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An excellent crystal for high resistance against optical damage in visible-UV range: near-stoichiometric zirconium-doped lithium niobateHongde Liu, Qirui Liang, Meiling Zhu, Wei Li, Shiguo Liu, Ling Zhang, Shaolin Chen, Yongfa Kong, and Jingjun Xu »View Author Affiliations
Hongde Liu,1,*
Qirui Liang,1
Meiling Zhu,1
Wei Li,2
Shiguo Liu,1
Ling Zhang,2
Shaolin Chen,2
Yongfa Kong,2
and Jingjun Xu2
1School of Physics, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China 2The MOE key Laboratory of Weak-Light Nonlinear Photonics and TEDA Applied Physics School, Nankai University, Tianjin 300457, China *Corresponding author: liuhd97@nankai.edu.cn |
Optics Express, Vol. 19, Issue 3, pp. 1743-1748 (2011)
http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/OE.19.001743
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Abstract
Near-stoichiometric zirconium-doped lithium niobate crystals were fabricated and their optical damage resistance was investigated. It was found that these crystals can withstand a light intensity of 20 MW/cm2 at 514.5 nm cw laser, 80 GW/cm2 at 532 nm pulse laser, and 120 kW/cm2 at 351 nm cw laser. The minimum switching field is only 1.00 kV/mm for 0.5 mol% zirconium-doped lithium niobate crystal. These properties suggest that the near-stoichiometric zirconium-doped lithium niobate crystals will be an excellent candidate for quasi-phase matching technique.
© 2011 OSA
OCIS Codes
(140.3610) Lasers and laser optics : Lasers, ultraviolet
(160.3730) Materials : Lithium niobate
(160.5320) Materials : Photorefractive materials
ToC Category:
Materials
History
Original Manuscript: November 15, 2010
Revised Manuscript: December 22, 2010
Manuscript Accepted: December 26, 2010
Published: January 14, 2011
Citation
Hongde Liu, Qirui Liang, Meiling Zhu, Wei Li, Shiguo Liu, Ling Zhang, Shaolin Chen, Yongfa Kong, and Jingjun Xu, "An excellent crystal for high resistance against optical damage in visible-UV range: near-stoichiometric zirconium-doped lithium niobate," Opt. Express 19, 1743-1748 (2011)
http://www.opticsinfobase.org/oe/abstract.cfm?URI=oe-19-3-1743
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References
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- G. I. Malovichko, V. G. Grachev, E. P. Kokanyan, O. F. Schirmer, K. Betzler, B. Gather, F. Jermann, S. Klauer, U. Schlarb, and M. Wöhlecke, “Characterization of stoichiometric LiNbO3 grown from melts containing K2O,” Appl. Phys., A Mater. Sci. Process. 56(2), 103–108 (1993). [CrossRef]
- F. Liu, Y. Kong, W. Li, H. Liu, S. Liu, S. Chen, X. Zhang, R. Rupp, and J. Xu, “High resistance against ultraviolet photorefraction in zirconium-doped lithium niobate crystals,” Opt. Lett. 35(1), 10–12 (2010). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- W. Yan, L. Shi, H. Chen, X. Zhang, and Y. Kong, “Investigations on the UV photorefractivity of LiNbO(3):Hf,” Opt. Lett. 35(4), 601–603 (2010). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- H. Liu, Y. Kong, Q. Hu, R. Wu, W. Wang, X. Li, S. Chen, S. Liu, and J. Xu, “Light-induced domain inversion in Mg-doped near stoichiometric lithium niobate crystals,” Chin. Phys. Lett. 24(6), 1720–1723 (2007). [CrossRef]
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- J. Xu, G. Zhang, F. Li, X. Zhang, Q. Sun, S. Liu, F. Song, Y. Kong, X. Chen, H. Qiao, J. Yao, and Z. Lijuan, “Enhancement of ultraviolet photorefraction in highly magnesium-doped lithium niobate crystals,” Opt. Lett. 25(2), 129–131 (2000). [CrossRef]
- Y. Kong, J. Wen, and H. Wang, “New doped lithium niobate crystal with high resistance to photorefraction—LiNbO3:In,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 66(3), 280–281 (1995). [CrossRef]
- A. Kuroda, S. Kurimura, and Y. Uesu, “Domain inversion in ferroelectric MgO:LiNbO3 by applying electric fields,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 69(11), 1565–1567 (1996). [CrossRef]
- A. Kuroda, S. Kurimura, and Y. Uesu, “Domain inversion in ferroelectric MgO:LiNbO3 by applying electric fields,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 69(11), 1565–1567 (1996). [CrossRef]
- G. M. Zverev, E. A. Levchuk, and E. K. Maldutis, “Destruction of KDP, ADP, and LiNbO3 crystals by powerful laser radiation,” Sov. Phys. JETP 30(3), 400–403 (1970).
- J. Li, X. Chen, B. Wu, B. Li, and S. Pan, “Laser-induced dark traces in doped LiNbO3 crystals,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 67(23), 3384–3386 (1995). [CrossRef]
- J. Li, X. Chen, B. Wu, B. Li, and S. Pan, “Laser-induced dark traces in doped LiNbO3 crystals,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 67(23), 3384–3386 (1995). [CrossRef]
- areS. Li, S. Liu, Y. Kong, D. Deng, G. Gao, Y. Li, H. Gao, L. Zhang, Z. Hang, S. Chen, and J. Xu, “The optical damage resistance and absorption spectra of LiNbO3:Hf crystals,” J. Phys. Condens. Matter 18(13), 3527–3534 (2006). [CrossRef]
- H. Liu, Y. Kong, Q. Hu, R. Wu, W. Wang, X. Li, S. Chen, S. Liu, and J. Xu, “Light-induced domain inversion in Mg-doped near stoichiometric lithium niobate crystals,” Chin. Phys. Lett. 24(6), 1720–1723 (2007). [CrossRef]
- areS. Li, S. Liu, Y. Kong, D. Deng, G. Gao, Y. Li, H. Gao, L. Zhang, Z. Hang, S. Chen, and J. Xu, “The optical damage resistance and absorption spectra of LiNbO3:Hf crystals,” J. Phys. Condens. Matter 18(13), 3527–3534 (2006). [CrossRef]
- F. Liu, Y. Kong, W. Li, H. Liu, S. Liu, S. Chen, X. Zhang, R. Rupp, and J. Xu, “High resistance against ultraviolet photorefraction in zirconium-doped lithium niobate crystals,” Opt. Lett. 35(1), 10–12 (2010). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Y. Kong, S. Liu, Y. Zhao, H. Liu, S. Chen, and J. Xu, “Highly optical damage resistant crystal: Zirconium-oxide-doped lithium niobate,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 91(8), 081908 (2007). [CrossRef]
- H. Liu, Y. Kong, Q. Hu, R. Wu, W. Wang, X. Li, S. Chen, S. Liu, and J. Xu, “Light-induced domain inversion in Mg-doped near stoichiometric lithium niobate crystals,” Chin. Phys. Lett. 24(6), 1720–1723 (2007). [CrossRef]
- F. Liu, Y. Kong, W. Li, H. Liu, S. Liu, S. Chen, X. Zhang, R. Rupp, and J. Xu, “High resistance against ultraviolet photorefraction in zirconium-doped lithium niobate crystals,” Opt. Lett. 35(1), 10–12 (2010). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Y. Kong, S. Liu, Y. Zhao, H. Liu, S. Chen, and J. Xu, “Highly optical damage resistant crystal: Zirconium-oxide-doped lithium niobate,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 91(8), 081908 (2007). [CrossRef]
- H. Liu, Y. Kong, Q. Hu, R. Wu, W. Wang, X. Li, S. Chen, S. Liu, and J. Xu, “Light-induced domain inversion in Mg-doped near stoichiometric lithium niobate crystals,” Chin. Phys. Lett. 24(6), 1720–1723 (2007). [CrossRef]
- areS. Li, S. Liu, Y. Kong, D. Deng, G. Gao, Y. Li, H. Gao, L. Zhang, Z. Hang, S. Chen, and J. Xu, “The optical damage resistance and absorption spectra of LiNbO3:Hf crystals,” J. Phys. Condens. Matter 18(13), 3527–3534 (2006). [CrossRef]
- J. Xu, G. Zhang, F. Li, X. Zhang, Q. Sun, S. Liu, F. Song, Y. Kong, X. Chen, H. Qiao, J. Yao, and Z. Lijuan, “Enhancement of ultraviolet photorefraction in highly magnesium-doped lithium niobate crystals,” Opt. Lett. 25(2), 129–131 (2000). [CrossRef]
- Y. S. Luh, M. M. Fejer, R. L. Byer, and R. S. Feigelson, “Stoichiometric LiNbO3 single-crystal fibers for nonlinear optical applications,” J. Cryst. Growth 85(1-2), 264–269 (1987). [CrossRef]
- M. M. Fejer, G. A. Magel, D. H. Jundt, and R. L. Byer, “Quasi-Phase-Matched Second Harmonic Generation: Tuning and Tolerances,” IEEE J. Quantum Electron. 28(11), 2631–2654 (1992). [CrossRef]
- G. M. Zverev, E. A. Levchuk, and E. K. Maldutis, “Destruction of KDP, ADP, and LiNbO3 crystals by powerful laser radiation,” Sov. Phys. JETP 30(3), 400–403 (1970).
- G. I. Malovichko, V. G. Grachev, E. P. Kokanyan, O. F. Schirmer, K. Betzler, B. Gather, F. Jermann, S. Klauer, U. Schlarb, and M. Wöhlecke, “Characterization of stoichiometric LiNbO3 grown from melts containing K2O,” Appl. Phys., A Mater. Sci. Process. 56(2), 103–108 (1993). [CrossRef]
- M. Nakamura, S. Higuchi, S. Takekawa, K. Terabe, Y. Furukawa, and K. Kitamura, “Optical damage resistance and refractive indices in near-stoichiometric MgO-doped LiNbO3,” Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 41(1), L49–L51 (2002). [CrossRef]
- J. Li, X. Chen, B. Wu, B. Li, and S. Pan, “Laser-induced dark traces in doped LiNbO3 crystals,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 67(23), 3384–3386 (1995). [CrossRef]
- J. A. Armstrong, N. Bloembergen, J. Ducuing, and P. S. Pershan, “Interactions between Light Waves in a Nonlinear Dielectric,” Phys. Rev. 127(6), 1918–1939 (1962). [CrossRef]
- H. Qiao, J. Xu, G. Zhang, X. Zhang, Q. Sun, and G. Zhang, “Ultraviolet photorefractivity features in doped lithium niobate crystals,” Phys. Rev. B 70(9), 094101 (2004). [CrossRef]
- J. Xu, G. Zhang, F. Li, X. Zhang, Q. Sun, S. Liu, F. Song, Y. Kong, X. Chen, H. Qiao, J. Yao, and Z. Lijuan, “Enhancement of ultraviolet photorefraction in highly magnesium-doped lithium niobate crystals,” Opt. Lett. 25(2), 129–131 (2000). [CrossRef]
- E. P. Kokanyan, L. Razzari, I. Cristiani, V. Degiorgio, and J. B. Gruber, “Reduced photorefraction in hafnium-doped single-domain and periodically poled lithium niobate crystals,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 84(11), 1880–1882 (2004). [CrossRef]
- J. K. Yamamoto, K. Kitamura, N. Iyi, S. Kimura, Y. Furukawa, and M. Sato, “Increased optical damage resistance in Sc2O3-doped LiNbO3,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 61(18), 2156–2158 (1992). [CrossRef]
- G. I. Malovichko, V. G. Grachev, E. P. Kokanyan, O. F. Schirmer, K. Betzler, B. Gather, F. Jermann, S. Klauer, U. Schlarb, and M. Wöhlecke, “Characterization of stoichiometric LiNbO3 grown from melts containing K2O,” Appl. Phys., A Mater. Sci. Process. 56(2), 103–108 (1993). [CrossRef]
- G. I. Malovichko, V. G. Grachev, E. P. Kokanyan, O. F. Schirmer, K. Betzler, B. Gather, F. Jermann, S. Klauer, U. Schlarb, and M. Wöhlecke, “Characterization of stoichiometric LiNbO3 grown from melts containing K2O,” Appl. Phys., A Mater. Sci. Process. 56(2), 103–108 (1993). [CrossRef]
- H. Qiao, J. Xu, G. Zhang, X. Zhang, Q. Sun, and G. Zhang, “Ultraviolet photorefractivity features in doped lithium niobate crystals,” Phys. Rev. B 70(9), 094101 (2004). [CrossRef]
- J. Xu, G. Zhang, F. Li, X. Zhang, Q. Sun, S. Liu, F. Song, Y. Kong, X. Chen, H. Qiao, J. Yao, and Z. Lijuan, “Enhancement of ultraviolet photorefraction in highly magnesium-doped lithium niobate crystals,” Opt. Lett. 25(2), 129–131 (2000). [CrossRef]
- M. Nakamura, S. Higuchi, S. Takekawa, K. Terabe, Y. Furukawa, and K. Kitamura, “Optical damage resistance and refractive indices in near-stoichiometric MgO-doped LiNbO3,” Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 41(1), L49–L51 (2002). [CrossRef]
- M. Nakamura, S. Higuchi, S. Takekawa, K. Terabe, Y. Furukawa, and K. Kitamura, “Optical damage resistance and refractive indices in near-stoichiometric MgO-doped LiNbO3,” Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 41(1), L49–L51 (2002). [CrossRef]
- D. A. Bryan, R. Gerson, and H. E. Tomaschke, “Increased optical damage resistance in lithium niobate,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 44(9), 847–849 (1984). [CrossRef]
- A. Kuroda, S. Kurimura, and Y. Uesu, “Domain inversion in ferroelectric MgO:LiNbO3 by applying electric fields,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 69(11), 1565–1567 (1996). [CrossRef]
- Y. Kong, J. Wen, and H. Wang, “New doped lithium niobate crystal with high resistance to photorefraction—LiNbO3:In,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 66(3), 280–281 (1995). [CrossRef]
- H. Liu, Y. Kong, Q. Hu, R. Wu, W. Wang, X. Li, S. Chen, S. Liu, and J. Xu, “Light-induced domain inversion in Mg-doped near stoichiometric lithium niobate crystals,” Chin. Phys. Lett. 24(6), 1720–1723 (2007). [CrossRef]
- Y. Kong, J. Wen, and H. Wang, “New doped lithium niobate crystal with high resistance to photorefraction—LiNbO3:In,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 66(3), 280–281 (1995). [CrossRef]
- M. Wöhlecke, G. Corradi, and K. Betzler, “Optical methods to characterise the composition and homogeneity of lithium niobate single crystals,” Appl. Phys. B 63(4), 323–330 (1996). [CrossRef]
- G. I. Malovichko, V. G. Grachev, E. P. Kokanyan, O. F. Schirmer, K. Betzler, B. Gather, F. Jermann, S. Klauer, U. Schlarb, and M. Wöhlecke, “Characterization of stoichiometric LiNbO3 grown from melts containing K2O,” Appl. Phys., A Mater. Sci. Process. 56(2), 103–108 (1993). [CrossRef]
- J. Li, X. Chen, B. Wu, B. Li, and S. Pan, “Laser-induced dark traces in doped LiNbO3 crystals,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 67(23), 3384–3386 (1995). [CrossRef]
- H. Liu, Y. Kong, Q. Hu, R. Wu, W. Wang, X. Li, S. Chen, S. Liu, and J. Xu, “Light-induced domain inversion in Mg-doped near stoichiometric lithium niobate crystals,” Chin. Phys. Lett. 24(6), 1720–1723 (2007). [CrossRef]
- F. Liu, Y. Kong, W. Li, H. Liu, S. Liu, S. Chen, X. Zhang, R. Rupp, and J. Xu, “High resistance against ultraviolet photorefraction in zirconium-doped lithium niobate crystals,” Opt. Lett. 35(1), 10–12 (2010). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Y. Kong, S. Liu, Y. Zhao, H. Liu, S. Chen, and J. Xu, “Highly optical damage resistant crystal: Zirconium-oxide-doped lithium niobate,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 91(8), 081908 (2007). [CrossRef]
- H. Liu, Y. Kong, Q. Hu, R. Wu, W. Wang, X. Li, S. Chen, S. Liu, and J. Xu, “Light-induced domain inversion in Mg-doped near stoichiometric lithium niobate crystals,” Chin. Phys. Lett. 24(6), 1720–1723 (2007). [CrossRef]
- areS. Li, S. Liu, Y. Kong, D. Deng, G. Gao, Y. Li, H. Gao, L. Zhang, Z. Hang, S. Chen, and J. Xu, “The optical damage resistance and absorption spectra of LiNbO3:Hf crystals,” J. Phys. Condens. Matter 18(13), 3527–3534 (2006). [CrossRef]
- H. Qiao, J. Xu, G. Zhang, X. Zhang, Q. Sun, and G. Zhang, “Ultraviolet photorefractivity features in doped lithium niobate crystals,” Phys. Rev. B 70(9), 094101 (2004). [CrossRef]
- J. Xu, G. Zhang, F. Li, X. Zhang, Q. Sun, S. Liu, F. Song, Y. Kong, X. Chen, H. Qiao, J. Yao, and Z. Lijuan, “Enhancement of ultraviolet photorefraction in highly magnesium-doped lithium niobate crystals,” Opt. Lett. 25(2), 129–131 (2000). [CrossRef]
- J. K. Yamamoto, K. Kitamura, N. Iyi, S. Kimura, Y. Furukawa, and M. Sato, “Increased optical damage resistance in Sc2O3-doped LiNbO3,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 61(18), 2156–2158 (1992). [CrossRef]
- H. Qiao, J. Xu, G. Zhang, X. Zhang, Q. Sun, and G. Zhang, “Ultraviolet photorefractivity features in doped lithium niobate crystals,” Phys. Rev. B 70(9), 094101 (2004). [CrossRef]
- H. Qiao, J. Xu, G. Zhang, X. Zhang, Q. Sun, and G. Zhang, “Ultraviolet photorefractivity features in doped lithium niobate crystals,” Phys. Rev. B 70(9), 094101 (2004). [CrossRef]
- J. Xu, G. Zhang, F. Li, X. Zhang, Q. Sun, S. Liu, F. Song, Y. Kong, X. Chen, H. Qiao, J. Yao, and Z. Lijuan, “Enhancement of ultraviolet photorefraction in highly magnesium-doped lithium niobate crystals,” Opt. Lett. 25(2), 129–131 (2000). [CrossRef]
- areS. Li, S. Liu, Y. Kong, D. Deng, G. Gao, Y. Li, H. Gao, L. Zhang, Z. Hang, S. Chen, and J. Xu, “The optical damage resistance and absorption spectra of LiNbO3:Hf crystals,” J. Phys. Condens. Matter 18(13), 3527–3534 (2006). [CrossRef]
- W. Yan, L. Shi, H. Chen, X. Zhang, and Y. Kong, “Investigations on the UV photorefractivity of LiNbO(3):Hf,” Opt. Lett. 35(4), 601–603 (2010). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- F. Liu, Y. Kong, W. Li, H. Liu, S. Liu, S. Chen, X. Zhang, R. Rupp, and J. Xu, “High resistance against ultraviolet photorefraction in zirconium-doped lithium niobate crystals,” Opt. Lett. 35(1), 10–12 (2010). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- H. Qiao, J. Xu, G. Zhang, X. Zhang, Q. Sun, and G. Zhang, “Ultraviolet photorefractivity features in doped lithium niobate crystals,” Phys. Rev. B 70(9), 094101 (2004). [CrossRef]
- J. Xu, G. Zhang, F. Li, X. Zhang, Q. Sun, S. Liu, F. Song, Y. Kong, X. Chen, H. Qiao, J. Yao, and Z. Lijuan, “Enhancement of ultraviolet photorefraction in highly magnesium-doped lithium niobate crystals,” Opt. Lett. 25(2), 129–131 (2000). [CrossRef]
- Y. Kong, S. Liu, Y. Zhao, H. Liu, S. Chen, and J. Xu, “Highly optical damage resistant crystal: Zirconium-oxide-doped lithium niobate,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 91(8), 081908 (2007). [CrossRef]
- G. M. Zverev, E. A. Levchuk, and E. K. Maldutis, “Destruction of KDP, ADP, and LiNbO3 crystals by powerful laser radiation,” Sov. Phys. JETP 30(3), 400–403 (1970).
Appl. Phys. B
- M. Wöhlecke, G. Corradi, and K. Betzler, “Optical methods to characterise the composition and homogeneity of lithium niobate single crystals,” Appl. Phys. B 63(4), 323–330 (1996). [CrossRef]
Appl. Phys. Lett.
- J. K. Yamamoto, K. Kitamura, N. Iyi, S. Kimura, Y. Furukawa, and M. Sato, “Increased optical damage resistance in Sc2O3-doped LiNbO3,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 61(18), 2156–2158 (1992). [CrossRef]
- Y. Kong, J. Wen, and H. Wang, “New doped lithium niobate crystal with high resistance to photorefraction—LiNbO3:In,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 66(3), 280–281 (1995). [CrossRef]
- E. P. Kokanyan, L. Razzari, I. Cristiani, V. Degiorgio, and J. B. Gruber, “Reduced photorefraction in hafnium-doped single-domain and periodically poled lithium niobate crystals,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 84(11), 1880–1882 (2004). [CrossRef]
- Y. Kong, S. Liu, Y. Zhao, H. Liu, S. Chen, and J. Xu, “Highly optical damage resistant crystal: Zirconium-oxide-doped lithium niobate,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 91(8), 081908 (2007). [CrossRef]
- A. Kuroda, S. Kurimura, and Y. Uesu, “Domain inversion in ferroelectric MgO:LiNbO3 by applying electric fields,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 69(11), 1565–1567 (1996). [CrossRef]
- D. A. Bryan, R. Gerson, and H. E. Tomaschke, “Increased optical damage resistance in lithium niobate,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 44(9), 847–849 (1984). [CrossRef]
- J. Li, X. Chen, B. Wu, B. Li, and S. Pan, “Laser-induced dark traces in doped LiNbO3 crystals,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 67(23), 3384–3386 (1995). [CrossRef]
Appl. Phys., A Mater. Sci. Process.
- G. I. Malovichko, V. G. Grachev, E. P. Kokanyan, O. F. Schirmer, K. Betzler, B. Gather, F. Jermann, S. Klauer, U. Schlarb, and M. Wöhlecke, “Characterization of stoichiometric LiNbO3 grown from melts containing K2O,” Appl. Phys., A Mater. Sci. Process. 56(2), 103–108 (1993). [CrossRef]
Chin. Phys. Lett.
- H. Liu, Y. Kong, Q. Hu, R. Wu, W. Wang, X. Li, S. Chen, S. Liu, and J. Xu, “Light-induced domain inversion in Mg-doped near stoichiometric lithium niobate crystals,” Chin. Phys. Lett. 24(6), 1720–1723 (2007). [CrossRef]
IEEE J. Quantum Electron.
- M. M. Fejer, G. A. Magel, D. H. Jundt, and R. L. Byer, “Quasi-Phase-Matched Second Harmonic Generation: Tuning and Tolerances,” IEEE J. Quantum Electron. 28(11), 2631–2654 (1992). [CrossRef]
J. Cryst. Growth
- Y. S. Luh, M. M. Fejer, R. L. Byer, and R. S. Feigelson, “Stoichiometric LiNbO3 single-crystal fibers for nonlinear optical applications,” J. Cryst. Growth 85(1-2), 264–269 (1987). [CrossRef]
J. Phys. Condens. Matter
- areS. Li, S. Liu, Y. Kong, D. Deng, G. Gao, Y. Li, H. Gao, L. Zhang, Z. Hang, S. Chen, and J. Xu, “The optical damage resistance and absorption spectra of LiNbO3:Hf crystals,” J. Phys. Condens. Matter 18(13), 3527–3534 (2006). [CrossRef]
Jpn. J. Appl. Phys.
- M. Nakamura, S. Higuchi, S. Takekawa, K. Terabe, Y. Furukawa, and K. Kitamura, “Optical damage resistance and refractive indices in near-stoichiometric MgO-doped LiNbO3,” Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 41(1), L49–L51 (2002). [CrossRef]
Opt. Express
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Opt. Lett.
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- J. Xu, G. Zhang, F. Li, X. Zhang, Q. Sun, S. Liu, F. Song, Y. Kong, X. Chen, H. Qiao, J. Yao, and Z. Lijuan, “Enhancement of ultraviolet photorefraction in highly magnesium-doped lithium niobate crystals,” Opt. Lett. 25(2), 129–131 (2000). [CrossRef]
- W. Yan, L. Shi, H. Chen, X. Zhang, and Y. Kong, “Investigations on the UV photorefractivity of LiNbO(3):Hf,” Opt. Lett. 35(4), 601–603 (2010). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Phys. Rev.
- J. A. Armstrong, N. Bloembergen, J. Ducuing, and P. S. Pershan, “Interactions between Light Waves in a Nonlinear Dielectric,” Phys. Rev. 127(6), 1918–1939 (1962). [CrossRef]
Phys. Rev. B
- H. Qiao, J. Xu, G. Zhang, X. Zhang, Q. Sun, and G. Zhang, “Ultraviolet photorefractivity features in doped lithium niobate crystals,” Phys. Rev. B 70(9), 094101 (2004). [CrossRef]
Sov. Phys. JETP
- G. M. Zverev, E. A. Levchuk, and E. K. Maldutis, “Destruction of KDP, ADP, and LiNbO3 crystals by powerful laser radiation,” Sov. Phys. JETP 30(3), 400–403 (1970).
Other
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2010, Ren, Opt. Express
- Y. Kong, S. Liu, Y. Zhao, H. Liu, S. Chen, and J. Xu, “Highly optical damage resistant crystal: Zirconium-oxide-doped lithium niobate,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 91(8), 081908 (2007). [CrossRef]
- H. Liu, Y. Kong, Q. Hu, R. Wu, W. Wang, X. Li, S. Chen, S. Liu, and J. Xu, “Light-induced domain inversion in Mg-doped near stoichiometric lithium niobate crystals,” Chin. Phys. Lett. 24(6), 1720–1723 (2007). [CrossRef]
- areS. Li, S. Liu, Y. Kong, D. Deng, G. Gao, Y. Li, H. Gao, L. Zhang, Z. Hang, S. Chen, and J. Xu, “The optical damage resistance and absorption spectra of LiNbO3:Hf crystals,” J. Phys. Condens. Matter 18(13), 3527–3534 (2006). [CrossRef]
- H. Qiao, J. Xu, G. Zhang, X. Zhang, Q. Sun, and G. Zhang, “Ultraviolet photorefractivity features in doped lithium niobate crystals,” Phys. Rev. B 70(9), 094101 (2004). [CrossRef]
- E. P. Kokanyan, L. Razzari, I. Cristiani, V. Degiorgio, and J. B. Gruber, “Reduced photorefraction in hafnium-doped single-domain and periodically poled lithium niobate crystals,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 84(11), 1880–1882 (2004). [CrossRef]
- M. Nakamura, S. Higuchi, S. Takekawa, K. Terabe, Y. Furukawa, and K. Kitamura, “Optical damage resistance and refractive indices in near-stoichiometric MgO-doped LiNbO3,” Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 41(1), L49–L51 (2002). [CrossRef]
- M. Wöhlecke, G. Corradi, and K. Betzler, “Optical methods to characterise the composition and homogeneity of lithium niobate single crystals,” Appl. Phys. B 63(4), 323–330 (1996). [CrossRef]
- A. Kuroda, S. Kurimura, and Y. Uesu, “Domain inversion in ferroelectric MgO:LiNbO3 by applying electric fields,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 69(11), 1565–1567 (1996). [CrossRef]
- Y. Kong, J. Wen, and H. Wang, “New doped lithium niobate crystal with high resistance to photorefraction—LiNbO3:In,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 66(3), 280–281 (1995). [CrossRef]
- J. Li, X. Chen, B. Wu, B. Li, and S. Pan, “Laser-induced dark traces in doped LiNbO3 crystals,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 67(23), 3384–3386 (1995). [CrossRef]
- G. I. Malovichko, V. G. Grachev, E. P. Kokanyan, O. F. Schirmer, K. Betzler, B. Gather, F. Jermann, S. Klauer, U. Schlarb, and M. Wöhlecke, “Characterization of stoichiometric LiNbO3 grown from melts containing K2O,” Appl. Phys., A Mater. Sci. Process. 56(2), 103–108 (1993). [CrossRef]
- J. K. Yamamoto, K. Kitamura, N. Iyi, S. Kimura, Y. Furukawa, and M. Sato, “Increased optical damage resistance in Sc2O3-doped LiNbO3,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 61(18), 2156–2158 (1992). [CrossRef]
- M. M. Fejer, G. A. Magel, D. H. Jundt, and R. L. Byer, “Quasi-Phase-Matched Second Harmonic Generation: Tuning and Tolerances,” IEEE J. Quantum Electron. 28(11), 2631–2654 (1992). [CrossRef]
- Y. S. Luh, M. M. Fejer, R. L. Byer, and R. S. Feigelson, “Stoichiometric LiNbO3 single-crystal fibers for nonlinear optical applications,” J. Cryst. Growth 85(1-2), 264–269 (1987). [CrossRef]
- D. A. Bryan, R. Gerson, and H. E. Tomaschke, “Increased optical damage resistance in lithium niobate,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 44(9), 847–849 (1984). [CrossRef]
- G. M. Zverev, E. A. Levchuk, and E. K. Maldutis, “Destruction of KDP, ADP, and LiNbO3 crystals by powerful laser radiation,” Sov. Phys. JETP 30(3), 400–403 (1970).
- J. A. Armstrong, N. Bloembergen, J. Ducuing, and P. S. Pershan, “Interactions between Light Waves in a Nonlinear Dielectric,” Phys. Rev. 127(6), 1918–1939 (1962). [CrossRef]
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