Design of subwavelength-size, indium tin oxide (ITO)-clad optical disk cavities with quality-factors exceeding 10<sup>4</sup>

doi:10.1364/OE.19.023469

Design of subwavelength-size, indium tin oxide (ITO)-clad optical disk cavities with quality-factors exceeding 10⁴

Özlem Şenlik, Hwi Yoon Cheong, and Tomoyuki Yoshie »View Author Affiliations

Optics Express, Vol. 19, Issue 23, pp. 23469-23474 (2011)
http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/OE.19.023469

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Abstract
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References (12)
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Abstract

Indium tin oxide is used as a top cladding electrode of optical disk resonators with subwavelength size in all dimensions. Calculated quality (Q)-factors exceed 10⁴ in visible wavelengths (650-670nm). The disk aspect ratio is an important parameter to optimize the resonator properties. The Q-factor and threshold material gain based on finite-difference time-domain method are optimized for eight different disk resonator optical modes. Proposed cavity designs are promising for building electrically-pumped, low-threshold nano-lasers at room temperature.

OCIS Codes
(140.3410) Lasers and laser optics : Laser resonators
(140.4780) Lasers and laser optics : Optical resonators
(140.5960) Lasers and laser optics : Semiconductor lasers

ToC Category:
Lasers and Laser Optics

History
Original Manuscript: July 15, 2011
Revised Manuscript: September 10, 2011
Manuscript Accepted: October 14, 2011
Published: November 2, 2011

Citation
Özlem Şenlik, Hwi Yoon Cheong, and Tomoyuki Yoshie, "Design of subwavelength-size, indium tin oxide (ITO)-clad optical disk cavities with quality-factors exceeding 10⁴," Opt. Express 19, 23469-23474 (2011)
http://www.opticsinfobase.org/oe/abstract.cfm?URI=oe-19-23-23469

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References

M. T. Hill, Y.-S. Oei, B. Smalbrugge, Y. Zhu, T. de Vries, P. J. van Veldhoven, F. W. M. van Otten, T. J. Eijkemans, J. P. Turkiewicz, H. de Waardt, E. J. Geluk, S.-H. Kwon, Y.-H. Lee, R. Nötzel, and M. K. Smit, “Lasing in metallic-coated nanocavities,” Nat. Photonics1(10), 589–594 (2007). [CrossRef]
K. Yu, A. Lakhani, and M. C. Wu, “Subwavelength metal-optic semiconductor nanopatch lasers,” Opt. Express18(9), 8790–8799 (2010). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
M. P. Nezhad, A. Simic, O. Bondarenko, B. Slutsky, A. Mizrahi, L. Feng, V. Lomakin, and Y. Fainman, “Room-temperature subwavelength metallo-dielectric lasers,” Nat. Photonics4(6), 395–399 (2010). [CrossRef]
J. Huang, S. H. Kim, and A. Scherer, “Design of a surface-emitting, subwavelength metal-clad disk laser in the visible spectrum,” Opt. Express18(19), 19581–19591 (2010). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
H. G. Park, S. H. Kim, S. H. Kwon, Y. G. Ju, J. K. Yang, J. H. Baek, S. B. Kim, and Y. H. Lee, “Electrically driven single-cell photonic crystal laser,” Science305(5689), 1444–1447 (2004). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
O. Senlik, L. Tang, P. Tor-ngern, and T. Yoshie, “Optical microcavities clad by low-absorption electrode media,” IEEE Photonics J.2(5), 794–801 (2010). [CrossRef]
R. A. Synowicki, “Spectroscopic ellipsometry characterization of indium tin oxide film microstructure and optical constants,” Thin Solid Films313–314(1-2), 394–397 (1998). [CrossRef]
Filmetrics, “Filmetrics refractive index database” (Filmetrics, 2011). http://www.filmetrics.com/refractive-index-database .
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G. Hunziker, W. Knop, and C. Harder, “Gain measurements on one, two, and three strained GaInP quantum well laser diodes,” IEEE J. Quantum Electron.30(10), 2235–2238 (1994). [CrossRef]

Baek, J. H.
Bashar, S. A.
Benson, T. M.
Bondarenko, O.
Cheng, T. S.
de Vries, T.
de Waardt, H.
Eijkemans, T. J.
Fainman, Y.
Feng, L.
Foxon, C. T.
Geluk, E. J.
Harder, C.
Hill, M. T.
Huang, J.
Hunziker, G.
Jezierski, A. F.
Ju, Y. G.
Kim, S. B.
Kim, S. H.
Knop, W.
Kwon, S. H.
Kwon, S.-H.
Lacklison, D. E.
Lakhani, A.
Lee, Y. H.
Lee, Y.-H.
Lomakin, V.
Matin, M. A.
Mizrahi, A.
Nezhad, M. P.
Nötzel, R.
Oei, Y.-S.
Orton, J. W.
Park, H. G.
Rezazadeh, A. A.
Roberts, J. S.
Sale, T. E.
Scherer, A.
Senlik, O.
Simic, A.
Slutsky, B.
Slutsky, B. A.
Smalbrugge, B.
Smit, M. K.
Synowicki, R. A.
Tang, L.
Tor-ngern, P.
Turkiewicz, J. P.
van Otten, F. W. M.
van Veldhoven, P. J.
Wu, M. C.
Yang, J. K.
Yoshie, T.
Yu, K.
Zhu, Y.

Electron. Lett.

M. A. Matin, A. F. Jezierski, S. A. Bashar, D. E. Lacklison, T. M. Benson, T. S. Cheng, J. S. Roberts, T. E. Sale, J. W. Orton, C. T. Foxon, and A. A. Rezazadeh, “Optically transparent indium-tin-oxide (ITO) ohmic contacts in the fabrication of vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers,” Electron. Lett.30(4), 318–320 (1994). [CrossRef]

IEEE J. Quantum Electron.

G. Hunziker, W. Knop, and C. Harder, “Gain measurements on one, two, and three strained GaInP quantum well laser diodes,” IEEE J. Quantum Electron.30(10), 2235–2238 (1994). [CrossRef]

IEEE Photonics J.

O. Senlik, L. Tang, P. Tor-ngern, and T. Yoshie, “Optical microcavities clad by low-absorption electrode media,” IEEE Photonics J.2(5), 794–801 (2010). [CrossRef]

Nat. Photonics

M. T. Hill, Y.-S. Oei, B. Smalbrugge, Y. Zhu, T. de Vries, P. J. van Veldhoven, F. W. M. van Otten, T. J. Eijkemans, J. P. Turkiewicz, H. de Waardt, E. J. Geluk, S.-H. Kwon, Y.-H. Lee, R. Nötzel, and M. K. Smit, “Lasing in metallic-coated nanocavities,” Nat. Photonics1(10), 589–594 (2007). [CrossRef]
M. P. Nezhad, A. Simic, O. Bondarenko, B. Slutsky, A. Mizrahi, L. Feng, V. Lomakin, and Y. Fainman, “Room-temperature subwavelength metallo-dielectric lasers,” Nat. Photonics4(6), 395–399 (2010). [CrossRef]

Opt. Express

Opt. Lett.

A. Mizrahi, V. Lomakin, B. A. Slutsky, M. P. Nezhad, L. Feng, and Y. Fainman, “Low threshold gain metal coated laser nanoresonators,” Opt. Lett.33(11), 1261–1263 (2008). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

Science

H. G. Park, S. H. Kim, S. H. Kwon, Y. G. Ju, J. K. Yang, J. H. Baek, S. B. Kim, and Y. H. Lee, “Electrically driven single-cell photonic crystal laser,” Science305(5689), 1444–1447 (2004). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

Thin Solid Films

R. A. Synowicki, “Spectroscopic ellipsometry characterization of indium tin oxide film microstructure and optical constants,” Thin Solid Films313–314(1-2), 394–397 (1998). [CrossRef]

Other

Filmetrics, “Filmetrics refractive index database” (Filmetrics, 2011). http://www.filmetrics.com/refractive-index-database .
A. Yariv and P. Yeh, Photonics:Optical Electronics In Modern Communications (Oxford University Press, 2007), App. 2.

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[1] M. T. Hill, Y.-S. Oei, B. Smalbrugge, Y. Zhu, T. de Vries, P. J. van Veldhoven, F. W. M. van Otten, T. J. Eijkemans, J. P. Turkiewicz, H. de Waardt, E. J. Geluk, S.-H. Kwon, Y.-H. Lee, R. Nötzel, and M. K. Smit, “Lasing in metallic-coated nanocavities,” Nat. Photonics1(10), 589–594 (2007). [CrossRef]

[2] K. Yu, A. Lakhani, and M. C. Wu, “Subwavelength metal-optic semiconductor nanopatch lasers,” Opt. Express18(9), 8790–8799 (2010). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

[3] M. P. Nezhad, A. Simic, O. Bondarenko, B. Slutsky, A. Mizrahi, L. Feng, V. Lomakin, and Y. Fainman, “Room-temperature subwavelength metallo-dielectric lasers,” Nat. Photonics4(6), 395–399 (2010). [CrossRef]

[4] J. Huang, S. H. Kim, and A. Scherer, “Design of a surface-emitting, subwavelength metal-clad disk laser in the visible spectrum,” Opt. Express18(19), 19581–19591 (2010). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

[5] H. G. Park, S. H. Kim, S. H. Kwon, Y. G. Ju, J. K. Yang, J. H. Baek, S. B. Kim, and Y. H. Lee, “Electrically driven single-cell photonic crystal laser,” Science305(5689), 1444–1447 (2004). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

[6] O. Senlik, L. Tang, P. Tor-ngern, and T. Yoshie, “Optical microcavities clad by low-absorption electrode media,” IEEE Photonics J.2(5), 794–801 (2010). [CrossRef]

[7] R. A. Synowicki, “Spectroscopic ellipsometry characterization of indium tin oxide film microstructure and optical constants,” Thin Solid Films313–314(1-2), 394–397 (1998). [CrossRef]

[8] Filmetrics, “Filmetrics refractive index database” (Filmetrics, 2011). http://www.filmetrics.com/refractive-index-database .

[9] M. A. Matin, A. F. Jezierski, S. A. Bashar, D. E. Lacklison, T. M. Benson, T. S. Cheng, J. S. Roberts, T. E. Sale, J. W. Orton, C. T. Foxon, and A. A. Rezazadeh, “Optically transparent indium-tin-oxide (ITO) ohmic contacts in the fabrication of vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers,” Electron. Lett.30(4), 318–320 (1994). [CrossRef]

[10] A. Yariv and P. Yeh, Photonics:Optical Electronics In Modern Communications (Oxford University Press, 2007), App. 2.

[11] A. Mizrahi, V. Lomakin, B. A. Slutsky, M. P. Nezhad, L. Feng, and Y. Fainman, “Low threshold gain metal coated laser nanoresonators,” Opt. Lett.33(11), 1261–1263 (2008). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

[12] G. Hunziker, W. Knop, and C. Harder, “Gain measurements on one, two, and three strained GaInP quantum well laser diodes,” IEEE J. Quantum Electron.30(10), 2235–2238 (1994). [CrossRef]

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Design of subwavelength-size, indium tin oxide (ITO)-clad optical disk cavities with quality-factors exceeding 104