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Magnetic imaging by x-ray holography using extended referencesThomas A. Duckworth, Feodor Ogrin, Sarnjeet S. Dhesi, Sean Langridge, Amy Whiteside, Thomas Moore, Guillaume Beutier, and Gerrit van der Laan »View Author Affiliations
Thomas A. Duckworth,1,*
Feodor Ogrin,1
Sarnjeet S. Dhesi,2
Sean Langridge,3
Amy Whiteside,4
Thomas Moore,4
Guillaume Beutier,5
and Gerrit van der Laan2
1School of Physics and Engineering, University of Exeter, Stocker Road, Exeter EX4 4QL, UK 2Diamond Light Source, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot OX11 0DE, UK 3ISIS, Science and Technology Facilities Council, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Didcot OX11 0QX, UK 4School of Physics and Astronomy, E. C. Stoner Laboratory, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK 5SIMaP Grenoble-INP, CNRS, UJF, BP 75, 38402 Saint Martin D’Hères, France *Corresponding author: tad203@ex.ac.uk |
Optics Express, Vol. 19, Issue 17, pp. 16223-16228 (2011)
http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/OE.19.016223
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Abstract
We demonstrate magnetic lensless imaging by Fourier transform holography using extended references. A narrow slit milled through an opaque gold mask is used as a holographic reference and magnetic contrast is obtained by x-ray magnetic circular dichroism. We present images of magnetic domains in a Co/Pt multilayer thin film with perpendicular magnetic anisotropy. This technique holds advantages over standard Fourier transform holography, where small holes are used to define the reference beam. An increased intensity through the extended reference reduces the counting time to record the farfield diffraction pattern. Additionally it was found that manufacturing narrow slits is less technologically demanding than the same procedure for holes. We achieve a spatial resolution of ∼30 nm, which was found to be limited by the sample period of the chosen experimental setup.
© 2011 OSA
OCIS Codes
(310.6870) Thin films : Thin films, other properties
(340.7440) X-ray optics : X-ray imaging
(090.1995) Holography : Digital holography
(260.6048) Physical optics : Soft x-rays
ToC Category:
X-ray Optics
History
Original Manuscript: June 7, 2011
Revised Manuscript: July 25, 2011
Manuscript Accepted: July 27, 2011
Published: August 9, 2011
Citation
Thomas A. Duckworth, Feodor Ogrin, Sarnjeet S. Dhesi, Sean Langridge, Amy Whiteside, Thomas Moore, Guillaume Beutier, and Gerrit van der Laan, "Magnetic imaging by x-ray holography using extended references," Opt. Express 19, 16223-16228 (2011)
http://www.opticsinfobase.org/oe/abstract.cfm?URI=oe-19-17-16223
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References
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Arm, C.
Auffert, S.
Baltz, V.
Bencok, P.
Beutier, G.
Boutu, W.
Camerero, J.
Carré, B.
Chapman, H. N.
Chen, K.
Delaup, B.
Denbeaux, G.
Dieny, B.
Eberhardt, W.
Eisebitt, S.
Farle, M.
Fienup, J. R.
Fienup, R. J.
Fischer, P.
Friedenberger, N.
Frömter, R.
Fullerton, E. E.
Gaudin, G.
Gauthier, D.
Gautier, E.
Ge, X.
Grübel, G.
Guizar Sicairos, M.
Guizar-Sicairos, M.
Gunther, C.
Günther, Ch.
Gutt, C.
Hankemeier, S.
Hashimoto, S.
He, H.
Hellwig, O.
Hopster, H.
Howells, M.
Hubert, A.
Jimenez, E.
Kobs, A.
Leupold, O.
Lïning, J.
Livet, F.
Lorgen, M.
Lörgen, M.
Lüning, J.
Marchesini, S.
Marty, A.
McNulty, I.
Menk, C.
Merdji, H.
Miranda, R.
Ochiai, Y.
Oepen, H. P.
Ollefs, K.
Padmore, H. A.
Paganin, D. M.
Pavlov, K. M.
Physique, C. R.
Podorov, S. G.
Radu, F.
Rettner, C. T.
Rick, R.
Rodmacq, B.
Schäfer, R.
Scherz, A.
Schlotter, W. F.
Spence, J. C. H.
Stadler, L.-M.
Stanescu, S.
Stickler, D.
Stillrich, H.
Stöhr, J.
Streit-Nierobisch, S.
Tieg, C.
Tyliszczak, T.
van der Laan, G.
Vogel, J.
Weierstall, U.
Wu, B.
Zhu, D.
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- V. Baltz, A. Marty, B. Rodmacq, and B. Dieny, “Magnetic domain replication in interacting bilayers with out-of-plane anisotropy: Application to Co/Pt multilayers,” Phys. Rev. B 75, 014406 (2007) [CrossRef]
- G. Beutier, A. Marty, F. Livet, G. van der Laan, S. Stanescu, and P. Bencok, “Soft x-ray coherent scattering: instrument and methods at ESRF ID08,” Rev. Sci. Instrum. 78, 093901 (2007). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- G. Beutier, A. Marty, F. Livet, G. van der Laan, S. Stanescu, and P. Bencok, “Soft x-ray coherent scattering: instrument and methods at ESRF ID08,” Rev. Sci. Instrum. 78, 093901 (2007). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- D. Gauthier, M. Guizar-Sicairos, X. Ge, W. Boutu, B. Carré, R. J. Fienup, and H. Merdji, “Single-shot femtosecond x-ray holography using extended references,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 105, 093901 (2010) [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- C. Tieg, E. Jimenez, J. Camerero, J. Vogel, C. Arm, B. Rodmacq, E. Gautier, S. Auffert, B. Delaup, G. Gaudin, B. Dieny, and R. Miranda, “Imaging and quantifying perpendicular exchange biased systems by soft x-ray holography and spectroholography,” Appl. Phys Lett. 96, 072503 (2010). [CrossRef]
- D. Gauthier, M. Guizar-Sicairos, X. Ge, W. Boutu, B. Carré, R. J. Fienup, and H. Merdji, “Single-shot femtosecond x-ray holography using extended references,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 105, 093901 (2010) [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- H. He, U. Weierstall, J. C. H. Spence, M. Howells, H. A. Padmore, S. Marchesini, and H. N. Chapman, “Use of extended and prepared reference objects in experimental Fourier transform x-ray holography,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 85, 2454–2456 (2004). [CrossRef]
- A. Scherz, W. F. Schlotter, K. Chen, R. Rick, J. Stöhr, J. Lüning, I. McNulty, Ch. Günther, F. Radu, W. Eberhardt, O. Hellwig, and S. Eisebitt, “Phase imaging of magnetic nanostructures using resonant soft x-ray holography,” Phys. Rev. B 76, 214410 (2007). [CrossRef]
- W. F. Schlotter, R. Rick, K. Chen, A. Scherz, J. Stöhr, J. Lüning, S. Eisebitt, C. Gunther, W. Eberhardt, O. Hellwig, and I. McNulty, “Multiple reference Fourier transform holography with soft x rays,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 89, 163112 (2006). [CrossRef]
- C. Tieg, E. Jimenez, J. Camerero, J. Vogel, C. Arm, B. Rodmacq, E. Gautier, S. Auffert, B. Delaup, G. Gaudin, B. Dieny, and R. Miranda, “Imaging and quantifying perpendicular exchange biased systems by soft x-ray holography and spectroholography,” Appl. Phys Lett. 96, 072503 (2010). [CrossRef]
- S. Eisebitt, M. Lorgen, W. Eberhardt, J. Lüning, J. Stöhr, C. T. Rettner, O. Hellwig, E. E. Fullerton, and G. Denbeaux, “Polarization effects in coherent scattering from magnetic specimen: implications for x-ray holography, lensless imaging, and correlation spectroscopy,” Phys. Rev. B 68, 104419 (2003). [CrossRef]
- C. Tieg, E. Jimenez, J. Camerero, J. Vogel, C. Arm, B. Rodmacq, E. Gautier, S. Auffert, B. Delaup, G. Gaudin, B. Dieny, and R. Miranda, “Imaging and quantifying perpendicular exchange biased systems by soft x-ray holography and spectroholography,” Appl. Phys Lett. 96, 072503 (2010). [CrossRef]
- V. Baltz, A. Marty, B. Rodmacq, and B. Dieny, “Magnetic domain replication in interacting bilayers with out-of-plane anisotropy: Application to Co/Pt multilayers,” Phys. Rev. B 75, 014406 (2007) [CrossRef]
- A. Scherz, W. F. Schlotter, K. Chen, R. Rick, J. Stöhr, J. Lüning, I. McNulty, Ch. Günther, F. Radu, W. Eberhardt, O. Hellwig, and S. Eisebitt, “Phase imaging of magnetic nanostructures using resonant soft x-ray holography,” Phys. Rev. B 76, 214410 (2007). [CrossRef]
- W. F. Schlotter, R. Rick, K. Chen, A. Scherz, J. Stöhr, J. Lüning, S. Eisebitt, C. Gunther, W. Eberhardt, O. Hellwig, and I. McNulty, “Multiple reference Fourier transform holography with soft x rays,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 89, 163112 (2006). [CrossRef]
- O. Hellwig, S. Eisebitt, W. Eberhardt, W. F. Schlotter, J. Lïning, and J. Stöhr, “Magnetic imaging with soft x-ray spectroholography,” J. Appl. Phys. 99, 08H307 (2006). [CrossRef]
- S. Eisebitt, J. Lüning, W. F. Schlotter, M. Lörgen, O. Hellwig, W. Eberhardt, and J. Stöhr, “Lensless imaging of magnetic nanostructures by x-ray spectroholography,” Nature 432, 885–888 (2004). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- S. Eisebitt, M. Lorgen, W. Eberhardt, J. Lüning, J. Stöhr, C. T. Rettner, O. Hellwig, E. E. Fullerton, and G. Denbeaux, “Polarization effects in coherent scattering from magnetic specimen: implications for x-ray holography, lensless imaging, and correlation spectroscopy,” Phys. Rev. B 68, 104419 (2003). [CrossRef]
- A. Scherz, W. F. Schlotter, K. Chen, R. Rick, J. Stöhr, J. Lüning, I. McNulty, Ch. Günther, F. Radu, W. Eberhardt, O. Hellwig, and S. Eisebitt, “Phase imaging of magnetic nanostructures using resonant soft x-ray holography,” Phys. Rev. B 76, 214410 (2007). [CrossRef]
- W. F. Schlotter, R. Rick, K. Chen, A. Scherz, J. Stöhr, J. Lüning, S. Eisebitt, C. Gunther, W. Eberhardt, O. Hellwig, and I. McNulty, “Multiple reference Fourier transform holography with soft x rays,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 89, 163112 (2006). [CrossRef]
- O. Hellwig, S. Eisebitt, W. Eberhardt, W. F. Schlotter, J. Lïning, and J. Stöhr, “Magnetic imaging with soft x-ray spectroholography,” J. Appl. Phys. 99, 08H307 (2006). [CrossRef]
- S. Eisebitt, J. Lüning, W. F. Schlotter, M. Lörgen, O. Hellwig, W. Eberhardt, and J. Stöhr, “Lensless imaging of magnetic nanostructures by x-ray spectroholography,” Nature 432, 885–888 (2004). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- S. Eisebitt, M. Lorgen, W. Eberhardt, J. Lüning, J. Stöhr, C. T. Rettner, O. Hellwig, E. E. Fullerton, and G. Denbeaux, “Polarization effects in coherent scattering from magnetic specimen: implications for x-ray holography, lensless imaging, and correlation spectroscopy,” Phys. Rev. B 68, 104419 (2003). [CrossRef]
- D. Zhu, M. Guizar-Sicairos, B. Wu, A. Scherz, Y. Acremann, T. Tyliszczak, P. Fischer, N. Friedenberger, K. Ollefs, M. Farle, J. R. Fienup, and J. Stöhr, “High-resolution x-ray lensless imaging by differential holographic encoding,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 105, 043901 (2010). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- D. Zhu, M. Guizar-Sicairos, B. Wu, A. Scherz, Y. Acremann, T. Tyliszczak, P. Fischer, N. Friedenberger, K. Ollefs, M. Farle, J. R. Fienup, and J. Stöhr, “High-resolution x-ray lensless imaging by differential holographic encoding,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 105, 043901 (2010). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- M. Guizar Sicairos and J. R. Fienup, “Direct image reconstruction from a Fourier intensity pattern using HERALDO,” Opt. Lett. 33, 2668–2670 (2008). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- M. Guizar-Sicairos and J. R. Fienup, “Holography with extended reference by autocorrelation linear differential operation,” Opt. Express 15, 17592–17612 (2007). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- J. R. Fienup, “Phase retrieval algorithms: a comparison,” Appl. Opt. 21, 2758–2769 (1982). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- D. Gauthier, M. Guizar-Sicairos, X. Ge, W. Boutu, B. Carré, R. J. Fienup, and H. Merdji, “Single-shot femtosecond x-ray holography using extended references,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 105, 093901 (2010) [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- D. Zhu, M. Guizar-Sicairos, B. Wu, A. Scherz, Y. Acremann, T. Tyliszczak, P. Fischer, N. Friedenberger, K. Ollefs, M. Farle, J. R. Fienup, and J. Stöhr, “High-resolution x-ray lensless imaging by differential holographic encoding,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 105, 043901 (2010). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- D. Zhu, M. Guizar-Sicairos, B. Wu, A. Scherz, Y. Acremann, T. Tyliszczak, P. Fischer, N. Friedenberger, K. Ollefs, M. Farle, J. R. Fienup, and J. Stöhr, “High-resolution x-ray lensless imaging by differential holographic encoding,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 105, 043901 (2010). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- C. Tieg, R. Frömter, D. Stickler, S. Hankemeier, A. Kobs, S. Streit-Nierobisch, C. Gutt, G. Grübel, and H. P. Oepen, “Imaging the in-plane magnetization in a Co microstructure by Fourier transform holography,” Opt. Express 18, 27251–27256 (2010). [CrossRef]
- S. Streit-Nierobisch, D. Stickler, C. Gutt, L.-M. Stadler, H. Stillrich, C. Menk, R. Frömter, C. Tieg, O. Leupold, H. P. Oepen, and G. Grübel, “Magnetic soft x-ray holography study of focused ion beam-patterned Co/Pt multilayers,” J. Appl. Phys. 106, 083909 (2009). [CrossRef]
- S. Eisebitt, M. Lorgen, W. Eberhardt, J. Lüning, J. Stöhr, C. T. Rettner, O. Hellwig, E. E. Fullerton, and G. Denbeaux, “Polarization effects in coherent scattering from magnetic specimen: implications for x-ray holography, lensless imaging, and correlation spectroscopy,” Phys. Rev. B 68, 104419 (2003). [CrossRef]
- C. Tieg, E. Jimenez, J. Camerero, J. Vogel, C. Arm, B. Rodmacq, E. Gautier, S. Auffert, B. Delaup, G. Gaudin, B. Dieny, and R. Miranda, “Imaging and quantifying perpendicular exchange biased systems by soft x-ray holography and spectroholography,” Appl. Phys Lett. 96, 072503 (2010). [CrossRef]
- D. Gauthier, M. Guizar-Sicairos, X. Ge, W. Boutu, B. Carré, R. J. Fienup, and H. Merdji, “Single-shot femtosecond x-ray holography using extended references,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 105, 093901 (2010) [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- C. Tieg, E. Jimenez, J. Camerero, J. Vogel, C. Arm, B. Rodmacq, E. Gautier, S. Auffert, B. Delaup, G. Gaudin, B. Dieny, and R. Miranda, “Imaging and quantifying perpendicular exchange biased systems by soft x-ray holography and spectroholography,” Appl. Phys Lett. 96, 072503 (2010). [CrossRef]
- D. Gauthier, M. Guizar-Sicairos, X. Ge, W. Boutu, B. Carré, R. J. Fienup, and H. Merdji, “Single-shot femtosecond x-ray holography using extended references,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 105, 093901 (2010) [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- C. Tieg, R. Frömter, D. Stickler, S. Hankemeier, A. Kobs, S. Streit-Nierobisch, C. Gutt, G. Grübel, and H. P. Oepen, “Imaging the in-plane magnetization in a Co microstructure by Fourier transform holography,” Opt. Express 18, 27251–27256 (2010). [CrossRef]
- S. Streit-Nierobisch, D. Stickler, C. Gutt, L.-M. Stadler, H. Stillrich, C. Menk, R. Frömter, C. Tieg, O. Leupold, H. P. Oepen, and G. Grübel, “Magnetic soft x-ray holography study of focused ion beam-patterned Co/Pt multilayers,” J. Appl. Phys. 106, 083909 (2009). [CrossRef]
- D. Gauthier, M. Guizar-Sicairos, X. Ge, W. Boutu, B. Carré, R. J. Fienup, and H. Merdji, “Single-shot femtosecond x-ray holography using extended references,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 105, 093901 (2010) [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- D. Zhu, M. Guizar-Sicairos, B. Wu, A. Scherz, Y. Acremann, T. Tyliszczak, P. Fischer, N. Friedenberger, K. Ollefs, M. Farle, J. R. Fienup, and J. Stöhr, “High-resolution x-ray lensless imaging by differential holographic encoding,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 105, 043901 (2010). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- M. Guizar-Sicairos and J. R. Fienup, “Holography with extended reference by autocorrelation linear differential operation,” Opt. Express 15, 17592–17612 (2007). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- W. F. Schlotter, R. Rick, K. Chen, A. Scherz, J. Stöhr, J. Lüning, S. Eisebitt, C. Gunther, W. Eberhardt, O. Hellwig, and I. McNulty, “Multiple reference Fourier transform holography with soft x rays,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 89, 163112 (2006). [CrossRef]
- A. Scherz, W. F. Schlotter, K. Chen, R. Rick, J. Stöhr, J. Lüning, I. McNulty, Ch. Günther, F. Radu, W. Eberhardt, O. Hellwig, and S. Eisebitt, “Phase imaging of magnetic nanostructures using resonant soft x-ray holography,” Phys. Rev. B 76, 214410 (2007). [CrossRef]
- C. Tieg, R. Frömter, D. Stickler, S. Hankemeier, A. Kobs, S. Streit-Nierobisch, C. Gutt, G. Grübel, and H. P. Oepen, “Imaging the in-plane magnetization in a Co microstructure by Fourier transform holography,” Opt. Express 18, 27251–27256 (2010). [CrossRef]
- S. Streit-Nierobisch, D. Stickler, C. Gutt, L.-M. Stadler, H. Stillrich, C. Menk, R. Frömter, C. Tieg, O. Leupold, H. P. Oepen, and G. Grübel, “Magnetic soft x-ray holography study of focused ion beam-patterned Co/Pt multilayers,” J. Appl. Phys. 106, 083909 (2009). [CrossRef]
- S. Hashimoto and Y. Ochiai, “Co/Pt and Co/Pd multilayers as magneto-optical recording materials,” J. Magn. Magn. Mater. 88, 211–226 (1990). [CrossRef]
- H. He, U. Weierstall, J. C. H. Spence, M. Howells, H. A. Padmore, S. Marchesini, and H. N. Chapman, “Use of extended and prepared reference objects in experimental Fourier transform x-ray holography,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 85, 2454–2456 (2004). [CrossRef]
- A. Scherz, W. F. Schlotter, K. Chen, R. Rick, J. Stöhr, J. Lüning, I. McNulty, Ch. Günther, F. Radu, W. Eberhardt, O. Hellwig, and S. Eisebitt, “Phase imaging of magnetic nanostructures using resonant soft x-ray holography,” Phys. Rev. B 76, 214410 (2007). [CrossRef]
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