603 (2006). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- N. Sugimoto, T. Shintaku, A. Tate, J. Terui, M. Shimokozono, E. Kubota, M. Ishii, and Y. Inoue, “Waveguide polarization-independent optical circulator,” IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett. 11, 355–357 (1999). [CrossRef]
- W. F. Koehl, M. H. Wong, C. Poblenz, B. Swenson, U. K. Mishra, J. S. Speck, and D. D. Awschalom, “Current-induced spin polarization in gallium nitride,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 95, 072110 (2009). [CrossRef]
- Y. Nishikawa, A. Tackeuchi, S. Nakamura, S. Muto, and N. Yokoyama, “All-optical picosecond switching of a quantum well etalon using spin-polarization relaxation,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 66, 839–841 (1995). [CrossRef]
- J. Nitta, T. Akazaki, H. Takayanagi, and T. Enoki, “Gate control of spin-orbit interaction in an inverted In0.53Ga0.47As/In0.52Al0.48As heterostructure,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 78, 1335–1338 (1997). [CrossRef]
- N. Sugimoto, T. Shintaku, A. Tate, J. Terui, M. Shimokozono, E. Kubota, M. Ishii, and Y. Inoue, “Waveguide polarization-independent optical circulator,” IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett. 11, 355–357 (1999). [CrossRef]
- N. Sugimoto, T. Shintaku, A. Tate, J. Terui, M. Shimokozono, E. Kubota, M. Ishii, and Y. Inoue, “Waveguide polarization-independent optical circulator,” IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett. 11, 355–357 (1999). [CrossRef]
- G. T. Reed, G. Z. Mashanovich, W. R. Headley, B. Timotijevic, F. Y. Gardes, S. P. Chan, P. Waugh, N. G. Emerson, C. E. Png, M. J. Paniccia, A. Liu, D. Hak, and V. M. N. Passaro, “Issues associated with polarization independence in silicon photonics,” IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron . 12, 1335–1344 (2006). [CrossRef]
- B. M. Norman, C. J. Trowbridge, J. Stephens, A. C. Gossard, D. D. Awschalom, and V. Sih, “Mapping spin-orbit splitting in strained (In,Ga)As epilayers,” Phys. Rev. B 82, 081304 (2010). [CrossRef]
- C. L. Yang, H. T. He, Lu Ding, L. J. Cui, Y. P. Zeng, J. N. Wang, and W. K. Ge, “Spectral dependence of spin photocurrent and current-induced spin polarization in an InGaAs/InAlAs two-dimensional electron gas,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 96, 186605 (2006).
- G. T. Reed, G. Z. Mashanovich, W. R. Headley, B. Timotijevic, F. Y. Gardes, S. P. Chan, P. Waugh, N. G. Emerson, C. E. Png, M. J. Paniccia, A. Liu, D. Hak, and V. M. N. Passaro, “Issues associated with polarization independence in silicon photonics,” IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron . 12, 1335–1344 (2006). [CrossRef]
- C. Weisbuch and C. Hermann, “Optical detection of conduction-electron spin resonance in GaAs, Ga1–xInxAs, and Ga1–xAlxAs,” Phys. Rev. B 15, 816–822 (1977). [CrossRef]
- J. Fujita, M. Levy, R. M. Osgood, L. Wilkens, and H. Dötsch, “Waveguide optical isolator based on Mach-Zehnder interferometer,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 76, 2158–2160 (2000). [CrossRef]
- D. Culcer and R. Winkler, “Steady states of spin distributions in the presence of spin-orbit interactions,” Phys. Rev. B 76, 245322 (2007). [CrossRef]
- A. Yu. Silov, P. A. Blajnov, J. H. Wolter, R. Hey, K. H. Ploog, and N. S. Averkiev, “Current-induced spin polarization at a single heterojunction,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 85, 5929–5931 (2004). [CrossRef]
- W. F. Koehl, M. H. Wong, C. Poblenz, B. Swenson, U. K. Mishra, J. S. Speck, and D. D. Awschalom, “Current-induced spin polarization in gallium nitride,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 95, 072110 (2009). [CrossRef]
- N. P. Stern, S. Ghosh, G. Xiang, M. Zhu, N. Samarth, and D. D. Awschalom, “Current induced polarization and the spin hall effect at room temperature,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 97, 126603 (2006). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- C. L. Yang, H. T. He, Lu Ding, L. J. Cui, Y. P. Zeng, J. N. Wang, and W. K. Ge, “Spectral dependence of spin photocurrent and current-induced spin polarization in an InGaAs/InAlAs two-dimensional electron gas,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 96, 186605 (2006).
- A. Yariv, “Coupled-mode theory for guided-wave optics,” IEEE J. Quantum Electron . QE-9, 919–933 (1973). [CrossRef]
- Y. Nishikawa, A. Tackeuchi, S. Nakamura, S. Muto, and N. Yokoyama, “All-optical picosecond switching of a quantum well etalon using spin-polarization relaxation,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 66, 839–841 (1995). [CrossRef]
- Z. Yu and S. Fan, “Optical isolation based on nonreciprocal phase shift induced by interband photonic transitions,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 94, 171116 (2009). [CrossRef]
- Z. Yu and S. Fan, “Complete optical isolation created by indirect interband photonic transitions,” Nat. Photonics 3, 91–94 (2009). [CrossRef]
- F. Meier and B. P. Zakharchenya, Optical Orientation (Elsevier Science Ltd., 1984).
- X. Guo, T. Zaman, and R. J. Ram, “Magneto-optical semiconductor waveguides for integrated isolators,” Proc. SPIE 5729, 152–159 (2005). [CrossRef]
- T. R. Zaman, X. Guo, and R. J. Ram, “Faraday rotation in an InP Waveguide,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 90, 023514 (2007). [CrossRef]
- T. R. Zaman, X. Guo, and R. J. Ram, “Proposal for a polarization-independent integrated optical circulator,” IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett. 18, 1359–1361 (2006). [CrossRef]
- C. L. Yang, H. T. He, Lu Ding, L. J. Cui, Y. P. Zeng, J. N. Wang, and W. K. Ge, “Spectral dependence of spin photocurrent and current-induced spin polarization in an InGaAs/InAlAs two-dimensional electron gas,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 96, 186605 (2006).
- B. A. Bernevig and S.-C. Zhang, “Spin splitting and spin current in strained bulk semiconductors,” Phys. Rev. B 72, 115204 (2005). [CrossRef]
- N. P. Stern, S. Ghosh, G. Xiang, M. Zhu, N. Samarth, and D. D. Awschalom, “Current induced polarization and the spin hall effect at room temperature,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 97, 126603 (2006). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Appl. Phys. Express
- H. Shimizu, S. Goto, and T. Mori, “Optical isolation using nonreciprocal polarization rotation in Fe-InGaAlAs/InP semiconductor active waveguide optical isolators,” Appl. Phys. Express 3, 072201 (2010). [CrossRef]
Appl. Phys. Lett.
- T. R. Zaman, X. Guo, and R. J. Ram, “Faraday rotation in an InP Waveguide,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 90, 023514 (2007). [CrossRef]
- J. Fujita, M. Levy, R. M. Osgood, L. Wilkens, and H. Dötsch, “Waveguide optical isolator based on Mach-Zehnder interferometer,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 76, 2158–2160 (2000). [CrossRef]
- Y. Nishikawa, A. Tackeuchi, S. Nakamura, S. Muto, and N. Yokoyama, “All-optical picosecond switching of a quantum well etalon using spin-polarization relaxation,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 66, 839–841 (1995). [CrossRef]
- Z. Yu and S. Fan, “Optical isolation based on nonreciprocal phase shift induced by interband photonic transitions,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 94, 171116 (2009). [CrossRef]
- A. Yu. Silov, P. A. Blajnov, J. H. Wolter, R. Hey, K. H. Ploog, and N. S. Averkiev, “Current-induced spin polarization at a single heterojunction,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 85, 5929–5931 (2004). [CrossRef]
- W. F. Koehl, M. H. Wong, C. Poblenz, B. Swenson, U. K. Mishra, J. S. Speck, and D. D. Awschalom, “Current-induced spin polarization in gallium nitride,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 95, 072110 (2009). [CrossRef]
- A. T. Hanbicki, B. T. Jonker, G. Itskos, G. Kioseoglou, and A. Petrou, “Efficient electrical spin injection from a magnetic metal/tunnel barrier contact into a semiconductor,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 80, 1240 (2002). [CrossRef]
IEEE J. Quantum Electron
- A. Yariv, “Coupled-mode theory for guided-wave optics,” IEEE J. Quantum Electron . QE-9, 919–933 (1973). [CrossRef]
IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron
- G. T. Reed, G. Z. Mashanovich, W. R. Headley, B. Timotijevic, F. Y. Gardes, S. P. Chan, P. Waugh, N. G. Emerson, C. E. Png, M. J. Paniccia, A. Liu, D. Hak, and V. M. N. Passaro, “Issues associated with polarization independence in silicon photonics,” IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron . 12, 1335–1344 (2006). [CrossRef]
IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett.
- N. Sugimoto, T. Shintaku, A. Tate, J. Terui, M. Shimokozono, E. Kubota, M. Ishii, and Y. Inoue, “Waveguide polarization-independent optical circulator,” IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett. 11, 355–357 (1999). [CrossRef]
- T. R. Zaman, X. Guo, and R. J. Ram, “Proposal for a polarization-independent integrated optical circulator,” IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett. 18, 1359–1361 (2006). [CrossRef]
IEEE Trans. Microw. Theory Tech
- T. Mizumoto and Y. Naito, “Nonreciprocal propagation characteristics of YIG thin film,” IEEE Trans. Microw. Theory Tech . MTT-30, 922–925 (1982). [CrossRef]
J. Appl. Phys.
- D. Marshall, M. Mazilu, A. Miller, and C. C. Button “Polarization switching and induced birefringence in In-GaAsP multiple quantum wells at 1.5μm,” J. Appl. Phys. 91, 4090 (2002). [CrossRef]
J. Lightwave Technol.
- H. Shimizu and Y. Nakano, “Fabrication and characterization of an InGaAsP/InP active waveguide optical isolator with 14.7dB/mm TE mode nonreciprocal attenuation.” J. Lightwave Technol. 24, 38–43 (2006). [CrossRef]
- Tauhid R. Zaman, Xiaoyun Guo, and Rajeev J. Ram, “Semiconductor waveguide isolators,” J. Lightwave Technol. 26, 291–302 (2008). [CrossRef]
J. Opt. Soc. Am. B
- Vadym Zayets, Mukul C. Debnath, and Ando Koji, “Optical isolation in Cd1–x MnxTe magneto-optical waveguide grown on GaAs substrate,” J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 22, 281–285 (2005). [CrossRef]
Nat. Photonics
- Z. Yu and S. Fan, “Complete optical isolation created by indirect interband photonic transitions,” Nat. Photonics 3, 91–94 (2009). [CrossRef]
Nat. Phys.
- V. Sih, R. C. Myers, Y. K. Kato, W. H. Lau, A. C. Gossard, and D. D. Awschalom, “Spatial imaging of the spin Hall effect and current-induced polarization in two-dimensional electron gases,” Nat. Phys. 1, 31 (2005). [CrossRef]
Phys. Rev. B
- C. Weisbuch and C. Hermann, “Optical detection of conduction-electron spin resonance in GaAs, Ga1–xInxAs, and Ga1–xAlxAs,” Phys. Rev. B 15, 816–822 (1977). [CrossRef]
- B. A. Bernevig and S.-C. Zhang, “Spin splitting and spin current in strained bulk semiconductors,” Phys. Rev. B 72, 115204 (2005). [CrossRef]
- B. M. Norman, C. J. Trowbridge, J. Stephens, A. C. Gossard, D. D. Awschalom, and V. Sih, “Mapping spin-orbit splitting in strained (In,Ga)As epilayers,” Phys. Rev. B 82, 081304 (2010). [CrossRef]
- D. Culcer and R. Winkler, “Steady states of spin distributions in the presence of spin-orbit interactions,” Phys. Rev. B 76, 245322 (2007). [CrossRef]
Phys. Rev. Lett.
- H.-A. Engel, E. I. Rashba, and B. I. Halperin, “Out-of-plane spin polarization from in-plane electric and magnetic fields,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 98, 036602 (2007). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- J. Nitta, T. Akazaki, H. Takayanagi, and T. Enoki, “Gate control of spin-orbit interaction in an inverted In0.53Ga0.47As/In0.52Al0.48As heterostructure,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 78, 1335–1338 (1997). [CrossRef]
- C. L. Yang, H. T. He, Lu Ding, L. J. Cui, Y. P. Zeng, J. N. Wang, and W. K. Ge, “Spectral dependence of spin photocurrent and current-induced spin polarization in an InGaAs/InAlAs two-dimensional electron gas,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 96, 186605 (2006).
- N. P. Stern, S. Ghosh, G. Xiang, M. Zhu, N. Samarth, and D. D. Awschalom, “Current induced polarization and the spin hall effect at room temperature,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 97, 126603 (2006). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Y. K. Kato, R. C. Myers, A. C. Gossard, and D. D. Awschalom, “Current-induced spin polarization in strained semiconductors,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 93, 176601 (2004). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Proc. SPIE
- X. Guo, T. Zaman, and R. J. Ram, “Magneto-optical semiconductor waveguides for integrated isolators,” Proc. SPIE 5729, 152–159 (2005). [CrossRef]
Other
- F. Meier and B. P. Zakharchenya, Optical Orientation (Elsevier Science Ltd., 1984).
2010, Shimizu, Appl. Phys. Express
- H. Shimizu, S. Goto, and T. Mori, “Optical isolation using nonreciprocal polarization rotation in Fe-InGaAlAs/InP semiconductor active waveguide optical isolators,” Appl. Phys. Express 3, 072201 (2010). [CrossRef]
- B. M. Norman, C. J. Trowbridge, J. Stephens, A. C. Gossard, D. D. Awschalom, and V. Sih, “Mapping spin-orbit splitting in strained (In,Ga)As epilayers,” Phys. Rev. B 82, 081304 (2010). [CrossRef]
- W. F. Koehl, M. H. Wong, C. Poblenz, B. Swenson, U. K. Mishra, J. S. Speck, and D. D. Awschalom, “Current-induced spin polarization in gallium nitride,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 95, 072110 (2009). [CrossRef]
- Z. Yu and S. Fan, “Complete optical isolation created by indirect interband photonic transitions,” Nat. Photonics 3, 91–94 (2009). [CrossRef]
- Z. Yu and S. Fan, “Optical isolation based on nonreciprocal phase shift induced by interband photonic transitions,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 94, 171116 (2009). [CrossRef]
- D. Culcer and R. Winkler, “Steady states of spin distributions in the presence of spin-orbit interactions,” Phys. Rev. B 76, 245322 (2007). [CrossRef]
- H.-A. Engel, E. I. Rashba, and B. I. Halperin, “Out-of-plane spin polarization from in-plane electric and magnetic fields,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 98, 036602 (2007). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- T. R. Zaman, X. Guo, and R. J. Ram, “Faraday rotation in an InP Waveguide,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 90, 023514 (2007). [CrossRef]
- N. P. Stern, S. Ghosh, G. Xiang, M. Zhu, N. Samarth, and D. D. Awschalom, “Current induced polarization and the spin hall effect at room temperature,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 97, 126603 (2006). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- G. T. Reed, G. Z. Mashanovich, W. R. Headley, B. Timotijevic, F. Y. Gardes, S. P. Chan, P. Waugh, N. G. Emerson, C. E. Png, M. J. Paniccia, A. Liu, D. Hak, and V. M. N. Passaro, “Issues associated with polarization independence in silicon photonics,” IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron . 12, 1335–1344 (2006). [CrossRef]
- T. R. Zaman, X. Guo, and R. J. Ram, “Proposal for a polarization-independent integrated optical circulator,” IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett. 18, 1359–1361 (2006). [CrossRef]
- B. A. Bernevig and S.-C. Zhang, “Spin splitting and spin current in strained bulk semiconductors,” Phys. Rev. B 72, 115204 (2005). [CrossRef]
- X. Guo, T. Zaman, and R. J. Ram, “Magneto-optical semiconductor waveguides for integrated isolators,” Proc. SPIE 5729, 152–159 (2005). [CrossRef]
- V. Sih, R. C. Myers, Y. K. Kato, W. H. Lau, A. C. Gossard, and D. D. Awschalom, “Spatial imaging of the spin Hall effect and current-induced polarization in two-dimensional electron gases,” Nat. Phys. 1, 31 (2005). [CrossRef]
- Y. K. Kato, R. C. Myers, A. C. Gossard, and D. D. Awschalom, “Current-induced spin polarization in strained semiconductors,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 93, 176601 (2004). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- A. Yu. Silov, P. A. Blajnov, J. H. Wolter, R. Hey, K. H. Ploog, and N. S. Averkiev, “Current-induced spin polarization at a single heterojunction,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 85, 5929–5931 (2004). [CrossRef]
- A. T. Hanbicki, B. T. Jonker, G. Itskos, G. Kioseoglou, and A. Petrou, “Efficient electrical spin injection from a magnetic metal/tunnel barrier contact into a semiconductor,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 80, 1240 (2002). [CrossRef]
- D. Marshall, M. Mazilu, A. Miller, and C. C. Button “Polarization switching and induced birefringence in In-GaAsP multiple quantum wells at 1.5μm,” J. Appl. Phys. 91, 4090 (2002). [CrossRef]
- J. Fujita, M. Levy, R. M. Osgood, L. Wilkens, and H. Dötsch, “Waveguide optical isolator based on Mach-Zehnder interferometer,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 76, 2158–2160 (2000). [CrossRef]
- N. Sugimoto, T. Shintaku, A. Tate, J. Terui, M. Shimokozono, E. Kubota, M. Ishii, and Y. Inoue, “Waveguide polarization-independent optical circulator,” IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett. 11, 355–357 (1999). [CrossRef]
- J. Nitta, T. Akazaki, H. Takayanagi, and T. Enoki, “Gate control of spin-orbit interaction in an inverted In0.53Ga0.47As/In0.52Al0.48As heterostructure,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 78, 1335–1338 (1997). [CrossRef]
- Y. Nishikawa, A. Tackeuchi, S. Nakamura, S. Muto, and N. Yokoyama, “All-optical picosecond switching of a quantum well etalon using spin-polarization relaxation,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 66, 839–841 (1995). [CrossRef]
- T. Mizumoto and Y. Naito, “Nonreciprocal propagation characteristics of YIG thin film,” IEEE Trans. Microw. Theory Tech . MTT-30, 922–925 (1982). [CrossRef]
- C. Weisbuch and C. Hermann, “Optical detection of conduction-electron spin resonance in GaAs, Ga1–xInxAs, and Ga1–xAlxAs,” Phys. Rev. B 15, 816–822 (1977). [CrossRef]
- A. Yariv, “Coupled-mode theory for guided-wave optics,” IEEE J. Quantum Electron . QE-9, 919–933 (1973). [CrossRef]
- C. L. Yang, H. T. He, Lu Ding, L. J. Cui, Y. P. Zeng, J. N. Wang, and W. K. Ge, “Spectral dependence of spin photocurrent and current-induced spin polarization in an InGaAs/InAlAs two-dimensional electron gas,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 96, 186605 (2006).
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