The outdoor readability of the most popular portable liquid crystal display (LCDs) viz. fringe field switching has been addressed both in single and dual cell gap transflective devices. The devices use dual orientation, such as, homogeneous alignment in transmissive (T) part and 64° twisted alignment in reflective (R) part. The dark states of the proposed devices are achieved by controlling phase retardation in T part and polarization rotation in R part and the white state is realized by rotating optic axis of liquid crystal and removing phase retardation in T and R parts, respectively. The devices show high light efficiency without requiring any optical compensation films, exhibiting strong potential for portable display applications.

© 2011 OSA

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8. K.-J. Kim, J. S. Lim, T. Y. Jung, C. Nam, and B. C. Ahn, “A new transflective TFT-LCD with dual color filter,” Proc. of the 9th International Display Workshop (Society for Information Display, Fukuoka, Japan), 433–436 (2002).
9. M. Shibazaki, Y. Ukawa, S. Takahashi, Y. Lefuji, and T. Nakagawa, “Transflective LCD with Low Driving Voltage and Wide Viewing Angle,” Proc. of Soc. Info. Display Symp. Digest 34(1), 90–93 (2003). [CrossRef]
10. M. Jisaki, and H. Yamaguchi, “Development of transflective LCD for high contrast and wide viewing angle by using homeotropic alignment, Proc. of the 8th International Display Workshop (Society for Information Display, Nagoya, Japan), 133-136 (2001).
11. N. Koma, M. Mitsui, K. Inoue, K. Maeda, T. Yamada, and Y. Tanaka, “Development of a Novel Transflective-Type VA-LCD,” Proc. of Soc. Info. Display Symp. Digest 35(1), 288–291 (2004). [CrossRef]
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28. S. H. Hong, I. C. Park, H. Y. Kim, and S. H. Lee, “Electro-optic characteristic of fringe-field switching mode depending on rubbing direction,” Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 39(Part 2, No. 6A), L527–L530 (2000). [CrossRef]

Appl. Phys. Lett.

• S. H. Lee, S. L. Lee, and H. Y. Kim, “Electro-optic characteristics and switching principle of a nematic liquid crystal cell controlled by fringe-field switching,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 73(20), 2881–2883 (1998). [CrossRef]
• M. Oh-e and K. Kondo, “Electro-optical characteristics and switching behavior of the in-plane switching mode,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 67(26), 3895–3897 (1995). [CrossRef]
• J. H. Song, Y. J. Lim, M.-H. Lee, S. H. Lee, and S.-T. Shin, “Electro-optic characteristics and switching principle of a single-cell-gap transflective liquid-crystal display associated with in-plane rotation of a liquid crystal driven by a fringe-field,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 87(1), 011108 (2005). [CrossRef]
• J. B. Kim, K. C. Kim, H. J. Ahn, B. H. Hwang, D. C. Hyun, and H. K. Baik, “Variable liquid crystal pretilt angles on various compositions of alignment layers,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 90(4), 043515 (2007). [CrossRef]
• K. E. Vaughn, M. Sousa, D. Kang, and C. Rosenblatt, “Continuous control of liquid crystal pretilt angle from homeotropic to planar,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 90(19), 194102 (2007). [CrossRef]
• A. Lien, “Extended Jones matrix representation for the twisted nematic liquid-crystal display at oblique incidence,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 57(26), 2767 (1990). [CrossRef]

Curr. Appl. Phys.

• Y. J. Lim, M. H. Chin, J. H. Kim, M.-H. Lee, G.-D. Lee, and S. H. Lee, “Single cell-gap transflective liquid crystal device utilizing continuous director rotation with different twist angle in the fringe-field switching mode,” Curr. Appl. Phys. 10(4), 1169–1173 (2010). [CrossRef]

Jpn. J. Appl. Phys.

• J. B. Park, H. Y. Kim, Y. H. Jeong, D. H. Lim, S. Y. Kim, Y. J. Lim, and S. H. Lee, “Analysis of Reflective Part with Wide-Band Property in Single Gap Transflective Fringe-Field Switching Mode,” Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 44(9A), 6695–6697 (2005). [CrossRef]
• J. H. Song and S. H. Lee, “A single Gap transflective Display using In-Plane Switching Mode,” Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 43(No. 9A/B), L1130–L1132 (2004). [CrossRef]
• S. H. Hong, I. C. Park, H. Y. Kim, and S. H. Lee, “Electro-optic characteristic of fringe-field switching mode depending on rubbing direction,” Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 39(Part 2, No. 6A), L527–L530 (2000). [CrossRef]
• M. Schadt, K. Schmitt, V. Kozinkov, and V. Chigrinov, “Surface-induced parallel alignment of liquid crystals by linearly polymerized photopolymers,” Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 31(Part 1, No. 7), 2155–2164 (1992). [CrossRef]
• J.-H. Seo, H. J. Jang, S. R. Lee, T.-H. Yoon, J. C. Kim, I.-B. Kang, and C. H. Oh, “Wide Pretilt Angle Control of Liquid Crystal Display Device by Ion Beam Exposure on the Vertical Aligning Layer,” Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 46(44), L1074–L1076 (2007). [CrossRef]

Liq. Cryst.

• B. S. Jung, I. S. Baik, I. S. Song, G.-D. Lee, and S. H. Lee, “Study on colour characteristics depending on orientation of liquid crystal in the in-plane switching mode,” Liq. Cryst. 33(9), 1077–1082 (2006). [CrossRef]
• S. H. Jung, H. Y. Kim, M.-H. Lee, J. M. Rhee, and S. H. Lee, “Cell gap-dependent transmission characteristics of a fringe-electric field-driven homogeneously aligned liquid crystal cell, for a liquid crystal with negative dielectric anisotropy,” Liq. Cryst. 32(2), 267–275 (2005). [CrossRef]

Mol. Cryst. Liq. Cryst. (Phila. Pa.)

• J. H. Song, S. H. Lee, D. S. Kim, H.-S. Soh, and W. Y. Kim, “Electro-optic Characteristics of Single Gap Transflective Display using In-plane Switching Mode,” Mol. Cryst. Liq. Cryst. (Phila. Pa.) 433(1), 105–115 (2005). [CrossRef]

Nature

• P. Chaudhari, J. Lacey, J. Doyle, E. Galligan, S. C. A. Lien, A. Callegari, G. Hougham, N. D. Lang, P. S. Andry, R. John, K. H. Yang, M. H. Lu, C. Cai, J. Speidell, S. Purushothaman, J. Ritsko, M. Samant, J. Stöhr, Y. Nakagawa, Y. Katoh, Y. Saitoh, K. Sakai, H. Satoh, S. Odahara, H. Nakano, J. Nakagaki, and Y. Shiota, “Atomic-beam alignment of inorganic materials for liquid-crystal displays,” Nature 411(6833), 56–59 (2001). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

Opt. Express

• J. H. Her, S. J. Shin, Y. J. Lim, K. H. Park, J. H. Lee, B. K. Kim, G.-D. Lee, and S. H. Lee, “Transflective fringe-field switching liquid crystal display without any retarder,” Opt. Express 18(22), 22842–22849 (2010). [CrossRef] [PubMed]

Proc. of Soc. Info. Display Symp. Digest

• N. Koma, M. Mitsui, K. Inoue, K. Maeda, T. Yamada, and Y. Tanaka, “Development of a Novel Transflective-Type VA-LCD,” Proc. of Soc. Info. Display Symp. Digest 35(1), 288–291 (2004). [CrossRef]
• E. Yoda, T. Uesaka, T. Ogasawara, and T. Toyooka, “Wide-Viewing-Angle Transflective TFT-LCDs with Hybrid Aligned Nematic Compensators,” Proc. of Soc. Info. Display Symp. Digest 33(1), 762–765 (2002). [CrossRef]
• S. J. Roosendaal, B. M. I. van der Zande, A. C. Niewukerk, C. A. Renders, J. T. M. Osenga, C. Doornkamp, E. Peeters, J. Bruinink, and J. A. M. M. van Haaren, “Novel high performance transflective LCD with a patterned retarder,” Proc. of Soc. Info. Display Symp. Digest 34(1), 78–81 (2003). [CrossRef]
• M. Shibazaki, Y. Ukawa, S. Takahashi, Y. Lefuji, and T. Nakagawa, “Transflective LCD with Low Driving Voltage and Wide Viewing Angle,” Proc. of Soc. Info. Display Symp. Digest 34(1), 90–93 (2003). [CrossRef]

Other

• M. Jisaki, and H. Yamaguchi, “Development of transflective LCD for high contrast and wide viewing angle by using homeotropic alignment, Proc. of the 8th International Display Workshop (Society for Information Display, Nagoya, Japan), 133-136 (2001).
• K.-J. Kim, J. S. Lim, T. Y. Jung, C. Nam, and B. C. Ahn, “A new transflective TFT-LCD with dual color filter,” Proc. of the 9th International Display Workshop (Society for Information Display, Fukuoka, Japan), 433–436 (2002).
• H. C. Choi, “Future of Smartbook” Proc. of the 13th Korea Liquid Crystal Conference (Yeungnam University, Gyeonsan, Korea) 1–2 (2011).
• I. H. Yu, J. H. Song, Y. J. Lim, S. H. Lee, D. S. Kim, H.-S. Soh, W. Y. Kim, and S. D. Yeo, “Electro-optic Characteristics of In-Plane Driven Transflective LCD,” Proc. Int. Disp. Workshops, 167–170 (2004).
• S.-T. Wu, and D.-K. Yang, “Reflective Liquid Crystal Displays” John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, Chapter 3, p. 98–99 (2001).
• F. S. Yeung, F.-C. Xie, H.-S. Kwok, J. Wan, O. Tsui, and P. Sheng, “ High Pretilt Angles by Nano-Structured Surfaces and their Applications,” SID Symposium Digest 36, 1080–1083 (2005).
• J.-H. Lee, W.-H. Lee, D.-C. Shin, J.-H. Lim, K.-B. Park, J.-D. Lee, W.-S. Kim, M.-S. Yang, Y.-K. Hwang, and I.-J. Chung, “The Advanced Transflective IPS LCD by Photo Alignment Technology,” SID Symposium Digest 41, 1791–1793 (2010).

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