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Sensitive and selective detection of OH radicals using Faraday rotation spectroscopy at 2.8 µmWeixiong Zhao, Gerard Wysocki, Weidong Chen, Eric Fertein, David Le Coq, Denis Petitprez, and Weijun Zhang »View Author Affiliations
Weixiong Zhao,1,2
Gerard Wysocki,3
Weidong Chen,1,*
Eric Fertein,1
David Le Coq,1
Denis Petitprez,4
and Weijun Zhang2
1Laboratoire de Physicochimie de l’Atmosphère, Université du Littoral Côte d’Opale, 189A Av. Maurice Schumann, 59140 Dunkerque, France 2Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, Anhui 230031, China 3Electrical Engineering Department, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, USA 4Laboratoire de Physicochimie des Processus de Combustion et de l’Atmosphère, Université des Sciences et Technologies de Lille, 59655 Villeneuve d’Ascq Cedex, France *Corresponding author: chen@univ-littoral.fr |
Optics Express, Vol. 19, Issue 3, pp. 2493-2501 (2011)
http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/OE.19.002493
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Abstract
We report on the development of a Faraday rotation spectroscopy (FRS) instrument using a DFB diode laser operating at 2.8 µm for the hydroxyl (OH) free radical detection. The highest absorption line intensity and the largest gJ value make the Q (1.5) double lines of the 2Π3/2 state (υ = 1← 0) at 2.8 µm clearly the best choice for sensitive detection in the infrared region by FRS. The prototype instrument shows shot-noise dominated performance and, with an active optical pathlength of only 25 cm and a lock-in time constant of 100 ms, achieves a 1σ detection limit of 8.2 × 108 OH radicals/cm3.
© 2011 OSA
OCIS Codes
(120.6200) Instrumentation, measurement, and metrology : Spectrometers and spectroscopic instrumentation
(300.6380) Spectroscopy : Spectroscopy, modulation
(010.0280) Atmospheric and oceanic optics : Remote sensing and sensors
ToC Category:
Spectroscopy
History
Original Manuscript: August 27, 2010
Revised Manuscript: October 23, 2010
Manuscript Accepted: October 25, 2010
Published: January 26, 2011
Citation
Weixiong Zhao, Gerard Wysocki, Weidong Chen, Eric Fertein, David Le Coq, Denis Petitprez, and Weijun Zhang, "Sensitive and selective detection of OH radicals using Faraday rotation spectroscopy at 2.8 µm," Opt. Express 19, 2493-2501 (2011)
http://www.opticsinfobase.org/oe/abstract.cfm?URI=oe-19-3-2493
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References
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- J. Mao, X. Ren, W. H. Brune, J. R. Olson, J. H. Crawford, A. Fried, L. G. Huey, R. C. Cohen, B. Heikes, H. B. Singh, D. R. Blake, G. W. Sachse, G. S. Diskin, S. R. Hall, and R. E. Shetter, “Airborne measurement of OH reactivity during INTEX-B,” Atmos. Chem. Phys. 9(1), 163–173 (2009). [CrossRef]
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- L. S. Rothman, D. Jacquemart, A. Barbe, D. C. Benner, M. Birk, L. R. Brown, M. R. Carleer, C. Chackerian, K. Chance, L. Coudert, V. Dana, V. M. Devi, J.-M. Flaud, R. R. Gamache, A. Goldman, J.-M. Hartmann, K. W. Jucks, A. G. Maki, J.-Y. Mandin, S. T. Massie, J. Orphal, A. Perrin, C. P. Rinsland, M. A. H. Smith, J. Tennyson, R. N. Tolchenov, R. A. Toth, J. Vander Auwera, P. Varanasi, and G. Wagner, “The 2004 molecular spectroscopic database,” J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transf. 96(2), 139–204 (2005). [CrossRef]
- J. Mao, X. Ren, W. H. Brune, J. R. Olson, J. H. Crawford, A. Fried, L. G. Huey, R. C. Cohen, B. Heikes, H. B. Singh, D. R. Blake, G. W. Sachse, G. S. Diskin, S. R. Hall, and R. E. Shetter, “Airborne measurement of OH reactivity during INTEX-B,” Atmos. Chem. Phys. 9(1), 163–173 (2009). [CrossRef]
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- G. Litfin, C. R. Pollock, R. F. Curl, and F. K. Tittel, “Sensitivity enhancement of laser absorption spectroscopy by magnetic rotation effect,” J. Chem. Phys. 72(12), 6602–6605 (1980). [CrossRef]
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- J. Mao, X. Ren, W. H. Brune, J. R. Olson, J. H. Crawford, A. Fried, L. G. Huey, R. C. Cohen, B. Heikes, H. B. Singh, D. R. Blake, G. W. Sachse, G. S. Diskin, S. R. Hall, and R. E. Shetter, “Airborne measurement of OH reactivity during INTEX-B,” Atmos. Chem. Phys. 9(1), 163–173 (2009). [CrossRef]
- R. Lewicki, J. H. Doty, R. F. Curl, F. K. Tittel, and G. Wysocki, “Ultrasensitive detection of nitric oxide at 5.33 m by using external cavity quantum cascade laser-based Faraday rotation spectroscopy,” Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 106(31), 12587–12592 (2009). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- L. S. Rothman, D. Jacquemart, A. Barbe, D. C. Benner, M. Birk, L. R. Brown, M. R. Carleer, C. Chackerian, K. Chance, L. Coudert, V. Dana, V. M. Devi, J.-M. Flaud, R. R. Gamache, A. Goldman, J.-M. Hartmann, K. W. Jucks, A. G. Maki, J.-Y. Mandin, S. T. Massie, J. Orphal, A. Perrin, C. P. Rinsland, M. A. H. Smith, J. Tennyson, R. N. Tolchenov, R. A. Toth, J. Vander Auwera, P. Varanasi, and G. Wagner, “The 2004 molecular spectroscopic database,” J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transf. 96(2), 139–204 (2005). [CrossRef]
- D. C. Scott, R. L. Herman, C. R. Webster, R. D. May, G. J. Flesch, and E. J. Moyer, “Airborne laser infrared absorption spectrometer (ALIAS-II) for in situ atmospheric measurements of N2O, CH4, CO, HCl, and NO2 from balloon or remotely piloted aircraft platforms,” Appl. Opt. 38(21), 4609–4622 (1999). [CrossRef]
- J. Mao, X. Ren, W. H. Brune, J. R. Olson, J. H. Crawford, A. Fried, L. G. Huey, R. C. Cohen, B. Heikes, H. B. Singh, D. R. Blake, G. W. Sachse, G. S. Diskin, S. R. Hall, and R. E. Shetter, “Airborne measurement of OH reactivity during INTEX-B,” Atmos. Chem. Phys. 9(1), 163–173 (2009). [CrossRef]
- L. S. Rothman, D. Jacquemart, A. Barbe, D. C. Benner, M. Birk, L. R. Brown, M. R. Carleer, C. Chackerian, K. Chance, L. Coudert, V. Dana, V. M. Devi, J.-M. Flaud, R. R. Gamache, A. Goldman, J.-M. Hartmann, K. W. Jucks, A. G. Maki, J.-Y. Mandin, S. T. Massie, J. Orphal, A. Perrin, C. P. Rinsland, M. A. H. Smith, J. Tennyson, R. N. Tolchenov, R. A. Toth, J. Vander Auwera, P. Varanasi, and G. Wagner, “The 2004 molecular spectroscopic database,” J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transf. 96(2), 139–204 (2005). [CrossRef]
- H. Ganser, W. Urban, and J. M. Brown, “The sensitive detection of NO by Faraday modulation spectroscopy with a quantum cascade laser,” Mol. Phys. 101(4), 545–550 (2003). [CrossRef]
- W. Zhao, X. Gao, L. Hao, M. Huang, T. Huang, T. Wu, W. Zhang, and W. Chen, “Use of integrated cavity output spectroscopy for studying gas phase chemistry in a smog chamber: Characterizing the photolysis of methyl nitrite (CH3ONO),” Vib. Spectrosc. 44(2), 388–393 (2007). [CrossRef]
- L. Corner, J. S. Gibb, G. Hancock, A. Hutchinson, V. L. Kasyutich, R. Peverall, and G. A. D. Ritchie, “Sum frequency generation at 309 nm using a violet and a near-IR DFB diode laser for detection of OH,” Appl. Phys. B 74(4-5), 441–444 (2002). [CrossRef]
- L. S. Rothman, D. Jacquemart, A. Barbe, D. C. Benner, M. Birk, L. R. Brown, M. R. Carleer, C. Chackerian, K. Chance, L. Coudert, V. Dana, V. M. Devi, J.-M. Flaud, R. R. Gamache, A. Goldman, J.-M. Hartmann, K. W. Jucks, A. G. Maki, J.-Y. Mandin, S. T. Massie, J. Orphal, A. Perrin, C. P. Rinsland, M. A. H. Smith, J. Tennyson, R. N. Tolchenov, R. A. Toth, J. Vander Auwera, P. Varanasi, and G. Wagner, “The 2004 molecular spectroscopic database,” J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transf. 96(2), 139–204 (2005). [CrossRef]
- J. Mao, X. Ren, W. H. Brune, J. R. Olson, J. H. Crawford, A. Fried, L. G. Huey, R. C. Cohen, B. Heikes, H. B. Singh, D. R. Blake, G. W. Sachse, G. S. Diskin, S. R. Hall, and R. E. Shetter, “Airborne measurement of OH reactivity during INTEX-B,” Atmos. Chem. Phys. 9(1), 163–173 (2009). [CrossRef]
- L. Corner, J. S. Gibb, G. Hancock, A. Hutchinson, V. L. Kasyutich, R. Peverall, and G. A. D. Ritchie, “Sum frequency generation at 309 nm using a violet and a near-IR DFB diode laser for detection of OH,” Appl. Phys. B 74(4-5), 441–444 (2002). [CrossRef]
- W. Zhao, X. Gao, L. Hao, M. Huang, T. Huang, T. Wu, W. Zhang, and W. Chen, “Use of integrated cavity output spectroscopy for studying gas phase chemistry in a smog chamber: Characterizing the photolysis of methyl nitrite (CH3ONO),” Vib. Spectrosc. 44(2), 388–393 (2007). [CrossRef]
- L. S. Rothman, D. Jacquemart, A. Barbe, D. C. Benner, M. Birk, L. R. Brown, M. R. Carleer, C. Chackerian, K. Chance, L. Coudert, V. Dana, V. M. Devi, J.-M. Flaud, R. R. Gamache, A. Goldman, J.-M. Hartmann, K. W. Jucks, A. G. Maki, J.-Y. Mandin, S. T. Massie, J. Orphal, A. Perrin, C. P. Rinsland, M. A. H. Smith, J. Tennyson, R. N. Tolchenov, R. A. Toth, J. Vander Auwera, P. Varanasi, and G. Wagner, “The 2004 molecular spectroscopic database,” J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transf. 96(2), 139–204 (2005). [CrossRef]
- D. E. Heard and M. J. Pilling, “Measurement of OH and HO2 in the troposphere,” Chem. Rev. 103(12), 5163–5198 (2003). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- J. Mao, X. Ren, W. H. Brune, J. R. Olson, J. H. Crawford, A. Fried, L. G. Huey, R. C. Cohen, B. Heikes, H. B. Singh, D. R. Blake, G. W. Sachse, G. S. Diskin, S. R. Hall, and R. E. Shetter, “Airborne measurement of OH reactivity during INTEX-B,” Atmos. Chem. Phys. 9(1), 163–173 (2009). [CrossRef]
- D. C. Scott, R. L. Herman, C. R. Webster, R. D. May, G. J. Flesch, and E. J. Moyer, “Airborne laser infrared absorption spectrometer (ALIAS-II) for in situ atmospheric measurements of N2O, CH4, CO, HCl, and NO2 from balloon or remotely piloted aircraft platforms,” Appl. Opt. 38(21), 4609–4622 (1999). [CrossRef]
- W. Zhao, X. Gao, L. Hao, M. Huang, T. Huang, T. Wu, W. Zhang, and W. Chen, “Use of integrated cavity output spectroscopy for studying gas phase chemistry in a smog chamber: Characterizing the photolysis of methyl nitrite (CH3ONO),” Vib. Spectrosc. 44(2), 388–393 (2007). [CrossRef]
- W. Zhao, X. Gao, L. Hao, M. Huang, T. Huang, T. Wu, W. Zhang, and W. Chen, “Use of integrated cavity output spectroscopy for studying gas phase chemistry in a smog chamber: Characterizing the photolysis of methyl nitrite (CH3ONO),” Vib. Spectrosc. 44(2), 388–393 (2007). [CrossRef]
- J. Mao, X. Ren, W. H. Brune, J. R. Olson, J. H. Crawford, A. Fried, L. G. Huey, R. C. Cohen, B. Heikes, H. B. Singh, D. R. Blake, G. W. Sachse, G. S. Diskin, S. R. Hall, and R. E. Shetter, “Airborne measurement of OH reactivity during INTEX-B,” Atmos. Chem. Phys. 9(1), 163–173 (2009). [CrossRef]
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- J. Pfeiffer, D. Kirsten, P. Kalkert, and W. Urban, “Sensitive magnetic rotation spectroscopy of the OH free radical fundamental band with a color centre laser,” Appl. Phys. B 26(3), 173–177 (1981). [CrossRef]
- L. Corner, J. S. Gibb, G. Hancock, A. Hutchinson, V. L. Kasyutich, R. Peverall, and G. A. D. Ritchie, “Sum frequency generation at 309 nm using a violet and a near-IR DFB diode laser for detection of OH,” Appl. Phys. B 74(4-5), 441–444 (2002). [CrossRef]
- J. Pfeiffer, D. Kirsten, P. Kalkert, and W. Urban, “Sensitive magnetic rotation spectroscopy of the OH free radical fundamental band with a color centre laser,” Appl. Phys. B 26(3), 173–177 (1981). [CrossRef]
- R. Lewicki, J. H. Doty, R. F. Curl, F. K. Tittel, and G. Wysocki, “Ultrasensitive detection of nitric oxide at 5.33 m by using external cavity quantum cascade laser-based Faraday rotation spectroscopy,” Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 106(31), 12587–12592 (2009). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
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- D. C. Scott, R. L. Herman, C. R. Webster, R. D. May, G. J. Flesch, and E. J. Moyer, “Airborne laser infrared absorption spectrometer (ALIAS-II) for in situ atmospheric measurements of N2O, CH4, CO, HCl, and NO2 from balloon or remotely piloted aircraft platforms,” Appl. Opt. 38(21), 4609–4622 (1999). [CrossRef]
- J. Mao, X. Ren, W. H. Brune, J. R. Olson, J. H. Crawford, A. Fried, L. G. Huey, R. C. Cohen, B. Heikes, H. B. Singh, D. R. Blake, G. W. Sachse, G. S. Diskin, S. R. Hall, and R. E. Shetter, “Airborne measurement of OH reactivity during INTEX-B,” Atmos. Chem. Phys. 9(1), 163–173 (2009). [CrossRef]
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- L. S. Rothman, D. Jacquemart, A. Barbe, D. C. Benner, M. Birk, L. R. Brown, M. R. Carleer, C. Chackerian, K. Chance, L. Coudert, V. Dana, V. M. Devi, J.-M. Flaud, R. R. Gamache, A. Goldman, J.-M. Hartmann, K. W. Jucks, A. G. Maki, J.-Y. Mandin, S. T. Massie, J. Orphal, A. Perrin, C. P. Rinsland, M. A. H. Smith, J. Tennyson, R. N. Tolchenov, R. A. Toth, J. Vander Auwera, P. Varanasi, and G. Wagner, “The 2004 molecular spectroscopic database,” J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transf. 96(2), 139–204 (2005). [CrossRef]
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- G. Pesce, G. Rusciano, and A. Sasso, “Detection and spectroscopy of OH fundamental vibrational band based on a difference frequency generation at 3 µm,” Chem. Phys. Lett. 374(5-6), 425–431 (2003). [CrossRef]
- J. Mao, X. Ren, W. H. Brune, J. R. Olson, J. H. Crawford, A. Fried, L. G. Huey, R. C. Cohen, B. Heikes, H. B. Singh, D. R. Blake, G. W. Sachse, G. S. Diskin, S. R. Hall, and R. E. Shetter, “Airborne measurement of OH reactivity during INTEX-B,” Atmos. Chem. Phys. 9(1), 163–173 (2009). [CrossRef]
- G. Pesce, G. Rusciano, and A. Sasso, “Detection and spectroscopy of OH fundamental vibrational band based on a difference frequency generation at 3 µm,” Chem. Phys. Lett. 374(5-6), 425–431 (2003). [CrossRef]
- D. C. Scott, R. L. Herman, C. R. Webster, R. D. May, G. J. Flesch, and E. J. Moyer, “Airborne laser infrared absorption spectrometer (ALIAS-II) for in situ atmospheric measurements of N2O, CH4, CO, HCl, and NO2 from balloon or remotely piloted aircraft platforms,” Appl. Opt. 38(21), 4609–4622 (1999). [CrossRef]
- J. Mao, X. Ren, W. H. Brune, J. R. Olson, J. H. Crawford, A. Fried, L. G. Huey, R. C. Cohen, B. Heikes, H. B. Singh, D. R. Blake, G. W. Sachse, G. S. Diskin, S. R. Hall, and R. E. Shetter, “Airborne measurement of OH reactivity during INTEX-B,” Atmos. Chem. Phys. 9(1), 163–173 (2009). [CrossRef]
- J. Mao, X. Ren, W. H. Brune, J. R. Olson, J. H. Crawford, A. Fried, L. G. Huey, R. C. Cohen, B. Heikes, H. B. Singh, D. R. Blake, G. W. Sachse, G. S. Diskin, S. R. Hall, and R. E. Shetter, “Airborne measurement of OH reactivity during INTEX-B,” Atmos. Chem. Phys. 9(1), 163–173 (2009). [CrossRef]
- L. S. Rothman, D. Jacquemart, A. Barbe, D. C. Benner, M. Birk, L. R. Brown, M. R. Carleer, C. Chackerian, K. Chance, L. Coudert, V. Dana, V. M. Devi, J.-M. Flaud, R. R. Gamache, A. Goldman, J.-M. Hartmann, K. W. Jucks, A. G. Maki, J.-Y. Mandin, S. T. Massie, J. Orphal, A. Perrin, C. P. Rinsland, M. A. H. Smith, J. Tennyson, R. N. Tolchenov, R. A. Toth, J. Vander Auwera, P. Varanasi, and G. Wagner, “The 2004 molecular spectroscopic database,” J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transf. 96(2), 139–204 (2005). [CrossRef]
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- R. Lewicki, J. H. Doty, R. F. Curl, F. K. Tittel, and G. Wysocki, “Ultrasensitive detection of nitric oxide at 5.33 m by using external cavity quantum cascade laser-based Faraday rotation spectroscopy,” Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 106(31), 12587–12592 (2009). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
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- L. S. Rothman, D. Jacquemart, A. Barbe, D. C. Benner, M. Birk, L. R. Brown, M. R. Carleer, C. Chackerian, K. Chance, L. Coudert, V. Dana, V. M. Devi, J.-M. Flaud, R. R. Gamache, A. Goldman, J.-M. Hartmann, K. W. Jucks, A. G. Maki, J.-Y. Mandin, S. T. Massie, J. Orphal, A. Perrin, C. P. Rinsland, M. A. H. Smith, J. Tennyson, R. N. Tolchenov, R. A. Toth, J. Vander Auwera, P. Varanasi, and G. Wagner, “The 2004 molecular spectroscopic database,” J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transf. 96(2), 139–204 (2005). [CrossRef]
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- W. Zhao, X. Gao, L. Hao, M. Huang, T. Huang, T. Wu, W. Zhang, and W. Chen, “Use of integrated cavity output spectroscopy for studying gas phase chemistry in a smog chamber: Characterizing the photolysis of methyl nitrite (CH3ONO),” Vib. Spectrosc. 44(2), 388–393 (2007). [CrossRef]
- R. Lewicki, J. H. Doty, R. F. Curl, F. K. Tittel, and G. Wysocki, “Ultrasensitive detection of nitric oxide at 5.33 m by using external cavity quantum cascade laser-based Faraday rotation spectroscopy,” Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 106(31), 12587–12592 (2009). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- W. Zhao, X. Gao, L. Hao, M. Huang, T. Huang, T. Wu, W. Zhang, and W. Chen, “Use of integrated cavity output spectroscopy for studying gas phase chemistry in a smog chamber: Characterizing the photolysis of methyl nitrite (CH3ONO),” Vib. Spectrosc. 44(2), 388–393 (2007). [CrossRef]
- W. Zhao, X. Gao, L. Hao, M. Huang, T. Huang, T. Wu, W. Zhang, and W. Chen, “Use of integrated cavity output spectroscopy for studying gas phase chemistry in a smog chamber: Characterizing the photolysis of methyl nitrite (CH3ONO),” Vib. Spectrosc. 44(2), 388–393 (2007). [CrossRef]
Appl. Opt.
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Appl. Phys. B
- L. Corner, J. S. Gibb, G. Hancock, A. Hutchinson, V. L. Kasyutich, R. Peverall, and G. A. D. Ritchie, “Sum frequency generation at 309 nm using a violet and a near-IR DFB diode laser for detection of OH,” Appl. Phys. B 74(4-5), 441–444 (2002). [CrossRef]
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Atmos. Chem. Phys.
- J. Mao, X. Ren, W. H. Brune, J. R. Olson, J. H. Crawford, A. Fried, L. G. Huey, R. C. Cohen, B. Heikes, H. B. Singh, D. R. Blake, G. W. Sachse, G. S. Diskin, S. R. Hall, and R. E. Shetter, “Airborne measurement of OH reactivity during INTEX-B,” Atmos. Chem. Phys. 9(1), 163–173 (2009). [CrossRef]
Chem. Phys. Lett.
- G. Pesce, G. Rusciano, and A. Sasso, “Detection and spectroscopy of OH fundamental vibrational band based on a difference frequency generation at 3 µm,” Chem. Phys. Lett. 374(5-6), 425–431 (2003). [CrossRef]
Chem. Rev.
- D. E. Heard and M. J. Pilling, “Measurement of OH and HO2 in the troposphere,” Chem. Rev. 103(12), 5163–5198 (2003). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
J. Chem. Phys.
- G. Litfin, C. R. Pollock, R. F. Curl, and F. K. Tittel, “Sensitivity enhancement of laser absorption spectroscopy by magnetic rotation effect,” J. Chem. Phys. 72(12), 6602–6605 (1980). [CrossRef]
J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transf.
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