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Salinity sensor based on polyimide-coated photonic crystal fiberChuang Wu, Bai-Ou Guan, Chao Lu, and Hwa-Yaw Tam »View Author Affiliations
Chuang Wu,1,3
Bai-Ou Guan,4
Chao Lu,1
and Hwa-Yaw Tam2,*
1Photonics Research Centre, Department of Electronic and Information Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China 2Photonics Research Centre, Department of Electrical Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China 3School of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China 4Institute of Photonics Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China *Corresponding author: eehytam@polyu.edu.hk |
Optics Express, Vol. 19, Issue 21, pp. 20003-20008 (2011)
http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/OE.19.020003
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Abstract
We proposed and experimentally demonstrated a highly sensitive salinity sensor using a polyimide-coated Hi-Bi photonic crystal fiber Sagnac interferometer based on the coating swelling induced radial pressure. This is the first time to exploit fiber coating induced pressure effect for salinity sensing. The achieved salinity sensitivity is 0.742 nm/(mol/L), which is 45 times more sensitive than that of a polyimide-coated fiber Bragg grating. A bare fiber Bragg grating is incorporated into the fiber loop for temperature compensation.
© 2011 OSA
OCIS Codes
(060.2370) Fiber optics and optical communications : Fiber optics sensors
(120.3180) Instrumentation, measurement, and metrology : Interferometry
(120.5790) Instrumentation, measurement, and metrology : Sagnac effect
(060.5295) Fiber optics and optical communications : Photonic crystal fibers
ToC Category:
Sensors
History
Original Manuscript: July 22, 2011
Revised Manuscript: August 29, 2011
Manuscript Accepted: September 1, 2011
Published: September 28, 2011
Citation
Chuang Wu, Bai-Ou Guan, Chao Lu, and Hwa-Yaw Tam, "Salinity sensor based on polyimide-coated photonic crystal fiber," Opt. Express 19, 20003-20008 (2011)
http://www.opticsinfobase.org/oe/abstract.cfm?URI=oe-19-21-20003
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References
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- M. L. V. Tse, H. Y. Tam, L. B. Fu, B. K. Thomas, L. Dong, C. Lu, and P. K. A. Wai, “Fusion splicing holey fibers and single-mode fibers: A simple method to reduce loss and increase strength,” IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett.21(3), 164–166 (2009). [CrossRef]
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- C. Wu, H. Y. Fu, H. Y. Au, B. O. Guan, and H. Y. Tam, “High-sensitivity salinity sensor realized with photonic crystal fiber Sagnac interferometer,” Proc. SPIE7753, 77531B (2011). [CrossRef]
- L. V. Nguyen, M. Vasiliev, and K. Alameh, “Three-Wave Fiber Fabry–Pérot Interferometer for Simultaneous Measurement of Temperature and Water Salinity of Seawater,” IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett.23(7), 450–452 (2011). [CrossRef]
- O. Frazão, J. L. Santos, F. M. Araújo, and L. A. Ferreira, “Optical sensing with photonic crystal fibers,” Laser Photonics Rev.2(6), 449–459 (2008). [CrossRef]
- A. D. Kersey, M. A. Davis, H. J. Patrick, M. LeBlanc, K. P. Koo, C. G. Askins, M. A. Putnam, and E. J. Friebele, “Fiber grating sensors,” J. Lightwave Technol.15(8), 1442–1463 (1997). [CrossRef]
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- D. J. Gentleman and K. S. Booksh, “Determining salinity using a multimode fiber optic surface plasmon resonance dip-probe,” Talanta68(3), 504–515 (2006). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- J. Cong, X. M. Zhang, K. S. Chen, and J. Xu, “Fiber optic Bragg grating sensor based on hydrogels for measuring salinity,” Sens. Actuators B Chem.87(3), 487–490 (2002). [CrossRef]
- L. Q. Men, P. Lu, and Q. Y. Chen, “A multiplexed fiber Bragg grating sensor for simultaneous salinity and temperature measurement,” J. Appl. Phys.103(5), 053107 (2008). [CrossRef]
- M. G. Xu, L. Reekie, Y. T. Chow, and J. P. Dakin, “Optical in-fiber grating high pressure sensor,” Electron. Lett.29(4), 398–399 (1993). [CrossRef]
- J. Cong, X. M. Zhang, K. S. Chen, and J. Xu, “Fiber optic Bragg grating sensor based on hydrogels for measuring salinity,” Sens. Actuators B Chem.87(3), 487–490 (2002). [CrossRef]
- M. G. Xu, L. Reekie, Y. T. Chow, and J. P. Dakin, “Optical in-fiber grating high pressure sensor,” Electron. Lett.29(4), 398–399 (1993). [CrossRef]
- A. D. Kersey, M. A. Davis, H. J. Patrick, M. LeBlanc, K. P. Koo, C. G. Askins, M. A. Putnam, and E. J. Friebele, “Fiber grating sensors,” J. Lightwave Technol.15(8), 1442–1463 (1997). [CrossRef]
- C. L. Zhao, X. Yang, C. Lu, W. Jin, and M. S. Demokan, “Temperature-insensitive interferometer using a highly birefringent photonic crystal fiber loop mirror,” IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett.16(11), 2535–2537 (2004). [CrossRef]
- N. Díaz-Herrera, O. Esteban, M. C. Navarrete, M. Le Haitre, and A. González-Cano, “In situ salinity measurements in seawater with a fibre-optic probe,” Meas. Sci. Technol.17(8), 2227–2232 (2006). [CrossRef]
- M. L. V. Tse, H. Y. Tam, L. B. Fu, B. K. Thomas, L. Dong, C. Lu, and P. K. A. Wai, “Fusion splicing holey fibers and single-mode fibers: A simple method to reduce loss and increase strength,” IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett.21(3), 164–166 (2009). [CrossRef]
- W. W. Qian, C. L. Zhao, S. L. He, X. Y. Dong, S. Q. Zhang, Z. X. Zhang, S. Z. Jin, J. T. Guo, and H. F. Wei, “High-sensitivity temperature sensor based on an alcohol-filled photonic crystal fiber loop mirror,” Opt. Lett.36(9), 1548–1550 (2011). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- H. Y. Fu, H. Y. Tam, L. Y. Shao, X. Y. Dong, P. K. A. Wai, C. Lu, and S. K. Khijwania, “Pressure sensor realized with polarization-maintaining photonic crystal fiber-based Sagnac interferometer,” Appl. Opt.47(15), 2835–2839 (2008). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- X. Y. Dong, H. Y. Tam, and P. Shum, “Temperature-insensitive strain sensor with polarization-maintaining photonic crystal fiber based Sagnac interferometer,” Appl. Phys. Lett.90(15), 151113 (2007). [CrossRef]
- N. Díaz-Herrera, O. Esteban, M. C. Navarrete, M. Le Haitre, and A. González-Cano, “In situ salinity measurements in seawater with a fibre-optic probe,” Meas. Sci. Technol.17(8), 2227–2232 (2006). [CrossRef]
- G. R. C. Possetti, R. C. Kamikawachi, C. L. Prevedello, M. Muller, and J. L. Fabris, “Salinity measurement in water environment with a long period grating based interferometer,” Meas. Sci. Technol.20(3), 034003 (2009). [CrossRef]
- R. Falate, O. Frazão, G. Rego, J. L. Fabris, and J. L. Santos, “Refractometric sensor based on a phase-shifted long-period fiber grating,” Appl. Opt.45(21), 5066–5072 (2006). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- O. Frazão, J. L. Santos, F. M. Araújo, and L. A. Ferreira, “Optical sensing with photonic crystal fibers,” Laser Photonics Rev.2(6), 449–459 (2008). [CrossRef]
- O. Frazão, J. L. Santos, F. M. Araújo, and L. A. Ferreira, “Optical sensing with photonic crystal fibers,” Laser Photonics Rev.2(6), 449–459 (2008). [CrossRef]
- R. Falate, O. Frazão, G. Rego, J. L. Fabris, and J. L. Santos, “Refractometric sensor based on a phase-shifted long-period fiber grating,” Appl. Opt.45(21), 5066–5072 (2006). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- D. A. Pereira, O. Frazão, and J. L. Santos, “Fiber Bragg grating sensing system for simultaneous measurement of salinity and temperature,” Opt. Eng.43(2), 299–304 (2004). [CrossRef]
- A. D. Kersey, M. A. Davis, H. J. Patrick, M. LeBlanc, K. P. Koo, C. G. Askins, M. A. Putnam, and E. J. Friebele, “Fiber grating sensors,” J. Lightwave Technol.15(8), 1442–1463 (1997). [CrossRef]
- C. Wu, H. Y. Fu, H. Y. Au, B. O. Guan, and H. Y. Tam, “High-sensitivity salinity sensor realized with photonic crystal fiber Sagnac interferometer,” Proc. SPIE7753, 77531B (2011). [CrossRef]
- H. Y. Fu, C. Wu, M. L. Tse, L. Zhang, K. C. Cheng, H. Y. Tam, B.-O. Guan, and C. Lu, “High pressure sensor based on photonic crystal fiber for downhole application,” Appl. Opt.49(14), 2639–2643 (2010). [CrossRef]
- H. Y. Fu, A. C. L. Wong, P. A. Childs, H. Y. Tam, Y. B. Liao, C. Lu, and P. K. A. Wai, “Multiplexing of polarization-maintaining photonic crystal fiber based Sagnac interferometric sensors,” Opt. Express17(21), 18501–18512 (2009). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- H. Y. Fu, H. Y. Tam, L. Y. Shao, X. Y. Dong, P. K. A. Wai, C. Lu, and S. K. Khijwania, “Pressure sensor realized with polarization-maintaining photonic crystal fiber-based Sagnac interferometer,” Appl. Opt.47(15), 2835–2839 (2008). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- M. L. V. Tse, H. Y. Tam, L. B. Fu, B. K. Thomas, L. Dong, C. Lu, and P. K. A. Wai, “Fusion splicing holey fibers and single-mode fibers: A simple method to reduce loss and increase strength,” IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett.21(3), 164–166 (2009). [CrossRef]
- D. J. Gentleman and K. S. Booksh, “Determining salinity using a multimode fiber optic surface plasmon resonance dip-probe,” Talanta68(3), 504–515 (2006). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- N. Díaz-Herrera, O. Esteban, M. C. Navarrete, M. Le Haitre, and A. González-Cano, “In situ salinity measurements in seawater with a fibre-optic probe,” Meas. Sci. Technol.17(8), 2227–2232 (2006). [CrossRef]
- B. Gu, M. J. Yin, A. P. Zhang, J. W. Qian, and S. L. He, “Optical fiber relative humidity sensor based on FBG incorporated thin-core fiber modal interferometer,” Opt. Express19(5), 4140–4146 (2011). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- B. Gu, M. J. Yin, A. P. Zhang, J. W. Qian, and S. L. He, “Low-cost high-performance fiber-optic pH sensor based on thin-core fiber modal interferometer,” Opt. Express17(25), 22296–22302 (2009). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- C. Wu, H. Y. Fu, H. Y. Au, B. O. Guan, and H. Y. Tam, “High-sensitivity salinity sensor realized with photonic crystal fiber Sagnac interferometer,” Proc. SPIE7753, 77531B (2011). [CrossRef]
- W. W. Qian, C. L. Zhao, S. L. He, X. Y. Dong, S. Q. Zhang, Z. X. Zhang, S. Z. Jin, J. T. Guo, and H. F. Wei, “High-sensitivity temperature sensor based on an alcohol-filled photonic crystal fiber loop mirror,” Opt. Lett.36(9), 1548–1550 (2011). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- B. Gu, M. J. Yin, A. P. Zhang, J. W. Qian, and S. L. He, “Optical fiber relative humidity sensor based on FBG incorporated thin-core fiber modal interferometer,” Opt. Express19(5), 4140–4146 (2011). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- B. Gu, M. J. Yin, A. P. Zhang, J. W. Qian, and S. L. He, “Low-cost high-performance fiber-optic pH sensor based on thin-core fiber modal interferometer,” Opt. Express17(25), 22296–22302 (2009). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- C. L. Zhao, X. Yang, C. Lu, W. Jin, and M. S. Demokan, “Temperature-insensitive interferometer using a highly birefringent photonic crystal fiber loop mirror,” IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett.16(11), 2535–2537 (2004). [CrossRef]
- G. R. C. Possetti, R. C. Kamikawachi, C. L. Prevedello, M. Muller, and J. L. Fabris, “Salinity measurement in water environment with a long period grating based interferometer,” Meas. Sci. Technol.20(3), 034003 (2009). [CrossRef]
- A. D. Kersey, M. A. Davis, H. J. Patrick, M. LeBlanc, K. P. Koo, C. G. Askins, M. A. Putnam, and E. J. Friebele, “Fiber grating sensors,” J. Lightwave Technol.15(8), 1442–1463 (1997). [CrossRef]
- A. D. Kersey, M. A. Davis, H. J. Patrick, M. LeBlanc, K. P. Koo, C. G. Askins, M. A. Putnam, and E. J. Friebele, “Fiber grating sensors,” J. Lightwave Technol.15(8), 1442–1463 (1997). [CrossRef]
- N. Díaz-Herrera, O. Esteban, M. C. Navarrete, M. Le Haitre, and A. González-Cano, “In situ salinity measurements in seawater with a fibre-optic probe,” Meas. Sci. Technol.17(8), 2227–2232 (2006). [CrossRef]
- A. D. Kersey, M. A. Davis, H. J. Patrick, M. LeBlanc, K. P. Koo, C. G. Askins, M. A. Putnam, and E. J. Friebele, “Fiber grating sensors,” J. Lightwave Technol.15(8), 1442–1463 (1997). [CrossRef]
- H. Y. Fu, C. Wu, M. L. Tse, L. Zhang, K. C. Cheng, H. Y. Tam, B.-O. Guan, and C. Lu, “High pressure sensor based on photonic crystal fiber for downhole application,” Appl. Opt.49(14), 2639–2643 (2010). [CrossRef]
- H. Y. Fu, A. C. L. Wong, P. A. Childs, H. Y. Tam, Y. B. Liao, C. Lu, and P. K. A. Wai, “Multiplexing of polarization-maintaining photonic crystal fiber based Sagnac interferometric sensors,” Opt. Express17(21), 18501–18512 (2009). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- M. L. V. Tse, H. Y. Tam, L. B. Fu, B. K. Thomas, L. Dong, C. Lu, and P. K. A. Wai, “Fusion splicing holey fibers and single-mode fibers: A simple method to reduce loss and increase strength,” IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett.21(3), 164–166 (2009). [CrossRef]
- H. Y. Fu, H. Y. Tam, L. Y. Shao, X. Y. Dong, P. K. A. Wai, C. Lu, and S. K. Khijwania, “Pressure sensor realized with polarization-maintaining photonic crystal fiber-based Sagnac interferometer,” Appl. Opt.47(15), 2835–2839 (2008). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- C. L. Zhao, X. Yang, C. Lu, W. Jin, and M. S. Demokan, “Temperature-insensitive interferometer using a highly birefringent photonic crystal fiber loop mirror,” IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett.16(11), 2535–2537 (2004). [CrossRef]
- L. Q. Men, P. Lu, and Q. Y. Chen, “A multiplexed fiber Bragg grating sensor for simultaneous salinity and temperature measurement,” J. Appl. Phys.103(5), 053107 (2008). [CrossRef]
- G. Statkiewicz, T. Martynkien, and W. Urbańczyk, “Measurements of modal birefringence and polarimetric sensitivity of the birefringent holey fiber to hydrostatic pressure and strain,” Opt. Commun.241(4-6), 339–348 (2004). [CrossRef]
- L. Q. Men, P. Lu, and Q. Y. Chen, “A multiplexed fiber Bragg grating sensor for simultaneous salinity and temperature measurement,” J. Appl. Phys.103(5), 053107 (2008). [CrossRef]
- J. Villatoro, V. P. Minkovich, V. Pruneri, and G. Badenes, “Simple all-microstructured-optical-fiber interferometer built via fusion splicing,” Opt. Express15(4), 1491–1496 (2007). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- V. P. Minkovich, J. Villatoro, D. Monzón-Hernández, S. Calixto, A. Sotsky, and L. Sotskaya, “Holey fiber tapers with resonance transmission for high-resolution refractive index sensing,” Opt. Express13(19), 7609–7614 (2005). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- G. R. C. Possetti, R. C. Kamikawachi, C. L. Prevedello, M. Muller, and J. L. Fabris, “Salinity measurement in water environment with a long period grating based interferometer,” Meas. Sci. Technol.20(3), 034003 (2009). [CrossRef]
- N. Díaz-Herrera, O. Esteban, M. C. Navarrete, M. Le Haitre, and A. González-Cano, “In situ salinity measurements in seawater with a fibre-optic probe,” Meas. Sci. Technol.17(8), 2227–2232 (2006). [CrossRef]
- L. V. Nguyen, M. Vasiliev, and K. Alameh, “Three-Wave Fiber Fabry–Pérot Interferometer for Simultaneous Measurement of Temperature and Water Salinity of Seawater,” IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett.23(7), 450–452 (2011). [CrossRef]
- A. D. Kersey, M. A. Davis, H. J. Patrick, M. LeBlanc, K. P. Koo, C. G. Askins, M. A. Putnam, and E. J. Friebele, “Fiber grating sensors,” J. Lightwave Technol.15(8), 1442–1463 (1997). [CrossRef]
- D. A. Pereira, O. Frazão, and J. L. Santos, “Fiber Bragg grating sensing system for simultaneous measurement of salinity and temperature,” Opt. Eng.43(2), 299–304 (2004). [CrossRef]
- G. R. C. Possetti, R. C. Kamikawachi, C. L. Prevedello, M. Muller, and J. L. Fabris, “Salinity measurement in water environment with a long period grating based interferometer,” Meas. Sci. Technol.20(3), 034003 (2009). [CrossRef]
- G. R. C. Possetti, R. C. Kamikawachi, C. L. Prevedello, M. Muller, and J. L. Fabris, “Salinity measurement in water environment with a long period grating based interferometer,” Meas. Sci. Technol.20(3), 034003 (2009). [CrossRef]
- A. D. Kersey, M. A. Davis, H. J. Patrick, M. LeBlanc, K. P. Koo, C. G. Askins, M. A. Putnam, and E. J. Friebele, “Fiber grating sensors,” J. Lightwave Technol.15(8), 1442–1463 (1997). [CrossRef]
- B. Gu, M. J. Yin, A. P. Zhang, J. W. Qian, and S. L. He, “Optical fiber relative humidity sensor based on FBG incorporated thin-core fiber modal interferometer,” Opt. Express19(5), 4140–4146 (2011). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- B. Gu, M. J. Yin, A. P. Zhang, J. W. Qian, and S. L. He, “Low-cost high-performance fiber-optic pH sensor based on thin-core fiber modal interferometer,” Opt. Express17(25), 22296–22302 (2009). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- M. G. Xu, L. Reekie, Y. T. Chow, and J. P. Dakin, “Optical in-fiber grating high pressure sensor,” Electron. Lett.29(4), 398–399 (1993). [CrossRef]
- O. Frazão, J. L. Santos, F. M. Araújo, and L. A. Ferreira, “Optical sensing with photonic crystal fibers,” Laser Photonics Rev.2(6), 449–459 (2008). [CrossRef]
- R. Falate, O. Frazão, G. Rego, J. L. Fabris, and J. L. Santos, “Refractometric sensor based on a phase-shifted long-period fiber grating,” Appl. Opt.45(21), 5066–5072 (2006). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- D. A. Pereira, O. Frazão, and J. L. Santos, “Fiber Bragg grating sensing system for simultaneous measurement of salinity and temperature,” Opt. Eng.43(2), 299–304 (2004). [CrossRef]
- X. Y. Dong, H. Y. Tam, and P. Shum, “Temperature-insensitive strain sensor with polarization-maintaining photonic crystal fiber based Sagnac interferometer,” Appl. Phys. Lett.90(15), 151113 (2007). [CrossRef]
- G. Statkiewicz, T. Martynkien, and W. Urbańczyk, “Measurements of modal birefringence and polarimetric sensitivity of the birefringent holey fiber to hydrostatic pressure and strain,” Opt. Commun.241(4-6), 339–348 (2004). [CrossRef]
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- H. Y. Fu, C. Wu, M. L. Tse, L. Zhang, K. C. Cheng, H. Y. Tam, B.-O. Guan, and C. Lu, “High pressure sensor based on photonic crystal fiber for downhole application,” Appl. Opt.49(14), 2639–2643 (2010). [CrossRef]
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Appl. Opt.
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Appl. Phys. Lett.
- X. Y. Dong, H. Y. Tam, and P. Shum, “Temperature-insensitive strain sensor with polarization-maintaining photonic crystal fiber based Sagnac interferometer,” Appl. Phys. Lett.90(15), 151113 (2007). [CrossRef]
Electron. Lett.
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IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett.
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J. Appl. Phys.
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Laser Photonics Rev.
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Meas. Sci. Technol.
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Opt. Commun.
- G. Statkiewicz, T. Martynkien, and W. Urbańczyk, “Measurements of modal birefringence and polarimetric sensitivity of the birefringent holey fiber to hydrostatic pressure and strain,” Opt. Commun.241(4-6), 339–348 (2004). [CrossRef]
Opt. Eng.
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Opt. Express
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- B. Gu, M. J. Yin, A. P. Zhang, J. W. Qian, and S. L. He, “Low-cost high-performance fiber-optic pH sensor based on thin-core fiber modal interferometer,” Opt. Express17(25), 22296–22302 (2009). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- B. Gu, M. J. Yin, A. P. Zhang, J. W. Qian, and S. L. He, “Optical fiber relative humidity sensor based on FBG incorporated thin-core fiber modal interferometer,” Opt. Express19(5), 4140–4146 (2011). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- H. Y. Fu, A. C. L. Wong, P. A. Childs, H. Y. Tam, Y. B. Liao, C. Lu, and P. K. A. Wai, “Multiplexing of polarization-maintaining photonic crystal fiber based Sagnac interferometric sensors,” Opt. Express17(21), 18501–18512 (2009). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Opt. Lett.
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Proc. SPIE
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Sens. Actuators B Chem.
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Talanta
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2011, Qian, Opt. Lett.
- L. V. Nguyen, M. Vasiliev, and K. Alameh, “Three-Wave Fiber Fabry–Pérot Interferometer for Simultaneous Measurement of Temperature and Water Salinity of Seawater,” IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett.23(7), 450–452 (2011). [CrossRef]
- C. Wu, H. Y. Fu, H. Y. Au, B. O. Guan, and H. Y. Tam, “High-sensitivity salinity sensor realized with photonic crystal fiber Sagnac interferometer,” Proc. SPIE7753, 77531B (2011). [CrossRef]
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- G. R. C. Possetti, R. C. Kamikawachi, C. L. Prevedello, M. Muller, and J. L. Fabris, “Salinity measurement in water environment with a long period grating based interferometer,” Meas. Sci. Technol.20(3), 034003 (2009). [CrossRef]
- L. Q. Men, P. Lu, and Q. Y. Chen, “A multiplexed fiber Bragg grating sensor for simultaneous salinity and temperature measurement,” J. Appl. Phys.103(5), 053107 (2008). [CrossRef]
- O. Frazão, J. L. Santos, F. M. Araújo, and L. A. Ferreira, “Optical sensing with photonic crystal fibers,” Laser Photonics Rev.2(6), 449–459 (2008). [CrossRef]
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- D. J. Gentleman and K. S. Booksh, “Determining salinity using a multimode fiber optic surface plasmon resonance dip-probe,” Talanta68(3), 504–515 (2006). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- C. L. Zhao, X. Yang, C. Lu, W. Jin, and M. S. Demokan, “Temperature-insensitive interferometer using a highly birefringent photonic crystal fiber loop mirror,” IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett.16(11), 2535–2537 (2004). [CrossRef]
- G. Statkiewicz, T. Martynkien, and W. Urbańczyk, “Measurements of modal birefringence and polarimetric sensitivity of the birefringent holey fiber to hydrostatic pressure and strain,” Opt. Commun.241(4-6), 339–348 (2004). [CrossRef]
- D. A. Pereira, O. Frazão, and J. L. Santos, “Fiber Bragg grating sensing system for simultaneous measurement of salinity and temperature,” Opt. Eng.43(2), 299–304 (2004). [CrossRef]
- J. Cong, X. M. Zhang, K. S. Chen, and J. Xu, “Fiber optic Bragg grating sensor based on hydrogels for measuring salinity,” Sens. Actuators B Chem.87(3), 487–490 (2002). [CrossRef]
- A. D. Kersey, M. A. Davis, H. J. Patrick, M. LeBlanc, K. P. Koo, C. G. Askins, M. A. Putnam, and E. J. Friebele, “Fiber grating sensors,” J. Lightwave Technol.15(8), 1442–1463 (1997). [CrossRef]
- M. G. Xu, L. Reekie, Y. T. Chow, and J. P. Dakin, “Optical in-fiber grating high pressure sensor,” Electron. Lett.29(4), 398–399 (1993). [CrossRef]
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