Optimal pupil apodizations of arbitrary apertures for high-contrast imaging

doi:10.1364/OE.19.026796

Optimal pupil apodizations of arbitrary apertures for high-contrast imaging

A. Carlotti, R. Vanderbei, and N. J. Kasdin »View Author Affiliations

Optics Express, Vol. 19, Issue 27, pp. 26796-26809 (2011)
http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/OE.19.026796

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Abstract

In the context of exoplanet direct detection and characterization, where high-contrast imaging is mandatory, we present fully optimized two-dimensional pupil apodizations for which no specific geometric constraints are put on the pupil plane apodization, apart from the shape of the aperture itself. Masks for circular and segmented apertures are displayed, with and without a central obstruction and spiders. We can now optimize apodizers for any aperture shape, and examples of optimal masks are shown for the Subaru telescope, the Space Infrared telescope for Cosmology and Astrophysics (SPICA) and the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST). Several high-contrast regions are considered with different sizes, positions, shapes and contrasts. It is interesting to note that all the masks that result from these optimizations tend to have a binary transmission profile.

OCIS Codes
(110.1220) Imaging systems : Apertures
(110.6770) Imaging systems : Telescopes
(220.1230) Optical design and fabrication : Apodization
(350.1260) Other areas of optics : Astronomical optics

ToC Category:
Imaging Systems

History
Original Manuscript: August 31, 2011
Revised Manuscript: October 8, 2011
Manuscript Accepted: November 12, 2011
Published: December 14, 2011

Citation
A. Carlotti, R. Vanderbei, and N. J. Kasdin, "Optimal pupil apodizations of arbitrary apertures for high-contrast imaging," Opt. Express 19, 26796-26809 (2011)
http://www.opticsinfobase.org/oe/abstract.cfm?URI=oe-19-27-26796

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References

National Research Council, New worlds, new horizons in astronomy and astrophysics (National Academies Press, 2010).
A. Burrows, “A theoretical look at the direct detection of giant planets outside the solar system,” Nature433, 261–268 (2005). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
P. Jacquinot and B. Roizen-Dossier, “Apodisation,” Prog. Optics3 (1964).
D. Slepian, “Analytic solution of two apodization problems,” J. Opt. Soc. Am.55, 1110 (1965). [CrossRef]
C. Aime, R. Soummer, and A. Ferrari, “Total coronagraphic extinction of rectangular apertures using linear prolate apodizations,” Astron. Astrophys.389, 334–344 (2002). [CrossRef]
R. Soummer, “Apodized pupil Lyot coronagraphs for arbitrary telescope apertures,” Astrophys. J.618, L161–L164 (2005). [CrossRef]
P. Martinez, C. Dorrer, E. Aller Carpentier, M. Kasper, A. Boccaletti, K. Dohlen, and N. Yaitskova, “Design, analysis, and testing of a microdot apodizer for the apodized pupil Lyot coronagraph,” Astron. Astrophys.495, 363–370 (2009). [CrossRef]
D. N. Spergel and N. J. Kasdin, “A new pupil for detecting extrasolar planets,” Bull. AAS33, 1431 (2001).
R. J. Vanderbei, D. N. Spergel, and N. J. Kasdin, “Spiderweb masks for high-contrast imaging,” Astrophys. J.590, 593–603 (2003). [CrossRef]
N. J. Kasdin, R. J. Vanderbei, D. N. Spergel, and M. G. Littman, “Extrasolar planet finding via optimal apodized-pupil and shaped-pupil coronagraphs,” Astrophys. J.582, 1147–1161 (2003). [CrossRef]
R. J. Vanderbei, N. J. Kasdin, and D. N. Spergel, “Checkerboard-mask coronagraphs for high-contrast imaging,” Astrophys. J.615, 555–561 (2004). [CrossRef]
R. J. Vanderbei, “Fast Fourier optimization: sparsity matters,” MPC (to be published).
R. Soummer, L. Pueyo, A. Sivaramakrishnan, and R.J. Vanderbei, “Fast computation of Lyot-style coronagraph propagation,” Opt. Express15, 24, 15935–15951 (2007). [CrossRef]
R. Fourer, D. M. Gay, and B. W. Kernighan, “A modeling language for mathematical programming,” Manage. Sci.36, 519–554 (1990). [CrossRef]
R. J. Vanderbei, “LOQO: An interior point code for quadratic programming,” Optim. Method. Softw.12, 451–484 (1999). [CrossRef]
B. Macintosh, J. Graham, D. Palmer, R. Doyon, D. Gavel, J. Larkin, B. Oppenheimer, L. Saddlemyer, J. K. Wallace, B. Bauman, J. Evans, D. Erikson, K. Morzinski, D. Phillion, L. Poyneer, A. Sivaramakrishnan, R. Soummer, S. Thibault, and J.-P. Veran, “The Gemini Planet Imager,” Proc. SPIE6272, 62720L (2006). [CrossRef]
K. Dohlen, J.-L. Beuzit, M. Feldt, D. Mouillet, P. Puget, J. Antichi, A. Baruffolo, P. Baudoz, A. Berton, A. Boccaletti, M. Carbillet, J. Charton, R. Claudi, M. Downing, C. Fabron, P. Feautrier, E. Fedrigo, T. Fusco, J.-L. Gach, R. Gratton, N. Hubin, M. Kasper, M. Langlois, A. Longmore, C. Moutou, C. Petit, J. Pragt, P. Rabou, G. Rousset, M. Saisse, H.-M. Schmid, E. Stadler, D. Stamm, M. Turatto, R. Waters, and F. Wildi, “SPHERE: A planet finder instrument for the VLT,” Proc. SPIE6269, 62690Q (2006). [CrossRef]
K. Enya and L. Abe, “A binary shaped mask coronagraph for a segmented pupil,” Publ. Astron. Soc. Pac.62, 1407–1411 (2010).
K. Enya, T. Kotani, K. Haze, K. Aono, T. Nakagawa, H. Matsuhara, H. Kataza, T. Wada, M. Kawada, K. Fujiwara, M. Mita, S. Takeuchi, K. Komatsu, S. Sakai, H. Uchida, S. Mitani, T. Yamawaki, T. Miyata, S. Sako, T. Nakamura, K. Asano, T. Yamashita, N. Narita, T. Matsuo, M. Tamura, J. Nishikawa, E. Kokubo, Y. Hayano, S. Oya, M. Fukagawa, H. Shibai, N. Baba, N. Murakami, Y. Itoh, M. Honda, B. Okamoto, S. Ida, M. Takami, L. Abe, O. Guyon, P. Bierden, and T. Yamamuro, “The SPICA coronagraphic instrument (SCI) for the study of exoplanets,” Adv. Space Res.48, 323–333 (2011). [CrossRef]
O. Guyon, “Phase-induced amplitude apodization of telescope pupils for extrasolar terrestrial planet imaging,” Astron. Astrophys.404, 379–387 (2003). [CrossRef]
D. Rouan, P. Riaud, A. Boccaletti, Y. Clénet, and A. Labeyrie, “The four-quadrant phase-mask coronagraph. I. principle,” Publ. Astron. Soc. Pac.112, 1479–1486 (2000). [CrossRef]
D. Mawet, P. Riaud, O. Absil, and J. Surdej, “Annular groove phase mask coronagraph,” Astrophys. J.633, 1191–1200 (2005). [CrossRef]
J. Lozi, F. Martinache, and O. Guyon, “Phase-induced amplitude apodization on centrally obscured pupils: design and first laboratory demonstration for the Subaru telescope pupil,” Publ. Astron. Soc. Pac.121, 1232–1244 (2009). [CrossRef]
R. Galicher, P. Baudoz, and J. Baudrand, “Multi-stage four-quadrant phase mask: achromatic coronagraph for space-based and ground-based telescopes,” Astron. Astrophys.530, id.A43 (2011). [CrossRef]
D. Mawet, E. Serabyn, W. J. Kent, and L. Pueyo, “Improved high-contrast imaging with on-axis telescopes using a multistage vortex coronagraph,” Opt. Lett.36, 1506–1508 (2011). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
K. Haze, K. Enya, L. Abe, T. Kotani, T. Nakagawa, T. Sato, and T. Yamamuro, “Multi-color coronagraph experiment in a vacuum testbed with a binary shaped pupil mask,” Publ. Astron. Soc. Jpn.63, 873–879 (2011).

Abe, L.
Absil, O.
Aime, C.
Aller Carpentier, E.
Antichi, J.
Aono, K.
Asano, K.
Baba, N.
Baruffolo, A.
Baudoz, P.
Baudrand, J.
Bauman, B.
Berton, A.
Beuzit, J.-L.
Bierden, P.
Boccaletti, A.
Burrows, A.
Carbillet, M.
Charton, J.
Claudi, R.
Clénet, Y.
Dohlen, K.
Dorrer, C.
Downing, M.
Doyon, R.
Enya, K.
Erikson, D.
Evans, J.
Fabron, C.
Feautrier, P.
Fedrigo, E.
Feldt, M.
Ferrari, A.
Fourer, R.
Fujiwara, K.
Fukagawa, M.
Fusco, T.
Gach, J.-L.
Galicher, R.
Gavel, D.
Gay, D. M.
Graham, J.
Gratton, R.
Guyon, O.
Hayano, Y.
Haze, K.
Honda, M.
Hubin, N.
Ida, S.
Itoh, Y.
Jacquinot, P.
Kasdin, N. J.
Kasper, M.
Kataza, H.
Kawada, M.
Kent, W. J.
Kernighan, B. W.
Kokubo, E.
Komatsu, K.
Kotani, T.
Labeyrie, A.
Langlois, M.
Larkin, J.
Littman, M. G.
Longmore, A.
Lozi, J.
Macintosh, B.
Martinache, F.
Martinez, P.
Matsuhara, H.
Matsuo, T.
Mawet, D.
Mita, M.
Mitani, S.
Miyata, T.
Morzinski, K.
Mouillet, D.
Moutou, C.
Murakami, N.
Nakagawa, T.
Nakamura, T.
Narita, N.
Nishikawa, J.
Okamoto, B.
Oppenheimer, B.
Oya, S.
Palmer, D.
Petit, C.
Phillion, D.
Poyneer, L.
Pragt, J.
Pueyo, L.
Puget, P.
Rabou, P.
Riaud, P.
Roizen-Dossier, B.
Rouan, D.
Rousset, G.
Saddlemyer, L.
Saisse, M.
Sakai, S.
Sako, S.
Sato, T.
Schmid, H.-M.
Serabyn, E.
Shibai, H.
Sivaramakrishnan, A.
Slepian, D.
Soummer, R.
Spergel, D. N.
Stadler, E.
Stamm, D.
Surdej, J.
Takami, M.
Takeuchi, S.
Tamura, M.
Thibault, S.
Turatto, M.
Uchida, H.
Vanderbei, R. J.
Vanderbei, R.J.
Veran, J.-P.
Wada, T.
Wallace, J. K.
Waters, R.
Wildi, F.
Yaitskova, N.
Yamamuro, T.
Yamashita, T.
Yamawaki, T.

Adv. Space Res.

K. Enya, T. Kotani, K. Haze, K. Aono, T. Nakagawa, H. Matsuhara, H. Kataza, T. Wada, M. Kawada, K. Fujiwara, M. Mita, S. Takeuchi, K. Komatsu, S. Sakai, H. Uchida, S. Mitani, T. Yamawaki, T. Miyata, S. Sako, T. Nakamura, K. Asano, T. Yamashita, N. Narita, T. Matsuo, M. Tamura, J. Nishikawa, E. Kokubo, Y. Hayano, S. Oya, M. Fukagawa, H. Shibai, N. Baba, N. Murakami, Y. Itoh, M. Honda, B. Okamoto, S. Ida, M. Takami, L. Abe, O. Guyon, P. Bierden, and T. Yamamuro, “The SPICA coronagraphic instrument (SCI) for the study of exoplanets,” Adv. Space Res.48, 323–333 (2011). [CrossRef]

Astron. Astrophys.

O. Guyon, “Phase-induced amplitude apodization of telescope pupils for extrasolar terrestrial planet imaging,” Astron. Astrophys.404, 379–387 (2003). [CrossRef]
R. Galicher, P. Baudoz, and J. Baudrand, “Multi-stage four-quadrant phase mask: achromatic coronagraph for space-based and ground-based telescopes,” Astron. Astrophys.530, id.A43 (2011). [CrossRef]
C. Aime, R. Soummer, and A. Ferrari, “Total coronagraphic extinction of rectangular apertures using linear prolate apodizations,” Astron. Astrophys.389, 334–344 (2002). [CrossRef]
P. Martinez, C. Dorrer, E. Aller Carpentier, M. Kasper, A. Boccaletti, K. Dohlen, and N. Yaitskova, “Design, analysis, and testing of a microdot apodizer for the apodized pupil Lyot coronagraph,” Astron. Astrophys.495, 363–370 (2009). [CrossRef]

Astrophys. J.

R. Soummer, “Apodized pupil Lyot coronagraphs for arbitrary telescope apertures,” Astrophys. J.618, L161–L164 (2005). [CrossRef]
R. J. Vanderbei, D. N. Spergel, and N. J. Kasdin, “Spiderweb masks for high-contrast imaging,” Astrophys. J.590, 593–603 (2003). [CrossRef]
N. J. Kasdin, R. J. Vanderbei, D. N. Spergel, and M. G. Littman, “Extrasolar planet finding via optimal apodized-pupil and shaped-pupil coronagraphs,” Astrophys. J.582, 1147–1161 (2003). [CrossRef]
R. J. Vanderbei, N. J. Kasdin, and D. N. Spergel, “Checkerboard-mask coronagraphs for high-contrast imaging,” Astrophys. J.615, 555–561 (2004). [CrossRef]
D. Mawet, P. Riaud, O. Absil, and J. Surdej, “Annular groove phase mask coronagraph,” Astrophys. J.633, 1191–1200 (2005). [CrossRef]

Bull. AAS

D. N. Spergel and N. J. Kasdin, “A new pupil for detecting extrasolar planets,” Bull. AAS33, 1431 (2001).

J. Opt. Soc. Am.

D. Slepian, “Analytic solution of two apodization problems,” J. Opt. Soc. Am.55, 1110 (1965). [CrossRef]

Manage. Sci.

R. Fourer, D. M. Gay, and B. W. Kernighan, “A modeling language for mathematical programming,” Manage. Sci.36, 519–554 (1990). [CrossRef]

Nature

A. Burrows, “A theoretical look at the direct detection of giant planets outside the solar system,” Nature433, 261–268 (2005). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

Opt. Express

R. Soummer, L. Pueyo, A. Sivaramakrishnan, and R.J. Vanderbei, “Fast computation of Lyot-style coronagraph propagation,” Opt. Express15, 24, 15935–15951 (2007). [CrossRef]

Opt. Lett.

D. Mawet, E. Serabyn, W. J. Kent, and L. Pueyo, “Improved high-contrast imaging with on-axis telescopes using a multistage vortex coronagraph,” Opt. Lett.36, 1506–1508 (2011). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

Optim. Method. Softw.

R. J. Vanderbei, “LOQO: An interior point code for quadratic programming,” Optim. Method. Softw.12, 451–484 (1999). [CrossRef]

Proc. SPIE

B. Macintosh, J. Graham, D. Palmer, R. Doyon, D. Gavel, J. Larkin, B. Oppenheimer, L. Saddlemyer, J. K. Wallace, B. Bauman, J. Evans, D. Erikson, K. Morzinski, D. Phillion, L. Poyneer, A. Sivaramakrishnan, R. Soummer, S. Thibault, and J.-P. Veran, “The Gemini Planet Imager,” Proc. SPIE6272, 62720L (2006). [CrossRef]
K. Dohlen, J.-L. Beuzit, M. Feldt, D. Mouillet, P. Puget, J. Antichi, A. Baruffolo, P. Baudoz, A. Berton, A. Boccaletti, M. Carbillet, J. Charton, R. Claudi, M. Downing, C. Fabron, P. Feautrier, E. Fedrigo, T. Fusco, J.-L. Gach, R. Gratton, N. Hubin, M. Kasper, M. Langlois, A. Longmore, C. Moutou, C. Petit, J. Pragt, P. Rabou, G. Rousset, M. Saisse, H.-M. Schmid, E. Stadler, D. Stamm, M. Turatto, R. Waters, and F. Wildi, “SPHERE: A planet finder instrument for the VLT,” Proc. SPIE6269, 62690Q (2006). [CrossRef]

Prog. Optics

P. Jacquinot and B. Roizen-Dossier, “Apodisation,” Prog. Optics3 (1964).

Publ. Astron. Soc. Jpn.

K. Haze, K. Enya, L. Abe, T. Kotani, T. Nakagawa, T. Sato, and T. Yamamuro, “Multi-color coronagraph experiment in a vacuum testbed with a binary shaped pupil mask,” Publ. Astron. Soc. Jpn.63, 873–879 (2011).

Publ. Astron. Soc. Pac.

J. Lozi, F. Martinache, and O. Guyon, “Phase-induced amplitude apodization on centrally obscured pupils: design and first laboratory demonstration for the Subaru telescope pupil,” Publ. Astron. Soc. Pac.121, 1232–1244 (2009). [CrossRef]
D. Rouan, P. Riaud, A. Boccaletti, Y. Clénet, and A. Labeyrie, “The four-quadrant phase-mask coronagraph. I. principle,” Publ. Astron. Soc. Pac.112, 1479–1486 (2000). [CrossRef]
K. Enya and L. Abe, “A binary shaped mask coronagraph for a segmented pupil,” Publ. Astron. Soc. Pac.62, 1407–1411 (2010).

Other

R. J. Vanderbei, “Fast Fourier optimization: sparsity matters,” MPC (to be published).
National Research Council, New worlds, new horizons in astronomy and astrophysics (National Academies Press, 2010).

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