Plasmonic crystal defect nanolaser

doi:10.1364/OE.19.018237

Plasmonic crystal defect nanolaser

Amit M. Lakhani, Myung-ki Kim, Erwin K. Lau, and Ming C. Wu »View Author Affiliations

Optics Express, Vol. 19, Issue 19, pp. 18237-18245 (2011)
http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/OE.19.018237

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Abstract

Surface plasmons are widely interesting due to their ability to probe nanoscale dimensions. To create coherent plasmons, we demonstrate a nanolaser based on a plasmonic bandgap defect state inside a surface plasmonic crystal. A one-dimensional semiconductor-based plasmonic crystal is engineered to have stopbands in which surface plasmons are prohibited from travelling in the crystalline structure. We then confine surface plasmons using a three-hole defect in the periodic structure. Using conventional III-V semiconductors, we achieve lasing in mode volumes as small as V_eff = 0.3(λ₀ /n)³ at λ₀ = 1342 nm, which is 10 times smaller than similar modes in photonic crystals of the same size. This demonstration should pave the way for achieving engineered nanolasers with deep-subwavelength mode volumes and attractive nanophotonics integration capabilities while enabling the use of plasmonic crystals as an attractive platform for designing plasmons.

OCIS Codes
(140.5960) Lasers and laser optics : Semiconductor lasers
(240.6680) Optics at surfaces : Surface plasmons
(350.4238) Other areas of optics : Nanophotonics and photonic crystals

ToC Category:
Lasers and Laser Optics

History
Original Manuscript: July 19, 2011
Revised Manuscript: August 13, 2011
Manuscript Accepted: August 13, 2011
Published: September 1, 2011

Citation
Amit M. Lakhani, Myung-ki Kim, Erwin K. Lau, and Ming C. Wu, "Plasmonic crystal defect nanolaser," Opt. Express 19, 18237-18245 (2011)
http://www.opticsinfobase.org/oe/abstract.cfm?URI=oe-19-19-18237

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References

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Ahn, B.-H.
Alivisatos, A. P.
Alivisatos, P.
Altug, H.
Artar, A.
Atwater, H. A.
Baek, J.-H.
Bakker, R.
Bartal, G.
Belgrave, A. M.
Bimberg, D.
Bondarenko, O.
Bozhevolnyi, S. I.
Challener, W. A.
Chang, S.-W.
Choi, H.-J.
Choi, M.
Chuang, S. L.
Conway, J.
Dai, L.
Dapkus, P. D.
de Vries, T.
de Waardt, H.
Devaux, E.
Ding, K.
Dionne, J. A.
Ebbesen, T. W.
Eijkemans, T. J.
Ellis, B.
Fainman, Y.
Fang, N.
Feng, L.
Forchel, A.
Gage, E. C.
Geluk, E. J.
Genov, D. A.
Germann, T. D.
Gladden, C.
Gokemeijer, N. J.
Gong, Y.
Gramotnev, D. K.
H’Dhili, F.
Harris, J. S.
Heindel, T.
Herz, E.
Hill, M. T.
Hofling, S.
Hong, T.
Hsia, Y. T.
Itagi, A. V.
Iwahashi, S.
Jeppesen, C.
Jianglin, Y.
Johnson, J. C.
Ju, G.
Ju, Y.-G.
Kang, J.-H.
Karns, D.
Karouta, F.
Kawata, S.
Kim, I.
Kim, M.-K.
Kim, S.-B.
Kim, S.-H.
Kim, S.-K.
Kistner, C.
Knutsen, K. P.
Kristensen, A.
Kunishi, W.
Kurokawa, Y.
Kurosaka, Y.
Kwon, S.-H.
Lakhani, A.
Lakhani, A. M.
Laluet, J.-Y.
Lau, E. K.
Lee, H.
Lee, R. K.
Lee, S. H.
Lee, Y.-H.
Leong, E. S. P.
Levi, A. F. J.
Lezec, H. J.
Liang, Y.
Lieber, C. M.
Liu, R.
Liu, V.
Liu, Z.
Logan, R. A.
Lomakin, V.
Lu, C.-Y.
Ma, R.-M.
Marell, M.
Marell, M. J. H.
Matsubara, H.
McCall, S. L.
Miller, D.
Min, B.
Miyai, E.
Miyazaki, H. T.
Mizrahi, A.
Mortensen, N. A.
Narimanov, E. E.
Nezhad, M. P.
Ning, C. Z.
Ning, C.-Z.
Noda, S.
Noginov, M. A.
Notzel, R.
Nötzel, R.
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Ohnishi, D.
Okamoto, T.
Oulton, R. F.
Painter, O.
Park, H.-G.
Park, N.
Pearton, S. J.
Peng, C.
Peng, W.
Peng, Y.
Pile, D. F. P.
Rahimi-Iman, A.
Regreny, P.
Reitzenstein, S.
Rottmayer, R. E.
Saito, H.
Sakai, K.
Sarmiento, T.
Saykally, R. J.
Schaller, R. D.
Scherer, A.
Schneider, C.
Seassal, C.
Seigler, M. A.
Shalaev, V. M.
Shambat, G.
Sheldon, M. T.
Simic, A.
Slusher, R. E.
Slutsky, B.
Smalbrugge, B.
Smit, M. K.
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Vahala, K.
van Otten, F. W. M.
van Veldhoven, P. J.
Vedantam, S.
Volkov, V. S.
Vuckovic, J.
Wang, H.
Wiesner, U.
Wu, M. C.
Yablonovitch, E.
Yang, J.-K.
Yang, L.
Yang, P.
Yang, X. M.
Yanik, A. A.
Yao, J.
Yariv, A.
Yin, L.
Yoshimoto, S.
Yu, K.
Zentgraf, T.
Zhang, X.
Zhang, Z.
Zhu, G.
Zhu, X.
Zhu, Y.

Appl. Phys. Lett.

A. Artar, A. A. Yanik, and H. Altug, “Fabry–Pérot nanocavities in multilayered plasmonic crystals for enhanced biosensing,” Appl. Phys. Lett.95(5), 051105 (2009). [CrossRef]
D. F. P. Pile and D. K. Gramotnev, “Adiabatic and nonadiabatic nanofocusing of plasmons by tapered gap plasmon waveguides,” Appl. Phys. Lett.89(4), 041111 (2006). [CrossRef]
H. T. Miyazaki and Y. Kurokawa, “Controlled plasmon resonance in closed metal/insulator/metal nanocavities,” Appl. Phys. Lett.89(21), 211126 (2006). [CrossRef]
C.-Y. Lu, S.-W. Chang, S. L. Chuang, T. D. Germann, and D. Bimberg, “Metal-cavity surface-emitting microlaser at room temperature,” Appl. Phys. Lett.96(25), 251101 (2010). [CrossRef]
Z. Zhang, L. Yang, V. Liu, T. Hong, K. Vahala, and A. Scherer, “Visible submicron microdisk lasers,” Appl. Phys. Lett.90(11), 111119 (2007). [CrossRef]
S. Reitzenstein, T. Heindel, C. Kistner, A. Rahimi-Iman, C. Schneider, S. Hofling, and A. Forchel, “Low threshold electrically pumped quantum dot-micropillar lasers,” Appl. Phys. Lett.93(6), 061104 (2008). [CrossRef]
K. Ding, Z. Liu, L. Yin, H. Wang, R. Liu, M. T. Hill, M. J. H. Marell, P. J. van Veldhoven, R. Nötzel, and C. Z. Ning, “Electrical injection, continuous wave operation of subwavelength-metallic-cavity lasers at 260 K,” Appl. Phys. Lett.98(23), 231108 (2011). [CrossRef]
S. L. McCall, A. F. J. Levi, R. E. Slusher, S. J. Pearton, and R. A. Logan, “Whispering-gallery mode microdisk lasers,” Appl. Phys. Lett.60(3), 289 (1992). [CrossRef]
T. Okamoto, F. H’Dhili, and S. Kawata, “Towards plasmonic band gap laser,” Appl. Phys. Lett.85(18), 3968 (2004). [CrossRef]
C. Jeppesen, N. A. Mortensen, and A. Kristensen, “The effect of Ti and ITO adhesion layers on gold split-ring resonators,” Appl. Phys. Lett.97(26), 263103 (2010). [CrossRef]

IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron.

J. A. Dionne, L. A. Sweatlock, M. T. Sheldon, A. P. Alivisatos, and H. A. Atwater, “Silicon-based plasmonics for on-chip photonics,” IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron.16(1), 295–306 (2010). [CrossRef]

Nano Lett.

V. J. Sorger, R. F. Oulton, J. Yao, G. Bartal, and X. Zhang, “Plasmonic Fabry-Pérot nanocavity,” Nano Lett.9(10), 3489–3493 (2009). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
S. Vedantam, H. Lee, J. Tang, J. Conway, M. Staffaroni, and E. Yablonovitch, “A plasmonic dimple lens for nanoscale focusing of light,” Nano Lett.9(10), 3447–3452 (2009). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
S.-H. Kwon, J.-H. Kang, C. Seassal, S.-K. Kim, P. Regreny, Y.-H. Lee, C. M. Lieber, and H.-G. Park, “Subwavelength plasmonic lasing from a semiconductor nanodisk with silver nanopan cavity,” Nano Lett.10(9), 3679–3683 (2010). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

Nat. Biotechnol.

P. Alivisatos, “The use of nanocrystals in biological detection,” Nat. Biotechnol.22(1), 47–52 (2004). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

Nat. Mater.

R.-M. Ma, R. F. Oulton, V. J. Sorger, G. Bartal, and X. Zhang, “Room-temperature sub-diffraction-limited plasmon laser by total internal reflection,” Nat. Mater.10(2), 110–113 (2011). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
J. C. Johnson, H.-J. Choi, K. P. Knutsen, R. D. Schaller, P. Yang, and R. J. Saykally, “Single gallium nitride nanowire lasers,” Nat. Mater.1(2), 106–110 (2002). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

Nat. Photonics

Y. Kurosaka, S. Iwahashi, Y. Liang, K. Sakai, E. Miyai, W. Kunishi, D. Ohnishi, and S. Noda, “On-chip beam-steering photonic-crystal lasers,” Nat. Photonics4(7), 447–450 (2010). [CrossRef]
M. P. Nezhad, A. Simic, O. Bondarenko, B. Slutsky, A. Mizrahi, L. Feng, V. Lomakin, and Y. Fainman, “Room-temperature subwavelength metallo-dielectric lasers,” Nat. Photonics4(6), 395–399 (2010). [CrossRef]
W. A. Challener, C. Peng, A. V. Itagi, D. Karns, W. Peng, Y. Peng, X. M. Yang, X. Zhu, N. J. Gokemeijer, Y. T. Hsia, G. Ju, R. E. Rottmayer, M. A. Seigler, and E. C. Gage, “Heat-assisted magnetic recording by a near-field transducer with efficient optical energy transfer,” Nat. Photonics3(4), 220–224 (2009). [CrossRef]
R. F. Oulton, V. J. Sorger, D. A. Genov, D. F. P. Pile, and X. Zhang, “A hybrid plasmonic waveguide for subwavelength confinement and long-range propagation,” Nat. Photonics2(8), 496–500 (2008). [CrossRef]
M. T. Hill, Y.-S. Oei, B. Smalbrugge, Y. Zhu, T. de Vries, P. J. van Veldhoven, F. W. M. van Otten, T. J. Eijkemans, J. P. Turkiewicz, H. de Waardt, E. J. Geluk, S.-H. Kwon, Y.-H. Lee, R. Notzel, and M. K. Smit, “Lasing in metallic-coated nanocavities,” Nat. Photonics1(10), 589–594 (2007). [CrossRef]

Nature

S. I. Bozhevolnyi, V. S. Volkov, E. Devaux, J.-Y. Laluet, and T. W. Ebbesen, “Channel plasmon subwavelength waveguide components including interferometers and ring resonators,” Nature440(7083), 508–511 (2006). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
M. A. Noginov, G. Zhu, A. M. Belgrave, R. Bakker, V. M. Shalaev, E. E. Narimanov, S. Stout, E. Herz, T. Suteewong, and U. Wiesner, “Demonstration of a spaser-based nanolaser,” Nature460(7259), 1110–1112 (2009). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
R. F. Oulton, V. J. Sorger, T. Zentgraf, R.-M. Ma, C. Gladden, L. Dai, G. Bartal, and X. Zhang, “Plasmon lasers at deep subwavelength scale,” Nature461(7264), 629–632 (2009). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

Opt. Express

Proc. IEEE

D. Miller, “Device requirements for optical interconnects to silicon chips,” Proc. IEEE97(7), 1166–1185 (2009). [CrossRef]

Science

N. Fang, H. Lee, C. Sun, and X. Zhang, “Sub-diffraction-limited optical imaging with a silver superlens,” Science308(5721), 534–537 (2005). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
H. J. Lezec, J. A. Dionne, and H. A. Atwater, “Negative refraction at visible frequencies,” Science316(5823), 430–432 (2007). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
O. Painter, R. K. Lee, A. Scherer, A. Yariv, J. D. O’Brien, P. D. Dapkus, and I. Kim, “Two-dimensional photonic band-Gap defect mode laser,” Science284(5421), 1819–1821 (1999). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
H.-G. Park, S.-H. Kim, S.-H. Kwon, Y.-G. Ju, J.-K. Yang, J.-H. Baek, S.-B. Kim, and Y.-H. Lee, “Electrically driven single-cell photonic crystal laser,” Science305(5689), 1444–1447 (2004). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
H. Matsubara, S. Yoshimoto, H. Saito, Y. Jianglin, Y. Tanaka, and S. Noda, “GaN photonic-crystal surface-emitting laser at blue-violet wavelengths,” Science319(5862), 445–447 (2008). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

Semicond. Sci. Technol.

A. M. Lakhani, K. Yu, and M. C. Wu, “Lasing in subwavelength semiconductor nanopatches,” Semicond. Sci. Technol.26(1), 014013 (2011). [CrossRef]

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[1] N. Fang, H. Lee, C. Sun, and X. Zhang, “Sub-diffraction-limited optical imaging with a silver superlens,” Science308(5721), 534–537 (2005). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

[2] W. A. Challener, C. Peng, A. V. Itagi, D. Karns, W. Peng, Y. Peng, X. M. Yang, X. Zhu, N. J. Gokemeijer, Y. T. Hsia, G. Ju, R. E. Rottmayer, M. A. Seigler, and E. C. Gage, “Heat-assisted magnetic recording by a near-field transducer with efficient optical energy transfer,” Nat. Photonics3(4), 220–224 (2009). [CrossRef]

[3] P. Alivisatos, “The use of nanocrystals in biological detection,” Nat. Biotechnol.22(1), 47–52 (2004). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

[4] H. J. Lezec, J. A. Dionne, and H. A. Atwater, “Negative refraction at visible frequencies,” Science316(5823), 430–432 (2007). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

[5] A. Artar, A. A. Yanik, and H. Altug, “Fabry–Pérot nanocavities in multilayered plasmonic crystals for enhanced biosensing,” Appl. Phys. Lett.95(5), 051105 (2009). [CrossRef]

[6] D. Miller, “Device requirements for optical interconnects to silicon chips,” Proc. IEEE97(7), 1166–1185 (2009). [CrossRef]

[7] J. A. Dionne, L. A. Sweatlock, M. T. Sheldon, A. P. Alivisatos, and H. A. Atwater, “Silicon-based plasmonics for on-chip photonics,” IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron.16(1), 295–306 (2010). [CrossRef]

[8] R. F. Oulton, V. J. Sorger, D. A. Genov, D. F. P. Pile, and X. Zhang, “A hybrid plasmonic waveguide for subwavelength confinement and long-range propagation,” Nat. Photonics2(8), 496–500 (2008). [CrossRef]

[9] H. T. Miyazaki and Y. Kurokawa, “Controlled plasmon resonance in closed metal/insulator/metal nanocavities,” Appl. Phys. Lett.89(21), 211126 (2006). [CrossRef]

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