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High speed InAs electron avalanche photodiodes overcome the conventional gain-bandwidth product limitAndrew R. J. Marshall, Pin Jern Ker, Andrey Krysa, John P. R. David, and Chee Hing Tan »View Author Affiliations
Andrew R. J. Marshall,1,*
Pin Jern Ker,2
Andrey Krysa,2
John P. R. David,2
and Chee Hing Tan2
1Physics Department, Lancaster University, Lancaster, LA1 4YB, UK 2Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University of Sheffield, Sir Frederick Mappin Building, Mappin Street, Sheffield, S1 3JD, UK *Corresponding author: a.r.marshall@lancaster.ac.uk |
Optics Express, Vol. 19, Issue 23, pp. 23341-23349 (2011)
http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/OE.19.023341
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Abstract
High bandwidth, uncooled, Indium Arsenide (InAs) electron avalanche photodiodes (e-APDs) with unique and highly desirable characteristics are reported. The e-APDs exhibit a 3dB bandwidth of 3.5 GHz which, unlike that of conventional APDs, is shown not to reduce with increasing avalanche gain. Hence these InAs e-APDs demonstrate a characteristic of theoretically ideal electron only APDs, the absence of a gain-bandwidth product limit. This is important because gain-bandwidth products restrict the maximum exploitable gain in all conventional high bandwidth APDs. Non-limiting gain-bandwidth products up to 580 GHz have been measured on these first high bandwidth e-APDs.
© 2011 OSA
OCIS Codes
(040.1345) Detectors : Avalanche photodiodes (APDs)
(250.0040) Optoelectronics : Detectors
ToC Category:
Detectors
History
Original Manuscript: August 19, 2011
Revised Manuscript: October 10, 2011
Manuscript Accepted: October 10, 2011
Published: November 1, 2011
Citation
Andrew R. J. Marshall, Pin Jern Ker, Andrey Krysa, John P. R. David, and Chee Hing Tan, "High speed InAs electron avalanche photodiodes overcome the conventional gain-bandwidth product limit," Opt. Express 19, 23341-23349 (2011)
http://www.opticsinfobase.org/oe/abstract.cfm?URI=oe-19-23-23341
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References
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- J.-W. Shi, F.-M. Kuo, and B.-R. Huang, “Zn-Diffusion InAs photodiodes on semi-insulating GaAs substrate for high speed and low dark current performance,” IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett.23(2), 100–102 (2011). [CrossRef]
- G. Satyanadh, R. P. Joshi, N. Abedin, and U. Singh, “Monte Carlo calculation of electron drift characteristics and avalanche noise in bulk InAs,” J. Appl. Phys.91(3), 1331–1338 (2002). [CrossRef]
- P. Hill, J. Schlafer, W. Powazinik, M. Urban, E. Eichen, and R. Olshansky, “Measurement of hole velocity in n-type InGaAs,” Appl. Phys. Lett.50(18), 1260–1262 (1987). [CrossRef]
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- J. Beck, C. Wan, M. Kinch, J. Robinson, P. Mitra, R. Scritchfield, F. Ma, and J. Campbell, “The HgCdTe electron avalanche photodiode,” J. Electron. Mater.35(6), 1166–1173 (2006). [CrossRef]
- F. Ma, X. Li, J. Campbell, J. Beck, C.-F. Wan, and M. A. Kinch, “Monte Carlo simulations of Hg0.7Cd0.3Te avalanche photodiodes and resonance phenomenon in the multiplication noise,” Appl. Phys. Lett.83(4), 785–787 (2003). [CrossRef]
- J. C. Campbell, S. Demiguel, F. Ma, A. Beck, X. Guo, S. Wang, X. Zheng, X. Li, J. D. Beck, M. A. Kinch, A. Huntington, L. A. Coldren, J. Decobert, and N. Tscherptner, “Recent advances in avalanche photodiodes,” IEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron.10(4), 777–787 (2004). [CrossRef]
- J. D. Beck, C.-F. Wan, M. A. Kinch, and J. E. Robinson, “MWIR HgCdTe avalanche photodiodes,” Proc. SPIE4454, 188–197 (2001). [CrossRef]
- Y. Kang, H.-D. Lui, M. Morse, M. Paniccia, M. Zadka, Y. Kang, H.-D. Liu, M. Morse, M. J. Paniccia, M. Zadka, S. Litski, G. Sarid, A. Pauchard, Y.-H. Kuo, H.-W. Chen, W. S. Zaoui, J. E. Bowers, A. Beling, D. C. McIntosh, X. Zheng, and J. C. Campbell, “Monolithic germanium / silicon avalanche photodiodes with 340GHz gain-bandwidth product,” Nat. Photonics3(1), 59–63 (2009). [CrossRef]
- W. S. Zaoui, H.-W. Chen, J. E. Bowers, Y. Kang, M. Morse, M. J. Paniccia, A. Pauchard, and J. C. Campbell, “Frequency response and bandwidth enhancement in Ge/Si avalanche photodiodes with over 840 GHz gain-bandwidth-product,” Opt. Express17(15), 12641–12649 (2009). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Y. Kang, H.-D. Lui, M. Morse, M. Paniccia, M. Zadka, Y. Kang, H.-D. Liu, M. Morse, M. J. Paniccia, M. Zadka, S. Litski, G. Sarid, A. Pauchard, Y.-H. Kuo, H.-W. Chen, W. S. Zaoui, J. E. Bowers, A. Beling, D. C. McIntosh, X. Zheng, and J. C. Campbell, “Monolithic germanium / silicon avalanche photodiodes with 340GHz gain-bandwidth product,” Nat. Photonics3(1), 59–63 (2009). [CrossRef]
- J. Beck, C. Wan, M. Kinch, J. Robinson, P. Mitra, R. Scritchfield, F. Ma, and J. Campbell, “The HgCdTe electron avalanche photodiode,” J. Electron. Mater.35(6), 1166–1173 (2006). [CrossRef]
- F. Ma, X. Li, J. Campbell, J. Beck, C.-F. Wan, and M. A. Kinch, “Monte Carlo simulations of Hg0.7Cd0.3Te avalanche photodiodes and resonance phenomenon in the multiplication noise,” Appl. Phys. Lett.83(4), 785–787 (2003). [CrossRef]
- Y. Kang, H.-D. Lui, M. Morse, M. Paniccia, M. Zadka, Y. Kang, H.-D. Liu, M. Morse, M. J. Paniccia, M. Zadka, S. Litski, G. Sarid, A. Pauchard, Y.-H. Kuo, H.-W. Chen, W. S. Zaoui, J. E. Bowers, A. Beling, D. C. McIntosh, X. Zheng, and J. C. Campbell, “Monolithic germanium / silicon avalanche photodiodes with 340GHz gain-bandwidth product,” Nat. Photonics3(1), 59–63 (2009). [CrossRef]
- W. S. Zaoui, H.-W. Chen, J. E. Bowers, Y. Kang, M. Morse, M. J. Paniccia, A. Pauchard, and J. C. Campbell, “Frequency response and bandwidth enhancement in Ge/Si avalanche photodiodes with over 840 GHz gain-bandwidth-product,” Opt. Express17(15), 12641–12649 (2009). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- J. C. Campbell, S. Demiguel, F. Ma, A. Beck, X. Guo, S. Wang, X. Zheng, X. Li, J. D. Beck, M. A. Kinch, A. Huntington, L. A. Coldren, J. Decobert, and N. Tscherptner, “Recent advances in avalanche photodiodes,” IEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron.10(4), 777–787 (2004). [CrossRef]
- G. S. Kinsey, J. C. Campbell, and A. G. Dentai, “Waveguide avalanche photodiode operating at 1.55um with a gain-bandwidth product of 320GHz,” IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett.13(8), 842–844 (2001). [CrossRef]
- C. Lenox, H. Nie, P. Yuan, G. Kinsey, A. L. Homles, B. G. Streetman, and J. C. Campbell, “Resonant-cavity InGaAs-InAlAs avalanche photodiodes with gain-bandwidth product of 290GHz,” IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett.11(9), 1162–1164 (1999). [CrossRef]
- J. C. Campbell, W. T. Tsang, G. J. Qua, and B. C. Johnson, “High-speed InP/InGaAsP/InGaAs avalanche photodiodes grown by chemical beam epitaxy,” IEEE J. Quantum Electron.24(3), 496–500 (1988). [CrossRef]
- M. Lahrichi, G. Glastre, E. Derouin, D. Carpentier, N. Lagay, J. Decobert, and M. Achouche, “240-GHz Gain-bandwidth product back-side illuminated AlInAs avalanche photodiodes,” IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett.22(18), 1373–1375 (2010). [CrossRef]
- J. Rothman, G. Perrais, G. Destefanis, J. Baylet, P. Castelein, and J.-P. Chamonal, “High performance characteristics in pin MW HgCdTe e-APDs,” Proc. SPIE 6542, 654219, 654219-10 (2007). [CrossRef]
- G. Perrais, J. Rothman, G. Destefanis, and J.-P. Chamonal, “Impulse response time measurements in Hg0.7Cd0.3Te MWIR avalanche photodiodes,” J. Electron. Mater.37(9), 1261–1273 (2008). [CrossRef]
- J. Rothman, G. Perrais, G. Destefanis, J. Baylet, P. Castelein, and J.-P. Chamonal, “High performance characteristics in pin MW HgCdTe e-APDs,” Proc. SPIE 6542, 654219, 654219-10 (2007). [CrossRef]
- W. S. Zaoui, H.-W. Chen, J. E. Bowers, Y. Kang, M. Morse, M. J. Paniccia, A. Pauchard, and J. C. Campbell, “Frequency response and bandwidth enhancement in Ge/Si avalanche photodiodes with over 840 GHz gain-bandwidth-product,” Opt. Express17(15), 12641–12649 (2009). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Y. Kang, H.-D. Lui, M. Morse, M. Paniccia, M. Zadka, Y. Kang, H.-D. Liu, M. Morse, M. J. Paniccia, M. Zadka, S. Litski, G. Sarid, A. Pauchard, Y.-H. Kuo, H.-W. Chen, W. S. Zaoui, J. E. Bowers, A. Beling, D. C. McIntosh, X. Zheng, and J. C. Campbell, “Monolithic germanium / silicon avalanche photodiodes with 340GHz gain-bandwidth product,” Nat. Photonics3(1), 59–63 (2009). [CrossRef]
- J. C. Campbell, S. Demiguel, F. Ma, A. Beck, X. Guo, S. Wang, X. Zheng, X. Li, J. D. Beck, M. A. Kinch, A. Huntington, L. A. Coldren, J. Decobert, and N. Tscherptner, “Recent advances in avalanche photodiodes,” IEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron.10(4), 777–787 (2004). [CrossRef]
- A. R. J. Marshall, P. Vines, P. J. Ker, J. P. R. David, and C. H. Tan, “Avalanche multiplication and excess noise in InAs electron avalanche photodiodes at 77K,” IEEE J. Quantum Electron.47(6), 858–864 (2011). [CrossRef]
- P. J. Ker, A. R. J. Marshall, A. B. Krysa, J. P. R. David, and C. H. Tan, “Temperature dependence of leakage current in InAs avalanche photodiodes,” IEEE J. Quantum Electron.47(8), 1123–1128 (2011). [CrossRef]
- A. R. J. Marshall, J. P. R. David, and C. H. Tan, “Impact ionization in InAs electron avalanche photodiodes,” IEEE Trans. Electron. Dev.57(10), 2631–2638 (2010). [CrossRef]
- A. R. J. Marshall, C. H. Tan, M. J. Steer, and J. P. R. David, “Extremely low excess noise in InAs electron avalanche photodiodes,” IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett.21(13), 866–868 (2009). [CrossRef]
- A. R. J. Marshall, C. H. Tan, M. J. Steer, and J. P. R. David, “Electron dominated impact ionization and avalanche gain characteristics in InAs photodiodes,” Appl. Phys. Lett.93(11), 111107 (2008). [CrossRef]
- A. R. J. Marshall, C. H. Tan, J. P. R. David, J. S. Ng, and M. Hopkinson, “Fabrication of InAs photodiodes with reduced surface leakage current,” Proc. SPIE 6740, 67400H, 67400H-9 (2007). [CrossRef]
- M. Lahrichi, G. Glastre, E. Derouin, D. Carpentier, N. Lagay, J. Decobert, and M. Achouche, “240-GHz Gain-bandwidth product back-side illuminated AlInAs avalanche photodiodes,” IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett.22(18), 1373–1375 (2010). [CrossRef]
- J. C. Campbell, S. Demiguel, F. Ma, A. Beck, X. Guo, S. Wang, X. Zheng, X. Li, J. D. Beck, M. A. Kinch, A. Huntington, L. A. Coldren, J. Decobert, and N. Tscherptner, “Recent advances in avalanche photodiodes,” IEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron.10(4), 777–787 (2004). [CrossRef]
- J. C. Campbell, S. Demiguel, F. Ma, A. Beck, X. Guo, S. Wang, X. Zheng, X. Li, J. D. Beck, M. A. Kinch, A. Huntington, L. A. Coldren, J. Decobert, and N. Tscherptner, “Recent advances in avalanche photodiodes,” IEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron.10(4), 777–787 (2004). [CrossRef]
- G. S. Kinsey, J. C. Campbell, and A. G. Dentai, “Waveguide avalanche photodiode operating at 1.55um with a gain-bandwidth product of 320GHz,” IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett.13(8), 842–844 (2001). [CrossRef]
- M. Lahrichi, G. Glastre, E. Derouin, D. Carpentier, N. Lagay, J. Decobert, and M. Achouche, “240-GHz Gain-bandwidth product back-side illuminated AlInAs avalanche photodiodes,” IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett.22(18), 1373–1375 (2010). [CrossRef]
- G. Perrais, J. Rothman, G. Destefanis, and J.-P. Chamonal, “Impulse response time measurements in Hg0.7Cd0.3Te MWIR avalanche photodiodes,” J. Electron. Mater.37(9), 1261–1273 (2008). [CrossRef]
- J. Rothman, G. Perrais, G. Destefanis, J. Baylet, P. Castelein, and J.-P. Chamonal, “High performance characteristics in pin MW HgCdTe e-APDs,” Proc. SPIE 6542, 654219, 654219-10 (2007). [CrossRef]
- P. Hill, J. Schlafer, W. Powazinik, M. Urban, E. Eichen, and R. Olshansky, “Measurement of hole velocity in n-type InGaAs,” Appl. Phys. Lett.50(18), 1260–1262 (1987). [CrossRef]
- R. B. Emmons, “Avalanche-photodiode frequency response,” J. Appl. Phys.38(9), 3705–3714 (1967). [CrossRef]
- M. Lahrichi, G. Glastre, E. Derouin, D. Carpentier, N. Lagay, J. Decobert, and M. Achouche, “240-GHz Gain-bandwidth product back-side illuminated AlInAs avalanche photodiodes,” IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett.22(18), 1373–1375 (2010). [CrossRef]
- J. C. Campbell, S. Demiguel, F. Ma, A. Beck, X. Guo, S. Wang, X. Zheng, X. Li, J. D. Beck, M. A. Kinch, A. Huntington, L. A. Coldren, J. Decobert, and N. Tscherptner, “Recent advances in avalanche photodiodes,” IEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron.10(4), 777–787 (2004). [CrossRef]
- B. E. A. Saleh, M. M. Hayat, and M. C. Teich, “Effect of dead space on the excess noise factor and time response of avalanche photodiodes,” IEEE Trans. Electron. Dev.37(9), 1976–1984 (1990). [CrossRef]
- P. Hill, J. Schlafer, W. Powazinik, M. Urban, E. Eichen, and R. Olshansky, “Measurement of hole velocity in n-type InGaAs,” Appl. Phys. Lett.50(18), 1260–1262 (1987). [CrossRef]
- C. Lenox, H. Nie, P. Yuan, G. Kinsey, A. L. Homles, B. G. Streetman, and J. C. Campbell, “Resonant-cavity InGaAs-InAlAs avalanche photodiodes with gain-bandwidth product of 290GHz,” IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett.11(9), 1162–1164 (1999). [CrossRef]
- A. R. J. Marshall, C. H. Tan, J. P. R. David, J. S. Ng, and M. Hopkinson, “Fabrication of InAs photodiodes with reduced surface leakage current,” Proc. SPIE 6740, 67400H, 67400H-9 (2007). [CrossRef]
- J.-W. Shi, F.-M. Kuo, and B.-R. Huang, “Zn-Diffusion InAs photodiodes on semi-insulating GaAs substrate for high speed and low dark current performance,” IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett.23(2), 100–102 (2011). [CrossRef]
- J. C. Campbell, S. Demiguel, F. Ma, A. Beck, X. Guo, S. Wang, X. Zheng, X. Li, J. D. Beck, M. A. Kinch, A. Huntington, L. A. Coldren, J. Decobert, and N. Tscherptner, “Recent advances in avalanche photodiodes,” IEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron.10(4), 777–787 (2004). [CrossRef]
- J. C. Campbell, W. T. Tsang, G. J. Qua, and B. C. Johnson, “High-speed InP/InGaAsP/InGaAs avalanche photodiodes grown by chemical beam epitaxy,” IEEE J. Quantum Electron.24(3), 496–500 (1988). [CrossRef]
- G. Satyanadh, R. P. Joshi, N. Abedin, and U. Singh, “Monte Carlo calculation of electron drift characteristics and avalanche noise in bulk InAs,” J. Appl. Phys.91(3), 1331–1338 (2002). [CrossRef]
- W. S. Zaoui, H.-W. Chen, J. E. Bowers, Y. Kang, M. Morse, M. J. Paniccia, A. Pauchard, and J. C. Campbell, “Frequency response and bandwidth enhancement in Ge/Si avalanche photodiodes with over 840 GHz gain-bandwidth-product,” Opt. Express17(15), 12641–12649 (2009). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Y. Kang, H.-D. Lui, M. Morse, M. Paniccia, M. Zadka, Y. Kang, H.-D. Liu, M. Morse, M. J. Paniccia, M. Zadka, S. Litski, G. Sarid, A. Pauchard, Y.-H. Kuo, H.-W. Chen, W. S. Zaoui, J. E. Bowers, A. Beling, D. C. McIntosh, X. Zheng, and J. C. Campbell, “Monolithic germanium / silicon avalanche photodiodes with 340GHz gain-bandwidth product,” Nat. Photonics3(1), 59–63 (2009). [CrossRef]
- Y. Kang, H.-D. Lui, M. Morse, M. Paniccia, M. Zadka, Y. Kang, H.-D. Liu, M. Morse, M. J. Paniccia, M. Zadka, S. Litski, G. Sarid, A. Pauchard, Y.-H. Kuo, H.-W. Chen, W. S. Zaoui, J. E. Bowers, A. Beling, D. C. McIntosh, X. Zheng, and J. C. Campbell, “Monolithic germanium / silicon avalanche photodiodes with 340GHz gain-bandwidth product,” Nat. Photonics3(1), 59–63 (2009). [CrossRef]
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- S. Assefa, F. Xia, and Y. A. Vlasov, “Reinventing germanium avalanche photodetector for nanophotonic on-chip optical interconnects,” Nature464(7285), 80–84 (2010). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- C. Lenox, H. Nie, P. Yuan, G. Kinsey, A. L. Homles, B. G. Streetman, and J. C. Campbell, “Resonant-cavity InGaAs-InAlAs avalanche photodiodes with gain-bandwidth product of 290GHz,” IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett.11(9), 1162–1164 (1999). [CrossRef]
- Y. Kang, H.-D. Lui, M. Morse, M. Paniccia, M. Zadka, Y. Kang, H.-D. Liu, M. Morse, M. J. Paniccia, M. Zadka, S. Litski, G. Sarid, A. Pauchard, Y.-H. Kuo, H.-W. Chen, W. S. Zaoui, J. E. Bowers, A. Beling, D. C. McIntosh, X. Zheng, and J. C. Campbell, “Monolithic germanium / silicon avalanche photodiodes with 340GHz gain-bandwidth product,” Nat. Photonics3(1), 59–63 (2009). [CrossRef]
- Y. Kang, H.-D. Lui, M. Morse, M. Paniccia, M. Zadka, Y. Kang, H.-D. Liu, M. Morse, M. J. Paniccia, M. Zadka, S. Litski, G. Sarid, A. Pauchard, Y.-H. Kuo, H.-W. Chen, W. S. Zaoui, J. E. Bowers, A. Beling, D. C. McIntosh, X. Zheng, and J. C. Campbell, “Monolithic germanium / silicon avalanche photodiodes with 340GHz gain-bandwidth product,” Nat. Photonics3(1), 59–63 (2009). [CrossRef]
- Y. Kang, H.-D. Lui, M. Morse, M. Paniccia, M. Zadka, Y. Kang, H.-D. Liu, M. Morse, M. J. Paniccia, M. Zadka, S. Litski, G. Sarid, A. Pauchard, Y.-H. Kuo, H.-W. Chen, W. S. Zaoui, J. E. Bowers, A. Beling, D. C. McIntosh, X. Zheng, and J. C. Campbell, “Monolithic germanium / silicon avalanche photodiodes with 340GHz gain-bandwidth product,” Nat. Photonics3(1), 59–63 (2009). [CrossRef]
- W. S. Zaoui, H.-W. Chen, J. E. Bowers, Y. Kang, M. Morse, M. J. Paniccia, A. Pauchard, and J. C. Campbell, “Frequency response and bandwidth enhancement in Ge/Si avalanche photodiodes with over 840 GHz gain-bandwidth-product,” Opt. Express17(15), 12641–12649 (2009). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Y. Kang, H.-D. Lui, M. Morse, M. Paniccia, M. Zadka, Y. Kang, H.-D. Liu, M. Morse, M. J. Paniccia, M. Zadka, S. Litski, G. Sarid, A. Pauchard, Y.-H. Kuo, H.-W. Chen, W. S. Zaoui, J. E. Bowers, A. Beling, D. C. McIntosh, X. Zheng, and J. C. Campbell, “Monolithic germanium / silicon avalanche photodiodes with 340GHz gain-bandwidth product,” Nat. Photonics3(1), 59–63 (2009). [CrossRef]
- J. C. Campbell, S. Demiguel, F. Ma, A. Beck, X. Guo, S. Wang, X. Zheng, X. Li, J. D. Beck, M. A. Kinch, A. Huntington, L. A. Coldren, J. Decobert, and N. Tscherptner, “Recent advances in avalanche photodiodes,” IEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron.10(4), 777–787 (2004). [CrossRef]
Appl. Phys. Lett.
- F. Ma, X. Li, J. Campbell, J. Beck, C.-F. Wan, and M. A. Kinch, “Monte Carlo simulations of Hg0.7Cd0.3Te avalanche photodiodes and resonance phenomenon in the multiplication noise,” Appl. Phys. Lett.83(4), 785–787 (2003). [CrossRef]
- A. R. J. Marshall, C. H. Tan, M. J. Steer, and J. P. R. David, “Electron dominated impact ionization and avalanche gain characteristics in InAs photodiodes,” Appl. Phys. Lett.93(11), 111107 (2008). [CrossRef]
- P. Hill, J. Schlafer, W. Powazinik, M. Urban, E. Eichen, and R. Olshansky, “Measurement of hole velocity in n-type InGaAs,” Appl. Phys. Lett.50(18), 1260–1262 (1987). [CrossRef]
Electron. Lett.
- T. Nakata, T. Takeuchi, I. Watanabe, K. Makita, and T. Torikai, “10Gbit/s high sensitivity, low-voltage-operation avalacnhe photodiodes with thin InAlAs multiplication layer and waveguide structure,” Electron. Lett.36, 2033–2034 (2000).
IEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron.
- J. C. Campbell, S. Demiguel, F. Ma, A. Beck, X. Guo, S. Wang, X. Zheng, X. Li, J. D. Beck, M. A. Kinch, A. Huntington, L. A. Coldren, J. Decobert, and N. Tscherptner, “Recent advances in avalanche photodiodes,” IEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron.10(4), 777–787 (2004). [CrossRef]
IEEE J. Quantum Electron.
- J. C. Campbell, W. T. Tsang, G. J. Qua, and B. C. Johnson, “High-speed InP/InGaAsP/InGaAs avalanche photodiodes grown by chemical beam epitaxy,” IEEE J. Quantum Electron.24(3), 496–500 (1988). [CrossRef]
- A. R. J. Marshall, P. Vines, P. J. Ker, J. P. R. David, and C. H. Tan, “Avalanche multiplication and excess noise in InAs electron avalanche photodiodes at 77K,” IEEE J. Quantum Electron.47(6), 858–864 (2011). [CrossRef]
- P. J. Ker, A. R. J. Marshall, A. B. Krysa, J. P. R. David, and C. H. Tan, “Temperature dependence of leakage current in InAs avalanche photodiodes,” IEEE J. Quantum Electron.47(8), 1123–1128 (2011). [CrossRef]
IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett.
- J.-W. Shi, F.-M. Kuo, and B.-R. Huang, “Zn-Diffusion InAs photodiodes on semi-insulating GaAs substrate for high speed and low dark current performance,” IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett.23(2), 100–102 (2011). [CrossRef]
- M. Lahrichi, G. Glastre, E. Derouin, D. Carpentier, N. Lagay, J. Decobert, and M. Achouche, “240-GHz Gain-bandwidth product back-side illuminated AlInAs avalanche photodiodes,” IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett.22(18), 1373–1375 (2010). [CrossRef]
- C. Lenox, H. Nie, P. Yuan, G. Kinsey, A. L. Homles, B. G. Streetman, and J. C. Campbell, “Resonant-cavity InGaAs-InAlAs avalanche photodiodes with gain-bandwidth product of 290GHz,” IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett.11(9), 1162–1164 (1999). [CrossRef]
- G. S. Kinsey, J. C. Campbell, and A. G. Dentai, “Waveguide avalanche photodiode operating at 1.55um with a gain-bandwidth product of 320GHz,” IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett.13(8), 842–844 (2001). [CrossRef]
- A. R. J. Marshall, C. H. Tan, M. J. Steer, and J. P. R. David, “Extremely low excess noise in InAs electron avalanche photodiodes,” IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett.21(13), 866–868 (2009). [CrossRef]
IEEE Trans. Commun.
- K. Kiasaleh, “Performance of APD-based, PPM free-space optical communication systems in atmospheric turbulence,” IEEE Trans. Commun.53(9), 1455–1461 (2005). [CrossRef]
IEEE Trans. Electron. Dev.
- A. R. J. Marshall, J. P. R. David, and C. H. Tan, “Impact ionization in InAs electron avalanche photodiodes,” IEEE Trans. Electron. Dev.57(10), 2631–2638 (2010). [CrossRef]
- R. J. McIntyre, “Multiplication noise in uniform avalanche diodes,” IEEE Trans. Electron. Dev.13(1), 164–168 (1966). [CrossRef]
- B. E. A. Saleh, M. M. Hayat, and M. C. Teich, “Effect of dead space on the excess noise factor and time response of avalanche photodiodes,” IEEE Trans. Electron. Dev.37(9), 1976–1984 (1990). [CrossRef]
J. Appl. Phys.
- R. B. Emmons, “Avalanche-photodiode frequency response,” J. Appl. Phys.38(9), 3705–3714 (1967). [CrossRef]
- G. Satyanadh, R. P. Joshi, N. Abedin, and U. Singh, “Monte Carlo calculation of electron drift characteristics and avalanche noise in bulk InAs,” J. Appl. Phys.91(3), 1331–1338 (2002). [CrossRef]
J. Electron. Mater.
- G. Perrais, J. Rothman, G. Destefanis, and J.-P. Chamonal, “Impulse response time measurements in Hg0.7Cd0.3Te MWIR avalanche photodiodes,” J. Electron. Mater.37(9), 1261–1273 (2008). [CrossRef]
- J. Beck, C. Wan, M. Kinch, J. Robinson, P. Mitra, R. Scritchfield, F. Ma, and J. Campbell, “The HgCdTe electron avalanche photodiode,” J. Electron. Mater.35(6), 1166–1173 (2006). [CrossRef]
Nat. Photonics
- Y. Kang, H.-D. Lui, M. Morse, M. Paniccia, M. Zadka, Y. Kang, H.-D. Liu, M. Morse, M. J. Paniccia, M. Zadka, S. Litski, G. Sarid, A. Pauchard, Y.-H. Kuo, H.-W. Chen, W. S. Zaoui, J. E. Bowers, A. Beling, D. C. McIntosh, X. Zheng, and J. C. Campbell, “Monolithic germanium / silicon avalanche photodiodes with 340GHz gain-bandwidth product,” Nat. Photonics3(1), 59–63 (2009). [CrossRef]
Nature
- S. Assefa, F. Xia, and Y. A. Vlasov, “Reinventing germanium avalanche photodetector for nanophotonic on-chip optical interconnects,” Nature464(7285), 80–84 (2010). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Opt. Express
- W. S. Zaoui, H.-W. Chen, J. E. Bowers, Y. Kang, M. Morse, M. J. Paniccia, A. Pauchard, and J. C. Campbell, “Frequency response and bandwidth enhancement in Ge/Si avalanche photodiodes with over 840 GHz gain-bandwidth-product,” Opt. Express17(15), 12641–12649 (2009). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Proc. SPIE
- J. D. Beck, C.-F. Wan, M. A. Kinch, and J. E. Robinson, “MWIR HgCdTe avalanche photodiodes,” Proc. SPIE4454, 188–197 (2001). [CrossRef]
Other
- J. Rothman, G. Perrais, G. Destefanis, J. Baylet, P. Castelein, and J.-P. Chamonal, “High performance characteristics in pin MW HgCdTe e-APDs,” Proc. SPIE 6542, 654219, 654219-10 (2007). [CrossRef]
- C. H. Tan, J. S. Ng, S. Xie, and J. P. R. David, “Potential materials for avalanche photodiodes operating above 10Gb/s,” 2009 International Conference on Computers and Devices for Communication, 2009.
- W. R. Clark, A. Margittai, J.-P. Noel, S. Jatar, H. Kim, E. Jamroz, G. Knight, and D. Thomas, “Reliable, high gain-bandwidth product InGaAs/InP avalanche photodiodes for 10Gb/s receivers,” Proc. OFC/IOOC, 96–98 (1999).
- A. R. J. Marshall, C. H. Tan, J. P. R. David, J. S. Ng, and M. Hopkinson, “Fabrication of InAs photodiodes with reduced surface leakage current,” Proc. SPIE 6740, 67400H, 67400H-9 (2007). [CrossRef]
2011, Marshall, IEEE J. Quantum Electron.
- A. R. J. Marshall, P. Vines, P. J. Ker, J. P. R. David, and C. H. Tan, “Avalanche multiplication and excess noise in InAs electron avalanche photodiodes at 77K,” IEEE J. Quantum Electron.47(6), 858–864 (2011). [CrossRef]
- P. J. Ker, A. R. J. Marshall, A. B. Krysa, J. P. R. David, and C. H. Tan, “Temperature dependence of leakage current in InAs avalanche photodiodes,” IEEE J. Quantum Electron.47(8), 1123–1128 (2011). [CrossRef]
- J.-W. Shi, F.-M. Kuo, and B.-R. Huang, “Zn-Diffusion InAs photodiodes on semi-insulating GaAs substrate for high speed and low dark current performance,” IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett.23(2), 100–102 (2011). [CrossRef]
- S. Assefa, F. Xia, and Y. A. Vlasov, “Reinventing germanium avalanche photodetector for nanophotonic on-chip optical interconnects,” Nature464(7285), 80–84 (2010). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- A. R. J. Marshall, J. P. R. David, and C. H. Tan, “Impact ionization in InAs electron avalanche photodiodes,” IEEE Trans. Electron. Dev.57(10), 2631–2638 (2010). [CrossRef]
- M. Lahrichi, G. Glastre, E. Derouin, D. Carpentier, N. Lagay, J. Decobert, and M. Achouche, “240-GHz Gain-bandwidth product back-side illuminated AlInAs avalanche photodiodes,” IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett.22(18), 1373–1375 (2010). [CrossRef]
- A. R. J. Marshall, C. H. Tan, M. J. Steer, and J. P. R. David, “Extremely low excess noise in InAs electron avalanche photodiodes,” IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett.21(13), 866–868 (2009). [CrossRef]
- Y. Kang, H.-D. Lui, M. Morse, M. Paniccia, M. Zadka, Y. Kang, H.-D. Liu, M. Morse, M. J. Paniccia, M. Zadka, S. Litski, G. Sarid, A. Pauchard, Y.-H. Kuo, H.-W. Chen, W. S. Zaoui, J. E. Bowers, A. Beling, D. C. McIntosh, X. Zheng, and J. C. Campbell, “Monolithic germanium / silicon avalanche photodiodes with 340GHz gain-bandwidth product,” Nat. Photonics3(1), 59–63 (2009). [CrossRef]
- G. Perrais, J. Rothman, G. Destefanis, and J.-P. Chamonal, “Impulse response time measurements in Hg0.7Cd0.3Te MWIR avalanche photodiodes,” J. Electron. Mater.37(9), 1261–1273 (2008). [CrossRef]
- A. R. J. Marshall, C. H. Tan, M. J. Steer, and J. P. R. David, “Electron dominated impact ionization and avalanche gain characteristics in InAs photodiodes,” Appl. Phys. Lett.93(11), 111107 (2008). [CrossRef]
- J. Rothman, G. Perrais, G. Destefanis, J. Baylet, P. Castelein, and J.-P. Chamonal, “High performance characteristics in pin MW HgCdTe e-APDs,” Proc. SPIE 6542, 654219, 654219-10 (2007). [CrossRef]
- A. R. J. Marshall, C. H. Tan, J. P. R. David, J. S. Ng, and M. Hopkinson, “Fabrication of InAs photodiodes with reduced surface leakage current,” Proc. SPIE 6740, 67400H, 67400H-9 (2007). [CrossRef]
- J. Beck, C. Wan, M. Kinch, J. Robinson, P. Mitra, R. Scritchfield, F. Ma, and J. Campbell, “The HgCdTe electron avalanche photodiode,” J. Electron. Mater.35(6), 1166–1173 (2006). [CrossRef]
- K. Kiasaleh, “Performance of APD-based, PPM free-space optical communication systems in atmospheric turbulence,” IEEE Trans. Commun.53(9), 1455–1461 (2005). [CrossRef]
- J. C. Campbell, S. Demiguel, F. Ma, A. Beck, X. Guo, S. Wang, X. Zheng, X. Li, J. D. Beck, M. A. Kinch, A. Huntington, L. A. Coldren, J. Decobert, and N. Tscherptner, “Recent advances in avalanche photodiodes,” IEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron.10(4), 777–787 (2004). [CrossRef]
- F. Ma, X. Li, J. Campbell, J. Beck, C.-F. Wan, and M. A. Kinch, “Monte Carlo simulations of Hg0.7Cd0.3Te avalanche photodiodes and resonance phenomenon in the multiplication noise,” Appl. Phys. Lett.83(4), 785–787 (2003). [CrossRef]
- G. Satyanadh, R. P. Joshi, N. Abedin, and U. Singh, “Monte Carlo calculation of electron drift characteristics and avalanche noise in bulk InAs,” J. Appl. Phys.91(3), 1331–1338 (2002). [CrossRef]
- G. S. Kinsey, J. C. Campbell, and A. G. Dentai, “Waveguide avalanche photodiode operating at 1.55um with a gain-bandwidth product of 320GHz,” IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett.13(8), 842–844 (2001). [CrossRef]
- J. D. Beck, C.-F. Wan, M. A. Kinch, and J. E. Robinson, “MWIR HgCdTe avalanche photodiodes,” Proc. SPIE4454, 188–197 (2001). [CrossRef]
- T. Nakata, T. Takeuchi, I. Watanabe, K. Makita, and T. Torikai, “10Gbit/s high sensitivity, low-voltage-operation avalacnhe photodiodes with thin InAlAs multiplication layer and waveguide structure,” Electron. Lett.36, 2033–2034 (2000).
- C. Lenox, H. Nie, P. Yuan, G. Kinsey, A. L. Homles, B. G. Streetman, and J. C. Campbell, “Resonant-cavity InGaAs-InAlAs avalanche photodiodes with gain-bandwidth product of 290GHz,” IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett.11(9), 1162–1164 (1999). [CrossRef]
- B. E. A. Saleh, M. M. Hayat, and M. C. Teich, “Effect of dead space on the excess noise factor and time response of avalanche photodiodes,” IEEE Trans. Electron. Dev.37(9), 1976–1984 (1990). [CrossRef]
- J. C. Campbell, W. T. Tsang, G. J. Qua, and B. C. Johnson, “High-speed InP/InGaAsP/InGaAs avalanche photodiodes grown by chemical beam epitaxy,” IEEE J. Quantum Electron.24(3), 496–500 (1988). [CrossRef]
- P. Hill, J. Schlafer, W. Powazinik, M. Urban, E. Eichen, and R. Olshansky, “Measurement of hole velocity in n-type InGaAs,” Appl. Phys. Lett.50(18), 1260–1262 (1987). [CrossRef]
- R. B. Emmons, “Avalanche-photodiode frequency response,” J. Appl. Phys.38(9), 3705–3714 (1967). [CrossRef]
- R. J. McIntyre, “Multiplication noise in uniform avalanche diodes,” IEEE Trans. Electron. Dev.13(1), 164–168 (1966). [CrossRef]
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